Abstract
The Sun’s outer atmosphere is heated to temperatures of millions of degrees, and solar plasma flows out into interplanetary space at supersonic speeds. This paper reviews our current understanding of these interrelated problems: coronal heating and the acceleration of the ambient solar wind. We also discuss where the community stands in its ability to forecast how variations in the solar wind (i.e., fast and slow wind streams) impact the Earth. Although the last few decades have seen significant progress in observations and modeling, we still do not have a complete understanding of the relevant physical processes, nor do we have a quantitatively precise census of which coronal structures contribute to specific types of solar wind. Fast streams are known to be connected to the central regions of large coronal holes. Slow streams, however, appear to come from a wide range of sources, including streamers, pseudostreamers, coronal loops, active regions, and coronal hole boundaries. Complicating our understanding even more is the fact that processes such as turbulence, stream-stream interactions, and Coulomb collisions can make it difficult to unambiguously map a parcel measured at 1 AU back down to its coronal source. We also review recent progress—in theoretical modeling, observational data analysis, and forecasting techniques that sit at the interface between data and theory—that gives us hope that the above problems are indeed solvable.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ruedi von Steiger, André Balogh, Dan Baker, Tamás Gombosi, Hannu Koskinen, and Astrid Veronig for convening the fantastic 2016 ISSI workshop on the scientific foundations of space weather. SRC’s work was supported by NASA grants NNX15AW33G and NNX16AG87G, NSF grants 1540094 (SHINE) and 1613207 (AAG), and start-up funds from the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder. PR’s work was supported through a grant from NASA’s Living With a Star (LWS) Program. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is supported by the National Science Foundation. This research made extensive use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System (ADS).
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The Scientific Foundation of Space Weather
Edited by Rudolf von Steiger, Daniel Baker, André Balogh, Tamás Gombosi, Hannu Koskinen and Astrid Veronig
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Cranmer, S.R., Gibson, S.E. & Riley, P. Origins of the Ambient Solar Wind: Implications for Space Weather. Space Sci Rev 212, 1345–1384 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0416-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0416-y