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Amino Acids

  • Living reference work entry
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Handbook of Biorefinery Research and Technology

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Abstract

Since discovery of Corynebacterium glutamicum in 1956, amino acid production by microbial fermentation is one of most successful biotechnology models in a sustainable bioeconomy. Amino acid market is growing steadily by gradual increase of commodity, l-glutamate, l-lysine, and methionine, as well as rapid expansion of specialty amino acids, such as branched amino acids, l-arginine, and l-cysteine. Currently, most amino acids are produced by microbial fermentation, while sulfur-containing l-methionine and l-cysteine are commercialized by combined technology of fermentation of precursor and enzyme catalysis. With the advent of genomics and functional genomics in the 2000s, creation of genetically defined C. glutamicum and Escherichia coli that produce l-lysine and l-threonine, respectively, is considered a remarkable milestone and breakthrough in strain engineering for industrial production of several amino acids. Systems metabolic engineering for superior amino acid-producing strains is supported by novel functional tools that provide simplicity, efficiency, and high-throughput as well as by individual engineering strategies that provide high titer, yield, productivity, and sustainability. This chapter outlines recent functional tools and important engineering strategies for amino acid production. Moreover, it covers the recent advances in systems metabolic engineering for amino acids production, including l-glutamate, l-arginine, l-lysine, l-methionine, l-cysteine, and l-histidine. Myriad efforts to develop novel engineering tools and strategies are expected to dramatically increase the production performance of amino acid producers and accelerate the expansion of product portfolios such as amino acid derivatives and other value-added compounds.

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Abbreviations

AICAR:

Aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide

ALE:

Adaptive laboratory evolution

BCAA:

Branched-chain amino acid

CAGR:

Compound Annual Growth Rate

CRISPR:

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

CRISPRi:

CRISPR interference

DMDS:

Dimethyl disulfide

FACS:

Fluorescence-activated cell sorting

GlcNAc:

N-acetylglucosamine

IPTG:

Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside

Msc:

Mechanosensitive channel

NOG:

Non-oxidative glycolysis

OAH:

O-acetylhomoserine

OAS:

O-acetylserine

ODHC:

2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

OPS:

O-phosphoserine

OSH:

O-succinylhomoserine

PPP:

Pentose phosphate pathway

PRPP:

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

PTS:

Phosphotransferase system

SAM:

S-adenosyl-l-methionine

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Acknowledgments

This chapter was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07047207) and the BB21+ Project in 2022.

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  1. Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungsung University, Busan, Republic of Korea

    Jin-Ho Lee

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    Bastian Blombach

  2. Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany

    Volker F. Wendisch

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Lee, JH. (2023). Amino Acids. In: Bisaria, V. (eds) Handbook of Biorefinery Research and Technology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6724-9_15-1

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