Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Topolins: A panacea to plant tissue culture challenges?

  • Review
  • Published:
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Since the discovery of topolins as naturally occurring aromatic cytokinins (CKs), they have emerged as genuine alternatives to the long serving CKs such as benzyladenine, zeatin and kinetin in plant tissue culture (PTC). Globally, the past 15 years has witnessed a surge in the use of topolins and their derivatives in research laboratories. Topolins, especially the meta-topolin and its derivatives have been employed for culture initiation, protocol optimization and for counteracting various in vitro induced physiological disorders in many species. Evidence from various studies indicate the rising popularity and advantages (although not universal for all species) of topolins compared to other CKs. In this review, we assess the use of topolins in PTC with emphasis on their metabolism, structure–activity relations and effect on morphogenesis in vitro. In addition, the review provides a detailed list of species that have been used to study the effect of topolins in comparison with other CKs, the growth parameters affected and recommended concentrations are also provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Ad:

Adenine

AdS:

Adenine sulphate

BA:

N6 benzyladenine

BA9G:

N6-benzyladenine-9-glucoside

BAR:

N6-benzyladenine-9-riboside

BPA:

6-Benzyl-9-(2-tetrahydropyranylamino)purine

CK:

Cytokinin

CPPU:

6-(2-Chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea

DHZ:

Dihydrozeatin

FmT:

meta-Flourotopolin

FmTR:

meta-Flourotopolin riboside

IAA:

Indole-3-acetic acid

IBA:

Indole-3-butyric acid

iP:

N6-(2-isopentenyl)adenine

KIN:

Kinetin

KINR:

Kinetin riboside

MemT:

meta-Methoxy topolin

MemTR:

meta-Methoxy topolin riboside

MeoT:

ortho-Methoxy topolin

MeoTR:

ortho-Methoxy topolin riboside

MS:

Murashige and Skoog medium

mT:

meta-Topolin

mTR:

meta-Topolin riboside

oT:

ortho-Topolin

PAS :

Pasticcino

PGR:

Plant growth regulator

PTC:

Plant tissue culture

STN:

Shoot-tip necrosis

TDZ:

Thidiazuron

Z:

Zeatin

ZOG1:

Zeatin O-glucosyltransferase

ZR:

Zeatin riboside

References

  • Amoo S, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2011) The role of meta-topolins in alleviating micropropagation problems. Plant Growth Regul 63:197–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ascough GD, Van Staden J (2010) Micropropagation of Albuca bracteata and A. nelsonii—indigenous ornamentals with medicinal value. S Afr J Bot 76:579–584

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ascough GD, Novák O, Pěnčík A, Rolčík J, Strnad M, Erwin JE, Van Staden J (2009) Hormonal and cell division analyses in Watsonia lepida seedlings. J Plant Physiol 166:1497–1507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ascough GD, Swart PA, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2011) Micropropagation of Romulea minutiflora, Sisyrinchium laxum and Tritonia gladiolaris—Iridaceae with ornamental potential. S Afr J Bot 77:216–221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Fennell CW, Van Staden J (2006) The effect of plant growth regulators on somaclonal variation in Cavendish banana (Musa AAA cv. ‘Zelig’). Sci Hortic 108:347–351

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Stirk WA, Doležal K, Van Staden J (2007) Optimizing the micropropagation protocol for the endangered Aloe polyphylla: can meta-topolin and its derivatives serve as replacement for benzyladenine and zeatin? Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 90:15–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Stirk WA, Doležal K, Van Staden J (2008) The role of topolins in micropropagation and somaclonal variation of banana cultivars ‘Williams’ and ‘Grand Naine’ (Musa spp. AAA). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 95:373–379

