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Selectable marker genes from plants: reliability and potential

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Abstract

Selectable marker genes (SMGs) are still useful to efficiently obtain transgenic plants, although marker-free techniques are available, but with limitations. The presence of SMGs, especially bacterial antibiotic resistance genes, in transgenic crops is criticized. Fortunately, several genes isolated from plants are available that can serve as SMGs. Here, I review the plant genes reported to have been used as SMGs. Some are wild-type genes that, when overexpressed, confer a selective advantage during in vitro plant regeneration, whereas some are mutated genes encoding enzymes resistant to inhibitory chemicals. Most of the genes have not yet been tested in a significant number of species. The effect of SMGs expression on the phenotype has often been superficially examined and should be better characterized. The sequence conservation of some SMGs could allow derivation of a SMGs from any plant species, if an intragenic or cisgenic approach to genetic engineering is preferred. I conclude that several promising SMGs have been isolated from plants, allowing avoidance of bacterial genes for transformation, transgene stacking, and intragenic or cisgenic engineering approaches. Nonetheless, further testing in more plant species would be useful to fully assess phenotypic neutrality, efficiency, and versatility. Patent rights restrict the immediate use of most plant SMGs for commercial applications, but freely available marker systems do exist.

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Acknowledgements

Funding was provided by the Italian Ministry of University and Science, project: Impact of genetic engineering on the alfalfa genome and strategies to reduce it, PRIN 2007. I am grateful to Alessandro Nicolia, Nicoletta Ferradini and Fabio Veronesi, Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy, for useful discussions. Alessandro also helped me with the literature search. Special thanks to Monica Schmidt, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, USA, for proposing that I write this review and for her critical reading.

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  1. Dipartimento di Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06121, Perugia, Italy

    Daniele Rosellini

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Rosellini, D. Selectable marker genes from plants: reliability and potential. In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Plant 47, 222–233 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11627-011-9348-5

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