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Slow Solar Wind: Observations and Modeling

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Abstract

While it is certain that the fast solar wind originates from coronal holes, where and how the slow solar wind (SSW) is formed remains an outstanding question in solar physics even in the post-SOHO era. The quest for the SSW origin forms a major objective for the planned future missions such as the Solar Orbiter and Solar Probe Plus. Nonetheless, results from spacecraft data, combined with theoretical modeling, have helped to investigate many aspects of the SSW. Fundamental physical properties of the coronal plasma have been derived from spectroscopic and imaging remote-sensing data and in situ data, and these results have provided crucial insights for a deeper understanding of the origin and acceleration of the SSW. Advanced models of the SSW in coronal streamers and other structures have been developed using 3D MHD and multi-fluid equations.

However, the following questions remain open: What are the source regions and their contributions to the SSW? What is the role of the magnetic topology in the corona for the origin, acceleration and energy deposition of the SSW? What are the possible acceleration and heating mechanisms for the SSW? The aim of this review is to present insights on the SSW origin and formation gathered from the discussions at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) by the Team entitled “Slow solar wind sources and acceleration mechanisms in the corona” held in Bern (Switzerland) in March 2014 and 2015.

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Acknowledgements

This review has arisen from the discussions at the International Space Science Institute (ISSI) by the Team entitled “Slow solar wind sources and acceleration mechanisms in the corona” held in Bern in March 2014–2015, and we acknowledge ISSI support for the meetings. We would like to thank the referees for many helpful comments that helped to improve this review. LA acknowledges Ester Antonucci for her support and motivation in this topic and Giancarlo Noci for his input and comments during the revision of this paper. The research of LA has been funded through the contract I/023/09/0 between the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF) and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). LO would like to acknowledge support by NSF grant ATM AGS-1059838 and NASA Cooperative Agreement grant NNG11PL10A to CUA. YKK, LS and YMW would like to acknowledge support by the Chief of Naval Research and NASA grant NNH10AO82I. BL is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41174154, 41274176, and 41474149).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Strada Osservatorio 20, 10025, Pino Torinese, Italy

    L. Abbo

  2. Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, 20064, USA

    L. Ofman

  3. NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 671, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA

    L. Ofman & S. K. Antiochos

  4. Department of Geosciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel

    L. Ofman

  5. Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, PB 1029, Blindern, 0315, Oslo, Norway

    V. H. Hansteen

  6. UCL-Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH5 6NT, UK

    L. Harra

  7. Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 7682W, Washington, DC, 20375-5352, USA

    Y.-K. Ko, L. Strachan & Y.-M. Wang

  8. Centre for Plasma Astrophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200b bus 2400, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    G. Lapenta

  9. Institute of Space Sciences, Shandong University Weihai, 180 West Wenhua Road, 264209, Weihai, China

    B. Li

  10. Predictive Science, Inc., 9990 Mesa Rim Road, Suite 170, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA

    P. Riley

  11. International Space Science Institute, Hallerstrasse 6, 3012, Bern, Switzerland

    R. von Steiger

Authors
  1. L. Abbo
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  2. L. Ofman
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  3. S. K. Antiochos
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  4. V. H. Hansteen
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  5. L. Harra
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  6. Y.-K. Ko
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  7. G. Lapenta
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  8. B. Li
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  9. P. Riley
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  10. L. Strachan
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  11. R. von Steiger
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  12. Y.-M. Wang
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Ofman.

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Abbo, L., Ofman, L., Antiochos, S.K. et al. Slow Solar Wind: Observations and Modeling. Space Sci Rev 201, 55–108 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0264-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-016-0264-1

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