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Jain N, Stirk WA, Doležal K, Van Staden J (2009a) Solving the problem of shoot-tip necrosis in Harpagophytum procumbens by changing the cytokinin types, calcium and boron concentrations in the medium. S Afr J Bot 75:122–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Kulkarni MG, Street RA, Mulaudzi RB, Van Staden J (2009b) Studies on seed germination, seedling growth, and in vitro shoot induction of Aloe ferox Mill., a commercially important species. HortScience 44:751–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Stirk WA, Van Staden J (2009c) Factors contributing to in vitro shoot-tip necrosis and their physiological interactions. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 98:239–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Aremu AO, Van Staden J (2011a) Somaclonal variation in plants: causes and detection methods. Plant Growth Regul 63:147–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Novák O, Doležal K, Van Staden J (2011b) Changes in endogenous cytokinin profiles in micropropagated Harpagophytum procumbens in relation to shoot-tip necrosis and cytokinin treatments. Plant Growth Regul 63:105–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bajguz A, Piotrowska A (2009) Conjugates of auxin and cytokinin. Phytochemistry 70:957–969

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baroja-Fernández E, Aguirreolea J, Martínková H, Hanus J, Strnad M (2002) Aromatic cytokinins in micropropagated potato plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 40:217–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bogaert I, Van Cauter S, Werbrouck SPO, Doležal K (2006) New aromatic cytokinins can make the difference. Acta Hortic 725:265–270

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castelblanque L, García-Sogo B, Pineda B, Moreno V (2010) Efficient plant regeneration from protoplasts of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana via organogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 100:107–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Čatský J, Pospíšilová J, Kamínek M, Gaudinová A, Pulkrábek J, Zahradníček J (1996) Seasonal changes in sugar beet photosynthesis as affected by exogenous cytokinin N6-(m-hydroxybenzyl)adenosine. Biol Plantarum 38:511–518

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheesman L, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2010) Eucomis zambesiaca baker: factors affecting in vitro bulblet induction. S Afr J Bot 76:543–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C-M, Kristopeit SM (1981) Metabolism of cytokinin: deribosylation of cytokinin ribonucleoside by adenosine nucleosidase from wheat germ cells. Plant Physiol 68:1020–1023

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemenceau D, Cousseau J, Martin V, Molines H, Wakselman C, Mornet R, Nogue F, Laloue M (1996) Synthesis and cytokinin activity of two fluoro derivatives of N6-Isopentenyladenine. J Agr Food Chem 44:320–323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cortizo M, de Diego N, Moncaleán P, Ordás R (2009) Micropropagation of adult Stone Pine (Pinus pinea L.). Trees Struct Funct 23:835–842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker PJ, Mahadevan A, Wiley JL, Martin BR, Razdan RK (2007) The role of fluorine substitution in the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of classical cannabinoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 17:1504–1507

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Diego N, Montalbán IA, Moncaleán P (2010) In vitro regeneration of Pinus spp. adult trees: new method for obtaining clonal plants. Acta Hortic 865:361–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Debergh P, Aitken-Christie J, Cohen D, Grout B, Arnold S, Zimmerman R, Ziv M (1992) Reconsideration of the term ‘vitrification’ as used in micropropagation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 30:135–140

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobránszki J, Magyar-Tábori K, Jámbor-Benczúr E, Kiss E, Lazányi J, Bubán T (2002) Effect of conditioning apple shoots with meta-topolin on the morphogenic activity of in vitro leaves. Acta Agron Hung 50:117–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dobránszki J, Hudak I, Magyar-Tábori K, Jámbor-Benczúr E, Galli Z, Kiss E (2004) Effects of different cytokinins on the shoot regeneration from apple leaves of ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘M.26’. Int J Hort Sci 10:69–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobránszki J, Jámbor-Benczúr E, Reményi ML, Magyar-Tábori K, Hudák I, Kiss E, Galli Z (2005) Effects of aromatic cytokinins on structural characteristics of leaves and their post-effects on subsequent shoot regeneration from in vitro apple leaves of ‘Royal Gala’. Int J Hort Sci 1:41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobránszki J, Hudak I, Magyar-Tábori K, Jámbor-Benczúr E, Galli Z, Kiss E (2006) How can different cytokinins influence the process of shoot regeneration from apple leaves in ‘Royal Gala’ and ‘M.26’. Acta Hortic 725:191–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Doil A, Zhang R, Schum A, Serek M, Winkelmann T (2008) In vitro propagation and regeneration of Hydrangea macrophylla Thunb. ‘Nachtigall’. Propag Ornam Plants 8:151–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Doležal K, Popa I, Kryštof V, Spíchal L, Fojtíková M, Holub J, Lenobel R, Schmülling T, Strnad M (2006) Preparation and biological activity of 6-benzylaminopurine derivatives in plants and human cancer cells. Bioorg Med Chem 14:875–884

