Abstract
For a nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type, the conformal invariance and the conserved quantity of Mei symmetry for Appell equations are investigated. First, under the infinitesimal one-parameter transformations of group and the infinitesimal generator vectors, Mei symmetry and conformal invariance of differential equations of motion for the system are defined, and the determining equation of Mei symmetry and conformal invariance for the system are given. Then, by means of the structure equation to which the gauge function is satisfied, the Mei-conserved quantity corresponding to the system is derived. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the result.
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1 Introduction
Seeking for symmetries and conserved quantities of dynamical systems is one of the ways by which people studies the laws of motion of dynamical systems to a much deeper levels. Research of symmetries and conserved quantities of constrained dynamical systems plays an important role in modern mechanical and mathematical sciences, and it is also a developing direction of modern mathematics, mechanics and physics [1–3]. Fruitful achievements have been gained in looking for conserved quantities by means of Noether symmetry, Lie symmetry and Mei symmetry [4–21]. Theories of the conformal invariance are classified into the gauge field theories in 1960s and 1970s, particularly are a hot topic of gravitational gauge field [22, 23]. In 1997, Galiullin et al. had proposed concepts of conformal invariance and conformal factor of Birkhoff equations in the study of dynamics in Birkhoffian systems [23], and discussed the relationships between the invariance and the conformal invariance, Lie symmetry and the conformal invariance under the infinitesimal transformations of Pfaff action. Since entering the twenty-first century, Chinese scholars have carried out certain new researches and have gained some achievements in the study of symmetries and conserved quantities for mechanical systems by means of theories of the conformal invariance [24–35]. However, for a long time, there are fewer results to Appell equations. Especially at present there is no papers to present publicly the conformal invariance and conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Appell equations expressed directly from Appell functions in nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type. Reference [34] studied the conformal invariance and conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Lagrange equations in nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type. Reference [35] studied the conformal invariance and conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Appell equations in holonomic systems. This paper will examine conformal invariance and Mei-conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Appell equations in nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type. First, Appell equations in nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type are given; second, the infinitesimal one-parameter transformations of group and their generator vectors are introduced, the Mei symmetry and conformal invariance of dynamical equations in nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type are defined, and the determining equations of the conformal invariance of Mei symmetry in the system are given; finally, the corresponding Mei-conserved quantity is derived from the structure equation to which the gauge functions will be satisfied.
2 Appell equation and differential equations of motion for a nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type
Suppose that a nonholonomic mechanic system consists of \(N\) particles with masses \(m_{i}\) and its position vector \(r_{i}\), respectively. And let the configuration of the system be determined by \(n\) generalised coordinates \(q_{s}(s=1,2,\ldots ,n)\), its motion is subject to the \(g\) ideal bilateral Chetaev nonholonomic constraints
and the restriction condition of constrains (1) imposed on virtual displacement and the energy of acceleration are, respectively,
the uniform subscripts denote the Einstein summation convention [15] in (2) and (3) as well as in the following text. The Appell equations of the system can be expressed as follows:
where \(\lambda _{\beta }\) is the \(\beta \)th multiplier corresponding to the constraints. Before the integration of differential equations of motion, the multipliers can be expressed as a function of \(t,{\varvec{q}}\) and \(\dot{{\varvec{q}}}:\lambda _\beta =\lambda _\beta \left( {t,{\varvec{q}},\dot{{\varvec{q}}}} \right) .\, Q_s =Q_s (t,{\varvec{q}},\dot{{\varvec{q}}})\) is the generalised forces corresponding to the \(s\)th generalised coordinate \(q_{s}\). \(\varGamma _{s}\) is the constraint force corresponding to the \(s\)th generalised coordinate \(q_{s}\)
