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Phytoremediation of heavy metals: mechanisms, methods and enhancements

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Abstract

Polluted soil and water impact the quality of food and nutrients of human and animal biota. Soil and water are mainly polluted by effluent discharges from industries, which are broadly classified into metallic and nonmetallic pollutant-bearing effluents. In order to tackle this problem, a plant-based technology called phytoremediation is used to clean contaminated lands. Phytoremediation is based upon several processes such as phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytoaccumulation and phytoextraction. These methods are efficient, eco-friendly and economic. This paper reviews the methods and mechanisms involved in phytoremediation of heavy metals, and enhancement processes.

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Abbreviations

TPH:

Total petroleum products

PAH:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

CDTA:

Cyclohexane-1,2-diamine tetra-acetic acid

EDTA:

Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid

DTPA:

Diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid

EGTA:

Ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethyl ether) N,N,N′,N′-tetra-acetic acid

NTA:

Nitrilo triacetic acid

MMA:

Monomethylarsenate

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory for Bioremediation Research, Unit Operations Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

    S. Muthusaravanan, N. Sivarajasekar, J. S. Vivek & T. Paramasivan

  2. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Building #5, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia

    Mu. Naushad

  3. Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India

    J. Prakashmaran

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

    V. Gayathri

  5. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, IMSIU, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia

    Omar K. Al-Duaij

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  1. S. Muthusaravanan
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  2. N. Sivarajasekar
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  3. J. S. Vivek
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  4. T. Paramasivan
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  5. Mu. Naushad
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  6. J. Prakashmaran
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Muthusaravanan, S., Sivarajasekar, N., Vivek, J.S. et al. Phytoremediation of heavy metals: mechanisms, methods and enhancements. Environ Chem Lett 16, 1339–1359 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-018-0762-3

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