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doležal K, Popa I, Hauserová E, Spíchal L, Chakrabarty K, Novák O, Kryštof V, Voller J, Holub J, Strnad M (2007) Preparation, biological activity and endogenous occurrence of N6-benzyladenosines. Bioorg Med Chem 15:3737–3747

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emmerling F, Orgzall I, Dietzel B, Schulz BW, Reck G, Schulz B (2007) Structural studies on trifluoromethyl substituted 2, 5-diphenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazoles. J Mol Struct 832:124–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Escalona M, Cejas I, González-Olmedo J, Capote I, Roels S, Cañal MJ, Rodríguez R, Sandoval J, Debergh P (2003) The effect of meta-topolin on plantain propagation using a temporary immersion bioreactor. InfoMusa 12:28–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Faizal A, Lambert E, Foubert K, Apers S, Geelen D (2011) In vitro propagation of four saponin producing Maesa species. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. doi:10.1007/s11240-010-9909-z

  • Fasolo F, Zimmerman RH, Fordham I (1989) Adventitions shoot formation on excised leaves of in vitro grown shoots of apple cultivars. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 16:75–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faure JD, Vittorioso P, Santoni V, Fraisier V, Prinsen E, Barlier I, Van Onckelen H, Caboche M, Bellini C (1998) The PASTICCINO genes of Arabidopsis thaliana are involved in the control of cell division and differentiation. Development 125:909–918

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franck T, Kevers C, Gaspar T, Dommes J, Deby C, Greimers R, Serteyn D, Deby-Dupont G (2004) Hyperhydricity of Prunus avium shoots cultured on gelrite: a controlled stress response. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:519–527

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gan S, Amasino RM (1996) Cytokinins in plant senescence: from spray and pray to clone and play. BioEssays 18:557–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gan S, Amasino RM (1997) Making sense of senescence. Molecular genetic regulation and manipulation of leaf senescence. Plant Physiol 113:313–319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Leyva JF, Martinez Acosta LA, Lopez Muraira IG, Silos Espino H, Ramirez-Cervantes F, Andrade-Gonzalez I (2008) Multiple shoot regeneration of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) from a shoot apex culture system. Int J Bot 4:326–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haberer G, Kieber JJ (2002) Cytokinins. New insights into a classic phytohormone. Plant Physiol 128:354–362

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haidoune MB, Raynaud I, O’Connor N, Richomme P, Mornet R, Laloue M (1998) Synthesis and cytokinin activity of new zeatin derivatives. J Agric Food Chem 46:1577–1582

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall RH, De Ropp RS (1955) Formation of 6-furfurylaminopurine from DNA breakdown products. J Am Chem Soc 77:6400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrar Y, Bellec Y, Bellini C, Faure J-D (2003) Hormonal control of cell proliferation requires PASTICCINO genes. Plant Physiol 132:1217–1227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hecht SM, Leonard NJ, Schmitz RY, Skoog F (1970) Cytokinins: influence of side-chain planarity of N6-substituted adenines and adenosines on their activity in promoting cell growth. Phytochemistry 9:1907–1913

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holub J, Hanuš J, Hanke DE, Strnad M (1998) Biological activity of cytokinins derived from ortho- and meta-hydroxybenzyladenine. Plant Growth Regul 26:109–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horgan R, Hewett EW, Purse JG, Wareing PF (1973) A new cytokinin from Populus robusta. Tetrahedron Lett 14:2827–2828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horgan R, Hewett EW, Horgan JM, Purse J, Wareing PF (1975) A new cytokinin from Populus × robusta. Phytochemistry 14:1005–1008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howell SH, Lall S, Che P (2003) Cytokinins and shoot development. Trends Plant Sci 8:453–459

