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Antioxidant Defensive Mechanisms to Regulate Cellular Redox Homeostatic Balance

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Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants

Abstract

The genesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a ubiquitous consequence faced by the aerobic life on exposure to biotic and abiotic stress. The excess accumulation of ROS in plant cells imposes threat to their survival, hence the effective regulation is the utmost priority. In order to survive under severe conditions, plants harbor an arsenal of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, which have power to limit abundance of ROS in cellular environment. The major enzymatic antioxidants that appear in plant cell encompasses superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POX), ascorbate peroxidases (APX), glutathione peroxidases (GPX), glutathione reductases (GR), monodehydroascorbate reductases (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductases (DHAR). The crucial non-enzymatic antioxidants with ability to quench harmful ROS comprises vitamins like ascorbate (AsA) and tocopherols, low molecular weight glutathione (GSH), polyphenols such as flavonoids, and carotenoids. These antioxidants are localized in cellular compartments such as chloroplast, cytosol, mitochondria, peroxisomes, apoplast, nucleus, and vacuoles, where they act either alone or in conjugation, interrupting production as well as accumulation of ROS. In particular, enzymes like GR, MDHAR, DHAR, and APX; and low molecular weight AsA and GSH, together function in an Asada-Halliwell cycle (AsA-GSH cycle) to eliminate excess hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from the plant cell. The effective functioning of antioxidant network is imperative for plants to struggle and survive in harsh circumstance. Therefore, understanding the regulatory process for ROS quenching could be effective in fostering stress tolerance in plants. The chapter highlights the role and function of various antioxidants in maintaining cellular redox equilibrium under stress.

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  1. School of Liberal Arts and Science, Faculty of Science, Era University, Lucknow, India

    Swati Sachdev

  2. Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi, India

    Shamim Akhtar Ansari

  3. Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, India

    Mohammad Israil Ansari

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Sachdev, S., Ansari, S.A., Ansari, M.I. (2023). Antioxidant Defensive Mechanisms to Regulate Cellular Redox Homeostatic Balance. In: Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9884-3_9

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