let
\(\varLambda _\mathrm{s}\) is called the generalised force corresponding to the \(s\)th generalised coordinate \(q_{s}\). Therefore, (4) can be rewritten simply as
(7) is the Appell equations of a holonomic system corresponding to (1) and (4) for nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type. If the initial condition of motion satisfies (1), the solution of (7) will give the orbit of motion of the system. By virtue of (7), one can solve all generalised accelerations, namely
3 Conformal invariance of Mei symmetry for Appell equations in nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type
Introducing the infinitesimal transformations of group of time and generalised coordinates
and their expansions
where \(\varepsilon \) is an infinitesimal parameter and \(\xi _{0}\) and \(\xi _{s}\) are the generating functions of the infinitesimal transformations. Introducing a generating vector of the infinitesimal transformations
as well as its first expansion and its second expansion
where the total derivative along the trajectory of motion of the system with respect to \(t\) is
From (10), we obtain
Suppose that after undergoing the infinitesimal transformations (10), the dynamic functions \(S,\varLambda _{s}\) and \(f_{\alpha }\) of the system become \(S^{*},\varLambda _s^*\) and \(f_\alpha ^*\), respectively, note (7) and then take the Taylor expansions of \(S^{*},\varLambda _s^*\) and \(f_\alpha ^*\) at the point of \((t,{\varvec{q}},\dot{{\varvec{q}}},\ddot{{\varvec{q}}} )\), where the total derivative along the trajectory of the system with respect to \(t\) is expressed as (14), we have
namely
Definition 1
If the form of Appell equations (7) for the system keeps invariant when the dynamical functions \(S\) and \(\varLambda _s\) are replaced by \(S^{*}\) and \(\varLambda _s^*\), respectively, under the infinitesimal transformations (10), namely
then the invariance is called the Mei symmetry of Appell equations (7) of a holonomic system corresponding to Appell equations (1) and (4) for the nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type.
Definition 2
If the form of Appell equations (7) for the system and the form of the constraint equations (1) keep invariant when the dynamical functions \(S\) and \(\varLambda _s\) are replaced by \(S^{*}\) and \(\varLambda _s^*\), respectively, under the infinitesimal transformations (10), namely
If (19) and (18) are both tenable, the symmetry is called the weak Mei symmetry of Appell equations (7) of a holonomic system corresponding to Appell equations (1) and (4) for the nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type.
Neglecting the terms of \(\varepsilon ^{2}\) and the higher order terms for (17), and using (1) and (19), the restriction equations of Mei symmetry for the nonholonomic constraint equations (1) under the infinitesimal transformations (10) are easily obtained as follows:
If considering that the restriction on which the Chetaev condition equations (2) impose on the generating functions \(\xi _{0}\) and \(\xi _s\) of the infinitesimal transformations, we get
(21) is called the additional restriction equations.
Definition 3
If the form of Appell equations (7) for the system and the form of the constraint equations (1) keep invariant when the dynamical functions \(S\) and \(\varLambda _s\) are replaced by \(S^{*}\) and \(\varLambda _s^*\), respectively, under the infinitesimal transformations (10), and it requires that the generating functions \(\xi _0\) and \(\xi _s\) of the infinitesimal transformations satisfy the restriction equations (20) and the additional restriction equations (21), then the symmetry is called the strict Mei symmetry of Appell equations (7) of a holonomic system corresponding to Appell equations (1) and (4) for the nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type.
Substituting (15) and (16) into (18), and neglecting the terms of \(\varepsilon ^{2}\) and the higher order terms, by virtue of Eq. (7), the determining equations of Mei symmetry of Appell equations (7) for the nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type result
Definition 4
For Appell equations (7) in the nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type, if there exists a matrix \(M_{s}^{k}\) to satisfy the following equations
Then Eq. (7) has the conformal invariance of Mei symmetry under the infinitesimal transformations (10). Eq. (23) is the determining equations for satisfying the conformal invariance of Mei symmetry, where \(M_{s}^{k}\) is the conformal factor.