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison CE, Kieber JJ (2002) Cytokinin signaling in arabidopsis. Plant Cell 14:S47–S59

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huyluoglu Z, Unal M, Palavan-Unsal N (2008) Cytological evidences of the role of meta-topolin and benzyladenine in barley root tips. Adv Mol Biol 1:31–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Il’ina E, Dodueva I, Ivanova N, Lutova L (2006) The effect of cytokinins on in vitro cultured inbred lines of Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers. with genetically determined tumorigenesis. Russ J Plant Physiol 53:514–522

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwamura H, Fujita T, Koyama S, Koshimizu K, Kumazawa Z (1980) Quantitative structure-activity relationship of cytokinin-active adenine and urea derivatives. Phytochemistry 19:1309–1319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang ZQ, Guo HW (2010) A comparative genomic analysis of plant hormone related genes in different species. J Genet Genomics 37:219–230

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones L, Martinková H, Strnad M, Hanke D (1996) Occurrence of aromatic cytokinins in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). J Plant Growth Regul 15:39–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamada-Nobusada T, Sakakibara H (2009) Molecular basis for cytokinin biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 70:444–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamínek M (1992) Progress in cytokinin research. Trends Biotechnol 10:159–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamínek M, Pačes V, Corse J, Challice JS (1979) Effect of stereospecific hydroxylation of N6-(Δ2-Isopentenyl)adenosine on cytokinin activity. Planta 145:239–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamínek M, Vaněk T, Motyka V (1987) Cytokinin activities of N6-benzyladenosine derivatives hydroxylated on the side-chain phenyl ring. J Plant Growth Regul 6:113–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kataeva NV, Alexandrova IG, Butenko RG, Dragavtceva EV (1991) Effect of applied and internal hormones on vitrification and apical necrosis of different plants cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 27:149–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kevers C, Coumans M, Coumans-Gillès M-F, Caspar T (1984) Physiological and biochemical events leading to vitrification of plants cultured in vitro. Physiol Plantarum 61:69–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koetle MJ, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2010) In vitro regeneration in Dierama erectum Hilliard. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 103:23–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kotyk A, Kamínek M, Pulkrábek J, Zahradníček J (1996) Effect of in vivo and in vitro application of the cytokinin N6-(m-hydroxybenzyl)adenosine on respiration and membrane transport processes in sugar beet. Biol Plantarum 38:363–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubalákova M, Strnad M (1992) The effects of aromatic cytokinins (populins) on micropropagation and regeneration of sugar beet in vitro. Biol Plantarum 34:578–579

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard NJ, Henderson TR (1975) Purine ring rearrangements leading to the development of cytokinin activity. Mechanism of the rearrangement of 3-benzyladenine to N6-benzyladenine. J Am Chem Soc 97:4990–4999

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard NJ, Hecht SM, Skoog F, Schmitz RY (1968) Cytokinins: synthesis of 6-(3-methyl-3-butenylamino)-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine (3iPA) and the effect of side-chain unsaturation on the biological activity of isopentenylaminopurines and their ribosides. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 59:15–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letham DS (1963) Zeatin, a factor inducing cell division isolated from Zea mays. Life Sci 2:569–573

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Letham DS, Palni LMS (1983) The biosynthesis and metabolism of cytokinins. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 34:163–197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Libbenga KR, Mennes AM (1995) Hormone binding and signal transduction. In: Davies PJ (ed) Plant hormones: physiology. biochemistry and molecular biology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, pp 272–297

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Magyar-Tábori K, Dobránszki J, Jámbor-Benczúr E, Bubán T, Lazányi J, Szalai J, Ferenczy A (2001) Post-effects of cytokinins and auxin levels of proliferation media on rooting ability of in vitro apple shoots (Malus domestica Borkh.) ‘Red Fuji’. Int J Hort Sci 7:26–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Magyar-Tábori K, Dobránszki J, Jámbor-Benczúr E (2002) High in vitro shoot proliferation in the apple cultivar Jonagold induced by benzyladenine analogues. Acta Agron Hung 50:191–195

