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Molecular Approaches for Harvesting Natural Diversity for Crop Improvement

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Rediscovery of Genetic and Genomic Resources for Future Food Security

Abstract

The evolution of new species revolves around the natural as well as induced genetic variation created through revolutionary and conservative forces. Evolution and domestication are the two important phenomenon which occurred in nature, while domestication acts as a signature of evolution for harnessing the important diversification traits in crop plants which plays an important role in global food security target through crop improvement. Conservation of natural genetic diversity is the utmost importance for tackling future biotic and abiotic threats for achieving global food and nutritional security. To feed the approximately 10 billion world population by 2050, it is necessary to increase the yield of staple crops up to 70–110%. Therefore, utilization of natural genetic diversity present in the form of wild relatives (CWR), landraces, and modern cultivars is indispensable for achieving food security which is of prime importance for crop improvement programs. Crop genetic resources with a broad genetic base are the valuable assets in crop plants which can be utilized through base-broadening approaches such as pre-breeding and core and mini-core collection. Besides these, a wide array of molecular approaches is available for exploitation and harnessing of natural diversity for achieving higher genetic gains for future food and nutritional security. Through this chapter, we have tried to discuss the domestication events with respect to genetic architecture in crop plants during the course of evolution, crop improvement for food and nutritional security, role of crop genetic resources and their importance, genetic bottlenecks responsible for narrowing down of genetic diversity, significance of conservation of natural variation, and base-broadening conventional approaches. Various molecular approaches (forward and reverse genetics) with genetic modification, genome editing, and sequencing methodologies for harnessing the natural variation for maximization of genetic gain and future scope of natural diversity from plant to crop with three Bs (biotechnology/biodiversity/biomimicry) and optimistic approach of conservation of diversity for future sustainable crop improvement are also discussed.

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Abbreviations

AFLPs:

Amplified fragment length polymorphisms

AM:

Association mapping

AMPRIL:

Arabidopsis multiparent RIL

ATI:

Accelerated Trait Introgression

BACs:

Bacterial artificial chromosomes

BCP:

Biofortification Challenge Program

BILs:

Backcross inbred lines

Bt :

Bacillus thuringiensis

CBD:

Convention on Biological Diversity

CC:

Core collection

CGD:

Crop genetic diversity

CGRs:

Crop genetic resources

CGIAR:

Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research

CIAT:

International Center for Tropical Agriculture

CIFOR:

Center for International Forestry Research

CIMMYT:

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center

CIP:

International Potato Center

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

CRISPR-cas9:

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9

CSSLS:

Chromosome segment substitution lines

CWR:

Crop wild relatives

DArT:

Diversity array technology

DH:

Doubled haploid

DHPLC:

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DS:

Domestication syndrome

EST:

Expressed sequence tag

FAO:

Food and agriculture organization

GDP:

Gross domestic product

GBS:

Genotyping by sequencing

GC:

Gateway cloning

GEBV:

Genomic estimated breeding value

GM:

Genetic modification

GMOs:

Genetically modified organisms

GS:

Genome selection

GWAS:

Genome-wide association studies

GWE:

Genome-wide editing

GWP:

Genome-wide prediction

HDB:

Homology-directed recombination

HYVs:

High-yielding varieties

IAEA:

International Atomic Energy Agency

IARI:

Indian Agricultural Research Institute

IBP:

International Biological Program

ICARDA:

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

ICRAF:

International Council for Research in Agroforestry

ICRISAT:

International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

IFPRI:

International Food Policy Research Institute

IHF:

Integration Host Factor

IITA:

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture

ILRI:

International Livestock Research Institute

IPCC:

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

IBPGR:

International Board for Plant Genetic Resources

ICN:

International Conference on Nutrition

ILO:

International Labour Organization

IME:

Institution of Mechanical Engineers

INIBAP:

International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain

IRRI:

International Rice Research Institute

ITPGRFA:

International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

IUCN:

International Union for Conservation of Nature

IWMI:

International Water Management Institute

LD:

Linkage disequilibrium

MAB:

Marker-assisted breeding

MABC:

Marker-assisted backcrossing

MAGIC:

Multiparent advanced generation intercross

MAGP:

Marker-assisted gene pyramiding

MARS:

Marker-assisted recurrent selection

MAS:

Marker-assisted selection

MBC:

Map-based cloning

NAFIS:

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development All India Rural Financial Inclusion Survey

NAGS:

National Active Germplasm Sites

NBPGR:

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

NERICA:

New Rice for Africa

NHEJ:

Nonhomologous end joining

NIDM:

National Institute of Disaster Management

NILs:

Near isogenic lines

NGS:

Next-generation sequencing

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PGR:

Plant genetic resources

PoU:

Prevalence of undernourishment

QTL:

Quantitative trait loci

RILs:

Recombinant inbred lines

RAPD:

Random amplified polymorphic DNA

RFLP:

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

RGA:

Rapid Generation Advancement

SADC:

Southern African Development Community

SARP:

Sequence-related amplified polymorphism

SCAR:

Sequence-characterized amplified region

SNPs:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SSLPs:

Simple sequence length polymorphisms

SSR:

Simple sequence repeats

STRs:

Short tandem repeats

STS:

Sequence tagged site

TAC:

Technical Advisory Committee

TALENs:

Transcription activator-like effector nucleases

TILLING:

Targeting induced local lesions in genomes

UCDP:

Uppsala Conflict Data Program

UNCED:

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

UNEP:

United Nations Environment Programme

UNHCR:

United Nation Higher Commission for Refugees

USEPA:

United States Environmental Protection Agency

VIR:

N. I. Vavilov All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Plant Industry

WGP:

Whole-genome prediction

WGS:

Whole-genome shotgun sequence

WHO:

World Health Organization

ZNFs:

Zinc-finger nucleases

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CSB–Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute (CSR&TI), Pampore, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Pawan Saini, Mudasir Gani & Shailendra Singh Chauhan

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Pooja Saini

  3. Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Jashan Jot Kaur

  4. Department of Seed Science and Technology, Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Thrissur, Kerala, India

    Rose Mary Francies & Ambavane Ajinkya Rajendra

  5. ICAR–National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Narender Negi

  6. School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, Punjab, India

    Ashok Jagtap

  7. Department of Biotechnology, Lokmangal College of Agricultural Biotechnology, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Solapur, Maharashtra, India

    Amar Kadam

  8. ICAR–Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, Haryana, India

    Charan Singh

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  1. School of Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Romesh Kumar Salgotra

  2. Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Sajad Majeed Zargar

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Saini, P. et al. (2020). Molecular Approaches for Harvesting Natural Diversity for Crop Improvement. In: Salgotra, R., Zargar, S. (eds) Rediscovery of Genetic and Genomic Resources for Future Food Security. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0156-2_3

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