Proposition 1
If Eq. (7) has Mei symmetry under the infinitesimal transformations (10) and there exists a matrix \(M_{s}^{k}\) to satisfy
Then the necessary and sufficient condition to which Eq. (7) has both the conformal invariance and the Mei symmetry under the infinitesimal transformations (10) is expressed as follows: \(M_{s}^{k}=\varGamma _{s}^{k}\).
Proof
Since the Mei symmetry of Eq. (7) satisfies Eq. (22), if there exists a matrix \(\varGamma _{s}^{k}\) satisfying (24), then (24) becomes
From the definition equation (23), the conformal factor of the system is \(M_{s}^{k}=\varGamma _{s}^{k}\).
Vice versa, from the determining equations (23) and (24), it is easy to verify
If \(M_{s}^{k}=\varGamma _{s}^{k}\), it is easily to obtain Eq. (22), hence the system has Mei symmetry.
4 Mei-conserved quantity deduced from the Mei symmetry in the system
According to the theory of Mei symmetry of Appell equation for a nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type, when the conformal invariance of Mei symmetry meets certain conditions, corresponding conserved quantities can also result.
Proposition 2
If the infinitesimal generators \(\xi _0, \xi _s \) and the gauge function \(G_M=G_M (t, {\varvec{q}},\dot{{\varvec{q}}})\) of the determining equation (22) of the Mei symmetry of Appell equations (7) of a holonomic system corresponding to Appell equations (1) and (4) for the nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type satisfy the following structure equation:
Then the Mei-conserved quantities deduced from Mei symmetry of Eq. (7) may be expressed as follows:
Proof
Using Eq. (7) and the determining equation (23) of the conformal invariance of Mei symmetry, we obtain
Therefore, we have
Note that
Then (30) becomes
Substituting (27) into (31), we obtain
5 Conformal invariance of Mei symmetry of Appell equations for a two-dimensional nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type
Assume that the acceleration energy, the constraint equations and the generalised forces for a two-dimensional nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type are, respectively,
Study the conformal invariance and the conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Appell equations for the system.
Expanding (4), and taking notice of (7) and (33), we have
Solve simultaneous Eqs. (34) and (36), we obtain
Noticing (8), and substituting (37) into (36), we get
(38) may also be rewritten as
Taking infinitesimal transformation generators as follows:
Taking the calculation, we have
Hence, from (23), (39) and (41), the conformal factor is obtained as follows:
Substituting (38) into (41), we obtain
Thus, the system satisfies the Mei symmetry. The system is both the conformal invariance and the Mei symmetry in this case.
By using (43)–(46), it is easy to verify the determining equations (22) and the constraint equation (20) are tenable; substituting (40) and (34) into (21) shows that the additional restrictions equation (21) holds. Hence, from definitions 1–3, the infinitesimal transformation generators expressed by (40) are the infinitesimal transformation generators of Mei symmetry and the strict Mei symmetry for the system. Hence, the system has the strict Mei symmetry.
From the structure equation (27), we get
By using (38), we have
By using (28), the Mei-conserved quantity deduced directly from conformal invariance of Mei symmetry of the system gives
6 Conclusion
Conformal invariance is a kind of symmetry which has universal significance and a wider range of application. This paper presents the determining equations of conformal invariance of Mei symmetry of Appell equations for nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type, and the Mei-conserved quantity of the system is derived by using gauge functions. The conclusions of this paper not only enrich the theory of symmetry and conserved quantity of Appell equations, but also for the first time the theory of conformal invariance and conserved quantity of Mei symmetry of Appell equations for nonholonomic systems of Chetaev’s type expressed directly by Appell functions is obtained.
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Acknowledgments
Project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11142014) and Project was supported by the scientific research and innovation plan for College Graduates of Jiangsu province (Grant No. CXLX12_0720).
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Zhang, Y., Zhang, F., Han, Y. et al. Conformal invariance and conserved quantity of Mei symmetry for Appell equations in a nonholonomic system of Chetaev’s type. Nonlinear Dyn 77, 521–527 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-014-1314-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-014-1314-4