Abstract
Maize functional genomics research and genetic improvement strategies have been greatly accelerated and refined through the development and utilization of genetic transformation systems. Maize transformation is a composite technology based on decades’ efforts in optimizing multiple factors involving microbiology and physical/biochemical DNA delivery, as well as cellular and molecular biology. This review provides a historical reflection on the development of maize transformation technology including the early failures and successful milestones. It also provides a current perspective on the understanding of tissue culture responses and their impact on plant regeneration, the pros and cons of different DNA delivery methods, the identification of a palette of selectable/screenable markers, and most recently the development of growth-stimulating or morphogenic genes to improve efficiencies and extend the range of transformable genotypes. Steady research progress in these interdependent components has been punctuated by benchmark reports celebrating the progress in maize transformation, which invariably relied on a large volume of supporting research that contributed to each step and to the current state of the art. The recent explosive use of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing has heightened the demand for higher transformation efficiencies, especially for important inbreds, to support increasingly sophisticated and complicated genomic modifications, in a manner that is widely accessible. These trends place an urgent demand on taking maize transformation to the next level, presaging a new generation of improvements on the horizon. Once realized, we anticipate a near-future where readily accessible, genotype-independent maize transformation, together with advanced genomics, genome editing, and accelerated breeding, will contribute to world agriculture and global food security.
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Abbreviations
- ABA:
-
Abscisic acid
- BBM:
-
Baby Boom transcription factor
- BMS:
-
Black Mexican Sweet
- CaMV:
-
Cauliflower mosaic virus
- Cas9:
-
CRISPR-associated protein 9
- CIMMYT:
-
Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (in Spanish) International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre
- CRISPR:
-
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat
- eSECs:
-
“Early” somatic embryogenic cells
- DAP:
-
Days after pollination
- EMS:
-
Ethyl methanesulfonate
- EPSPS:
-
5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
- EU:
-
European Union
- FTO:
-
Freedom to operate
- GM:
-
Genetically modified
- GMO:
-
Genetically modified organism
- GWAS:
-
Genome-wide association study
- HPT:
-
Hygromycin phosphotransferase
- IE:
-
Immature embryo
- MRT:
-
Morphogenic regulator-mediated transformation
- NPT:
-
Neomycin phosphotransferase
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- PGS:
-
Plant Genetic Systems
- RNPs:
-
Ribonucleoproteins
- SAM:
-
Shoot apical meristem
- SiC:
-
Silicon carbide
- TALENS:
-
Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
- WUS2:
-
Wuschel 2 transcription factor
- ZFN:
-
Zinc finger nucleases
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Funding
National Science Foundation Plant Genome Research Program (NSF PGRP) Grant #1444478 and by Department of Energy BER Grant #DE-SCOO18277 to APK, by NSF PGRP Grants #1725122 and #191738 and by the USDA NIFA Hatch project #IOW04714 to KW, and by NSF PGRP Grant #1917138 and by NSF-BTT-EAGER Grant#1844701 to HEK.
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WGK is an employee for Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA 50131, USA.
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Kausch, A.P., Wang, K., Kaeppler, H.F. et al. Maize transformation: history, progress, and perspectives. Mol Breeding 41, 38 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-021-01225-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-021-01225-0