Abstract
Main conclusion
Lead disrupts plant metabolic homeostasis and key structural elements. Utilizing modern biotechnology tools, it’s feasible to develop Pb-tolerant varieties by discovering biological players regulating plant metabolic pathways under stress.
Abstract
Lead (Pb) has been used for a variety of purposes since antiquity despite its toxic nature. After arsenic, lead is the most hazardous heavy metal without any known beneficial role in the biological system. It is a crucial inorganic pollutant that affects plant biochemical and morpho-physiological attributes. Lead toxicity harms plants throughout their life cycle and the extent of damage depends on the concentration and duration of exposure. Higher levels of lead exposure disrupt numerous key metabolic activities of plants including oxygen-evolving complex, organelles integrity, photosystem II connectivity, and electron transport chain. This review summarizes the detrimental effects of lead toxicity on seed germination, crop growth, and yield, oxidative and ultra-structural alterations, as well as nutrient absorption, transport, and assimilation. Further, it discusses the Pb-induced toxic modulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, respiration, metabolic–enzymatic activity, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant activity. It is a comprehensive review that reports on omics-based studies along with morpho-physiological and biochemical modifications caused by lead stress. With advances in DNA sequencing technologies, genomics and transcriptomics are gradually becoming popular for studying Pb stress effects in plants. Proteomics and metabolomics are still underrated and there is a scarcity of published data, and this review highlights both their technical and research gaps. Besides, there is also a discussion on how the integration of omics with bioinformatics and the use of the latest biotechnological tools can aid in developing Pb-tolerant crops. The review concludes with core challenges and research directions that need to be addressed soon.
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Abbreviations
- REACH:
-
Registration, evaluation, authorisation, and restriction of chemicals
- Fo :
-
Initial fluorescence
- Fm :
-
Maximal fluorescence
- Fv :
-
Variable fluorescence
- Fv/Fm :
-
Photochemical yield of photosystem II
- Rubisco:
-
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase
- SQDG:
-
Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol
- LHCII:
-
Light-harvesting complex II
- NRT:
-
Nitrate transporter
- NRT1.1-GFP:
-
Nitrate transporter1.1-green fluorescent protein
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- GSH:
-
Reduced glutathione
- AsA:
-
Ascorbate
- GSSG:
-
Oxidized glutathione
- MDHAR:
-
Monodehydroascorbate reductase
- DHAR:
-
Dehydroascorbate reductase
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- TEM:
-
Transmission electron microscopy
- NR:
-
Non-redundant protein sequence
- PSI RC:
-
Photosystem I reaction center
- PTAL:
-
Phenylalanine and tyrosine ammonia-lyase
- PAL:
-
Phenylalanine ammonium lyase
- 4CL:
-
4-Coumaroyl CoA-ligase
- CYP:
-
Cytochrome P450
- CAD:
-
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase
- CCR:
-
Cinnamoyl CoA reductase
- NAM:
-
No apical meristem
- ATAF:
-
Arabidopsis thaliana Transcription activator factor
- CUC:
-
Cup-shaped cotyledon
- GRSF:
-
G-rich sequence factor
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Ilyas, M.Z., Sa, K.J., Ali, M.W. et al. Toxic effects of lead on plants: integrating multi-omics with bioinformatics to develop Pb-tolerant crops. Planta 259, 18 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04296-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04296-9