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magyar-Tábori K, Dobránszki J, Teixeira da Silva J, Bulley S, Hudák I (2010) The role of cytokinins in shoot organogenesis in apple. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 101:251–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magyar-Tábori K, Dobránszki J, Hudák I (2011) Effect of cytokinin content of the regeneration media on in vitro rooting ability of adventitious apple shoots. Sci Hortic. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.05.011

  • Makara AM, Rubaihayo PR, Magambo MJS (2010) Carry-over effect of thidiazuron on banana in vitro proliferation at different culture cycles and light incubation conditions. Afr J Biotechnol 9:3079–3085

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malá J, Máchová P, Cvrčková H, Karady M, Novák O, Mikulík J, Hauserová E, Greplová J, Strnad M, Doležal K (2009) Micropropagation of wild service tree Sorbus torminalis [L.] Crantz): the regulative role of different aromatic cytokinins during organogenesis. J Plant Growth Regul 28:341–348

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mata-Rosas M, Baltazar-García R, Moon P, Hietz P, Luna-Monterrojo V (2010) In vitro regeneration of Lycaste aromatica (Graham ex Hook) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) from pseudobulb sections. Plant Biotechnol Rep 4:157–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara S (1980) Structure-activity relationships of cytokinins. Phytochemistry 19:2239–2253

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meiners J, Schwab M, Szankowski I (2007) Efficient in vitro regeneration systems for Vaccinium species. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 89:169–176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer EM, Touchell DH, Ranney TG (2009) In vitro shoot regeneration and polyploid induction from leaves of Hypericum species. HortScience 44:1957–1961

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller CO, Skoog F, Von Saltza MH, Strong FM (1955) Kinetin, a cell division factor from deoxyribonucleic acid. J Am Chem Soc 77:1392–1393

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mithila J, Murch SJ, KrishnaRaj S, Saxena PK (2001) Recent advances in Pelargonium in vitro regeneration systems. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 67:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mok MC, Mok DWS (1985) The metabolism of [14C]-thidiazuron in callus tissues of Phaseolus lunatus. Physiol Plantarum 65:427–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mok MC, Martin RC, Dobrev PI, Vanková R, Shing Ho P, Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Sakakibara H, Mok DWS (2005) Topolins and hydroxylated thidiazuron derivatives are substrates of cytokinin O-glucosyltransferase with position specificity related to receptor recognition. Plant Physiol 137:1057–1066

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moncaleán P, Rodríguez A, Fernández B (2001) In vitro response of Actinidia deliciosa explants to different BA incubation periods. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 67:257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyo M, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2011) Recalcitrant effects associated with the development of basal callus-like tissue on caulogenesis and rhizogenesis in Sclerocarya birrea. Plant Growth Regul 63:187–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy B, Murch S, Saxena P (1998) Thidiazuron: a potent regulator of in vitro plant morphogenesis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 34:267–275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nam HG (1997) The molecular genetic analysis of leaf senescence. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8:200–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nas MN, Bolek Y, Sevgin N (2010) The effects of explant and cytokinin type on regeneration of Prunus microcarpa. Sci Hortic 126:88–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niedz RP, Evens TJ (2010) The effects of benzyladenine and meta-topolin on in vitro shoot regeneration of a Citrus citrandarin rootstock. Res J Agric Biol Sci 6:45–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nirmalram J, Tamilselvi D, Muthiah P (2011) Hydrogen bonded supramolecular assembly in N6-benzyladeninium nitrate and N6-benzyladeninium 3-hydroxy picolinate: a synthetic cytokinin. J Chem Crystallogr 41:864–867

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikawa S, Kumazawa Z, Mizutani H, Kashimura N (1986) Substituent-directing effect on cytokinin activity of the α-double bond in the 6-substituent of purines. Agric Biol Chem 50:1089–1091

