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A literature update elucidating production of Panax ginsenosides with a special focus on strategies enriching the anti-neoplastic minor ginsenosides in ginseng preparations

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Abstract

Ginseng, an oriental gift to the world of healthcare and preventive medicine, is among the top ten medicinal herbs globally. The constitutive triterpene saponins, ginsenosides, or panaxosides are attributed to ginseng’s miraculous efficacy towards anti-aging, rejuvenating, and immune-potentiating benefits. The major ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd., Re, and Rg1, formed after extensive glycosylations of the aglycone “dammaranediol,” dominate the chemical profile of this genus in vivo and in vitro. Elicitations have successfully led to appreciable enhancements in the production of these major ginsenosides. However, current research on ginseng biotechnology has been focusing on the enrichment or production of the minor ginsenosides (the less glycosylated precursors of the major ginsenosides) in ginseng preparations, which are either absent or are produced in very low amounts in nature or via cell cultures. The minor ginsenosides under current scientific scrutiny include diol ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and triol ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, which are being touted as the next “anti-neoplastic pharmacophores,” with better bioavailability and potency as compared to the major ginsenosides. This review aims at describing the strategies for ginsenoside production with special attention towards production of the minor ginsenosides from the major ginsenosides via microbial biotransformation, elicitations, and from heterologous expression systems.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Director, CSIR-CIMAP, India, for the infrastructure and the lab facilities provided for the studies. TB also acknowledges the award of a Senior Research Fellowship (SRF) granted by the University Grants Commission, India.

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  1. Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India

    Tanya Biswas, A. K. Mathur & Archana Mathur

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  1. Tanya Biswas
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  2. A. K. Mathur
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Correspondence to Archana Mathur.

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Ajay Kumar Mathur declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Biswas, T., Mathur, A.K. & Mathur, A. A literature update elucidating production of Panax ginsenosides with a special focus on strategies enriching the anti-neoplastic minor ginsenosides in ginseng preparations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101, 4009–4032 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8279-4

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