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A short review on quantum identity authentication protocols: how would Bob know that he is talking with Alice?

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Abstract

Secure communication has achieved a new dimension with the advent of the schemes of quantum key distribution (QKD) as in contrast with classical cryptography, quantum cryptography can provide unconditional security. However, a successful implementation of a scheme for QKD requires identity authentication as a prerequisite. A security loophole in the identity authentication scheme may lead to the vulnerability of the entire secure communication scheme. Consequently, identity authentication is extremely important, and in the last three decades several schemes for identity authentication using quantum resources have been proposed. The chronological development of these protocols, which are now referred to as quantum identity authentication (QIA) protocols, is briefly reviewed here with specific attention to the causal connection involved in their development. The existing protocols are classified on the basis of the required quantum resources, and their relative merits and demerits are analyzed. Further, in the process of the classification of the protocols for QIA, it is observed that the existing protocols can also be classified in a few groups based on the inherent computational tasks used to design the protocols. Realization of these symmetries has led to the possibility of designing a set of new protocols for quantum identity authentication, which are based on the existing schemes for the secure computational and communication tasks. The security of such protocols is also critically analyzed.

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Notes

  1. Of course, the origin of quantum cryptography owes a lot to the pioneering work of Wiesner [3]. For a beautiful description of the related history, see [4].

  2. In fact, all the protocols of QKD can be viewed as key amplification protocols as every QKD protocol starts with a pre-shared small key used for authentication and creates a longer key in a particular session, and subsequently uses a small part of the longer key as the pre-shared small key in the next session.

  3. For a complete list of papers published in the domain of quantum authentication between 2009-2019, interested readers may see [29]. We came across this brief literature review work after completion of this review. Interestingly, classification of QIA schemes made in [29] is consistent with the classification made in this work.

  4. It was not specifically mentioned that the particles are maximally entangled, but without affecting any result, we can consider this as a Bell state-based scheme for QIA.

  5. Only a weak version of coin tossing can be implemented using quantum resources.

  6. Conditional probability, \(P(B=|i\rangle |A=|j\rangle )=\frac{P(B=|i\rangle ,A=|j\rangle )}{P(A=|j\rangle )}\) and conditional entropy, \(H(B|A)=-\sum _{j}P(A=|j\rangle )\sum _{i}P(B=|i\rangle |A=|j\rangle )\log _{2}P(B=|i\rangle |A=|j\rangle )\).

  7. The mutual information between two parties is bounded by the Shannon entropy of probability distributions for a single particle, i.e., \(0\le I(A:B)\le \min [H(A),H(B)]\) as \(H(A,B):=[\max [H(A),H(B)],H(A)+H(B)],\) and \(I(A:B):=H(A)+H(B)-[\max [H(A),H(B)],H(A)+H(B)]],\) so \(I(A:B):=[0,\min [H(A),H(B)]]\).

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank DRDO India for the support provided through the project number ANURAG/MMG/ CARS/2018-19/071. They also thank Dr. Kishore Thapliyal and Dr. Sandeep Mishra for their interest and technical feedback on this work.

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  1. Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A 10, Sector 62, Noida, UP, 201309, India

    Arindam Dutta & Anirban Pathak

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Dutta, A., Pathak, A. A short review on quantum identity authentication protocols: how would Bob know that he is talking with Alice?. Quantum Inf Process 21, 369 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11128-022-03717-0

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