Abstract
Biogas production from agricultural residues represents an effective and sustainable option for handling vast quantities of lignocellulosic waste for meeting the global energy demand. However, the recalcitrance of lignocellulosic biomass due to the presence of cellulose and hemicellulose in a structurally complex lignocellulosic matrix, and the crystallinity of cellulose create a hindrance in biogas production by restricting the availability of fermentable sugars to microbial action. This paper assesses the different pretreatment strategies adopted for making the lignocellulosic biomass amenable to anaerobic digestion by altering the structure of lignocellulose and eliminating lignin, thus increasing the accessibility of microbes to the easily degradable components. The review highlights the advantages and limitations of each technology—physical for size reduction (chipping, milling, extrusion, cavitation), thermal for breaking down of hydrogen bonds (conventional heating, steam explosion, microwave irradiation, hydrothermal), chemical for decreasing the crystallinity and polymerization degree of cellulose (alkalis, acids, gases, oxidizing agents, various solvents), biological for enhancing the digestibility (microbial, enzymatic), and their effect on improving the degradation efficiency and biogas yield. Further, the review discusses the role of some emerging technologies and other less explored options which may require optimization at higher scale so that the confidence in the translation of this knowledge can be increased and this abundantly available raw material can be effectively utilized. With the goal of improving the applicability of pretreatment technologies, some recommendations are put forth so that the efficiency of anaerobic digestion can be increased and the development of pretreatment technologies can be promoted on a large scale.
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Acknowledgements
Authors would like to acknowledge Director, CSIR-NEERI and AcSIR-NEERI for providing essential resources for the research work [KRC No. CSIR-NEERI/KRC/2020/ JULY/EBGD/9]. SPN and RKG are thankful to UGC, while AKS and ARC are thankful to CSIR for Senior Research Fellowship for carrying out this research. Funds from the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi, for the project-EMR/2016/006589 are gratefully acknowledged.
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This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), New Delhi via Grant No. EMR/2016/006589.
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B.J.P. performed the bulk of the literature search and data analysis and wrote the manuscript. A.A.K. developed the idea for the review article, checked and critically revised the different draft versions, did data analysis, and communicated the manuscript as a corresponding author. H.J.P. provided critical inputs on various topics covered in the review in addition to future directions in this area of research. S.P.N., R.K.G., A.R.C., A.K.S., did literature survey and provided inputs on various topics of their research in the area of municipal waste management, solid waste biomass to biofuel, pretreatment.
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Poddar, B.J., Nakhate, S.P., Gupta, R.K. et al. A comprehensive review on the pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes for improved biogas production by anaerobic digestion. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 3429–3456 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03248-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03248-8