Abstract
Micronutrients are essential for in vitro plant tissue growth, and manipulating their levels in culture medium to promote in vitro growth and morphogenesis is essential in plant tissue culture experiments. In the present study, the effects of copper sulfate hydrate (CuSO4·5H2O, 0–15 μM), silver nitrate (AgNO3, 0–60 μM), and their combinations on callus induction and various morphogenic processes at different treatment levels were studied in Gladiolus hybridus. AgNO3 was found to be more efficient at promoting the parameters studied, with 40 μM being more efficient than other treatment levels tested. In the case of CuSO4·5H2O treatments, maximum efficiency was achieved with 7.5 μM. Results of the experiments on morphogenesis and associated physiological biochemical changes suggest that treatments that involved combining the two metals promoted morphogenesis to a greater degree by affecting physiological biochemical changes essential for the morphogenic parameters studied. This technique seems to be appropriate when applied to embryogenic tissue formation and somatic embryo differentiation.
Key Message
Treatment with silver nitrate, copper sulfate, and their combination at different stages of in vitro morphogenesis promoted transdifferentiation through influence on physiological biochemical changes essential for the developmental processes in Gladiolus hybridus.
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Data availability
Available on reasonable request to corresponding author.
Consent for publication
The authors declare having consent to publish the manuscript contents.
Abbreviations
- PCTOC:
-
Plant cell, tissue, and organ culture
- MS:
-
Murashige and Skoog medium
- PGRs:
-
Plant growth regulators
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid
- BAP:
-
N6-benzylaminopurine
- NAA:
-
Naphthalene acetic acid
- IBA:
-
Indole butyric acid
- CuSO\(_{4.5 \text{H}_{2}\text{O}}\) :
-
Copper sulfate (hydrate)
- AgNO3 :
-
Silver nitrate
- SE:
-
Somatic embryogenesis
- Chl:
-
Chlorophyll
- PS:
-
Photosystem
- FW:
-
Fresh weight
- DW:
-
Dried weight
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- H2O2 :
-
Hydrogen peroxide
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- APX:
-
Ascorbate peroxidase
- GPX:
-
Guaiacol peroxidase
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- CRBD:
-
Complete randomized block design
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Department of Botany, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India for providing research facilities.
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We wish to thank Hamdard National Foundation for Postdoctoral Fellowship support to TI and Department of Biotechnology, Government of India New Delhi for Financial support.
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T.I. conceived the research idea and performed all in vitro culture experiments, as well as physiological and biochemical analysis experiments together with Q.A., while T.I., Q.A., and S.U. wrote, edited, and approved the manuscript content.
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Isah, T., Qurratul & Umar, S. Influence of silver nitrate and copper sulfate on somatic embryogenesis, shoot morphogenesis, multiplication, and associated physiological biochemical changes in Gladiolus hybridus L.. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 149, 563–587 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02309-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02309-1