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noodén LD (1988) The phenomena of senescence and aging. In: Noodén LD, Leopold AC (eds) Senescence and Aging in Plants. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, USA, pp 1–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Palavan-Ünsal N, Çağ S, Çetin E (2002a) Growth responses of excised radish cotyledons to meta-topolin. Can J Plant Sci 82:191–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palavan-Ünsal N, Çağ S, Çetin E, Büyüktunçer D (2002b) Retardation of senescence by meta-topolin in wheat leaves. J Cell Mol Biol 1:101–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Palavan-Ünsal N, Çağ S, Çetin E (2004) The role of meta-topolin in senescence of wheat leaf segments. J Cell Mol Biol 3:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer MV, Horgan R, Wareing PF (1981) Cytokinin metabolism in Phaseolus vulgaris L.: I: variations in cytokinin levels in leaves of decapitated plants in relation to lateral bud outgrowth. J Exp Bot 32:1231–1241

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pan X, Welti R, Wang X (2008) Simultaneous quantification of major phytohormones and related compounds in crude plant extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Phytochemistry 69:1773–1781

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pâques M (1991) Vitrification and micropropagation: causes, remedies and prospects. Acta Hortic 289:283–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Pâques M, Boxus P (1987) Vitrification: review of literture. Acta Hortic 212:155–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Parimalan R, Giridhar P, Ravishankar G (2011) Enhanced shoot organogenesis in Bixa orellana L. in the presence of putrescine and silver nitrate. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 105:285–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová J, Synková H, Haisel D, Čatský J, Wilhelmová N, Šrámek F (1999) Effect of elevated CO2 concentration on acclimation of tobacco plantlets to ex vitro conditions. J Exp Bot 50:119–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pospíšilová J, Synková H, Haisel D, Semorádová S (2007) Acclimation of plantlets to ex vitro conditions: effects of air humidity, irradiance, CO2 concentration and abscisic acid (a review). Acta Hortic 748:29–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Roels S, Escalona M, Cejas I, Noceda C, Rodriguez R, Canal MJ, Sandoval J, Debergh P (2005) Optimization of plantain (Musa AAB) micropropagation by temporary immersion system. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 82:57–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosales MSD, Solís ÁGA, Méndezy NLV, Balch EPM (2008) Effect of cytokinins on the in vitro propagation of Mexican Agaves. Rev Fitotec Mex 31:317–322

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakakibara H (2006) Cytokinins: activity, biosynthesis, and translocation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 57:431–449

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salvi ND, George L, Eapen S (2002) Micropropagation and field evaluation of micropropagated plants of turmeric. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 68:143–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmülling T (2004) Cytokinin. In: Lennarz WJ, Lane MD (eds) Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry. Academic Press/Elsevier Science, New York, USA, pp 1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Skoog F, Armstrong DJ (1970) Cytokinins. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 21:359–384

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoog F, Hamzi HQ, Szweykowska AM, Leonard NJ, Carraway KL, Fujii T, Helgeson JP, Loeppky RN (1967) Cytokinins: structure/activity relationships. Phytochemistry 6:1169–1192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smulders M, de Klerk G (2011) Epigenetics in plant tissue culture. Plant Growth Regul 63:137–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strnad M (1997) The aromatic cytokinins. Physiol Plantarum 101:674–688

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strnad M, Hanuš J, Vanek T, Kamínek M, Ballantine JA, Fussell B, Hanke DE (1997) Meta-topolin, a highly active aromatic cytokinin from poplar leaves (Populus × canadensis Moench., cv. Robusta). Phytochemistry 45:213–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Subbaraj AK (2011) Topolins: current research status and applications. Int J Biores Stress Manag 2:10–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Tarkowská D, Doležal K, Tarkowski P, Åstot C, Holub J, Fuksová K, Schmülling T, Sandberg G, Strnad M (2003) Identification of new aromatic cytokinins in Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus × canadensis leaves by LC-(+)ESI-MS and capillary liquid chromatography/frit-fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. Physiol Plantarum 117:579–590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarkowski P, Ge L, Yong JWH, Tan SN (2009) Analytical methods for cytokinins. Trends Anal Chem 28:323–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor NJ, Stirk WA, Van Staden J (2003) The elusive cytokinin biosynthetic pathway. S Afr J Bot 69:269–281

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teklehaymanot T, Wannakrairoj S, Pipattanawong N (2010) Meta-topolin for pineapple shoot multiplication under three in vitro systems. Am Euras J Agr Environ Sci 7:157–162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trávníček Z, Marek J, Doležal K, Strnad M (1997) The structure of 6-(2-hydroxybenzylamino)purine acetic acid solvate. Z Kristallogr 212:538–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valero-Aracama C, Kane M, Wilson S, Philman N (2010) Substitution of benzyladenine with meta-topolin during shoot multiplication increases acclimatization of difficult- and easy-to-acclimatize sea oats (Uniola paniculata L.) genotypes. Plant Growth Regul 60:43–49

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Staden J, Crouch NR (1996) Benzyladenine and derivatives—their significance and interconversion in plants. Plant Growth Regul 19:153–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Staden J, Cook EL, Noodén LD (1988) Cytokinins and senescence. In: Noodén LD, Leopold AC (eds) Senescence and Aging in Plants. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, California, USA, pp 281–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasil I (2008) A history of plant biotechnology: from the cell theory of Schleiden and Schwann to biotech crops. Plant Cell Rep 27:1423–1440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasudevan R, Van Staden J (2011) Cytokinin and explant types influence in vitro plant regeneration of Leopard Orchid (Ansellia africana Lindl.). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. doi:10.1007/s11240-011-9964-0

  • Vinayak V, Dhawan AK, Gupta VK (2009) Efficacy of non-purine and purine cytokinins on shoot regeneration in vitro in sugarcane. Indian J Biotechnol 8:227–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner BM, Beck E (1993) Cytokinins in the perennial herb Urtica dioica L. as influenced by its nitrogen status. Planta 190:511–518

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werbrouck SPO (2010) Merits and drawbacks of new aromatic cytokinins in plant tissue culture. Acta Hortic 865:103–108

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werbrouck S, Van der Jeugt B, Dewitte W, Prinsen E, Van Onckelen H, Debergh P (1995) The metabolism of benzyladenine in Spathiphyllum floribundum ‘Schott Petite’ in relation to acclimatisation problems. Plant Cell Rep 14:662–665

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werbrouck SPO, Strnad M, Van Onckelen HA, Debergh PC (1996) Meta-topolin, an alternative to benzyladenine in tissue culture? Physiol Plantarum 98:291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winarto B, Rachmawati F, Pramanik D, Teixeira da Silva J (2011) Morphological and cytological diversity of regenerants derived from half-anther cultures of anthurium. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 105:363–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtania A (2010) Effect of meta-topolin on in vitro propagation of Pelargonium × hortorum and Pelargonium × hederaefolium cultivars. Acta Soc Bot Pol 79:101–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtania A, Gabryszewska E (2001) Effect of cytokinins and amino acids on multiplication of Pelargonium cultivars. Acta Soc Bot Pol 70:203–207

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woo HR, Kim JH, Nam HG, Lim PO (2004) The delayed leaf senescence mutants of Arabidopsis, ore1, ore3, and ore9 are tolerant to oxidative stress. Plant Cell Physiol 45:923–932

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zatloukal M, Gemrotová M, Doležal K, Havlíček L, Spíchal L, Strnad M (2008) Novel potent inhibitors of A. thaliana cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase. Bioorg Med Chem 16:9268–9275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang C, Whiting MD (2011) Improving ‘Bing’ sweet cherry fruit quality with plant growth regulators. Sci Hortic 127:341–346

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg) and the National Research Foundation (Pretoria), South Africa as well as Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University (Olomouc), Czech Republic for financial support (Grant no. ED0007/01/01).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Biological and Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa

    Adeyemi O. Aremu, Michael W. Bairu, Jeffrey F. Finnie & Johannes Van Staden

  2. Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, 783 71, Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic

    Karel Doležal

  3. Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic

    Karel Doležal

Authors
  1. Adeyemi O. Aremu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael W. Bairu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Karel Doležal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jeffrey F. Finnie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Johannes Van Staden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Johannes Van Staden.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Aremu, A.O., Bairu, M.W., Doležal, K. et al. Topolins: A panacea to plant tissue culture challenges?. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 108, 1–16 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-011-0007-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-011-0007-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation