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Hydroxyapatite materials-synthesis routes, mechanical behavior, theoretical insights, and artificial intelligence models: a review

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Abstract

Over the years, hydroxyapatite (HAp) has been a well-researched biomaterial because of its bioactive and biocompatible properties with remarkable applications for bone tissue engineering. The robust structure of HAp allows for a host of applications in biomedicine. HAp is enriched in calcium and phosphate, can be sourced from synthetic or natural precursors with significant characteristics notable of biomaterials, and can be produced by facile protocols for clinical use. Nonetheless, HAp prepared from natural or synthetic sources are different due to the conditions of processing. One of the factors in this direction and for the high performance of bioceramics in biomedicine is a robust mechanical strength that prevents failure of the HAp scaffolds. Stemming from these, and of particular interest, is the porosity of the HAp-derived scaffolds that plays a major role in the mechanical properties in vitro and in vivo. Many reports have it that there are reduced mechanical properties vis-à-vis the inherent high porosity of the scaffolds, and these must be balanced in line with the degradation rate of the scaffolds. Gradients in pore sizes and crack propagation tendencies are important to lead to new production methods with the potential to generate scaffolds with morphological and mechanical properties designed to meet bone repair needs. Nowadays, validating mechanical and materials engineering properties with the aid of atomistic simulations using density functional theory (DFT) and artificial intelligence (AI), and the complement of experimental studies, is gradually becoming an important research domain within the scientific community. The importance of these theoretical and AI methods can be ascribed to the comprehension of the non-linear relationship between some measured properties using experimental datasets. Hence, this review explores a re-cap and the state of knowledge regarding sustainable natural sources of HAp, data on mechanical property measurements, the link between porosity and mechanical properties of HAp-derived materials for bone tissue engineering, a relatively new method for characterizing the mechanical behavior of HAp, computational trends in biomaterials research, and recent trends on the biomedical applicability of HAp.

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Abbreviations

AI:

Artificial intelligence

AE:

Acoustic emission

ANN:

Artificial neural network

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

c-HAp:

Chemically synthesized hydroxyapatite

Ca/P:

Calcium to phosphate ratio

CPS:

Conventional pressureless sintering

DCS:

Differential centrifugal sedimentation

DFT:

Density functional theory

DL:

Deep learning

DLS:

Dynamic light scattering

EBSD:

Electron backscatter diffraction

EDS:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry

EDTA:

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

FAp:

Fluorapatite

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

GLM:

Generalized linear model

HAp:

Hydroxyapatite

HA/SA/CS:

Hydroxyapatite/sodium alginate/chitosan

HPS:

Hot press sintering

HR-TEM:

High resolution transmission electron microscopy

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

MLP:

Multilayer perceptron

MPa:

Megapascals

MS:

Microwave sintering

NHAp:

Natural hydroxyapatite

nHAp:

Nano hydroxyapatite

PL:

Photoluminescence spectroscopy

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

SAXS:

Small angle X-ray scattering

SCS:

Solution combustion synthesis

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

SIMS:

Secondary-ion mass spectrometry

SPS:

Spark plasma sintering

STEM:

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM)

TCP:

Tricalcium phosphate

TTCP:

Tetra-calcium phosphate

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

TSS:

Two-step sintering

UTM:

Universal testing machine

UV-Vis:

Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry

VIF:

Vickers indentation fracture

XAS:

X-ray absorption spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

β-TCP:

Beta tricalcium phosphate.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) in Nigeria for funding this study under the National Research Fund category with grant reference: NRF_SETI_HSW_00714, 2020, and the Irish Research Council for funding granted to DOO with project ID GOIPD/2021/28. The structural calculations for HAp was performed on the Kelvin cluster maintained by the Trinity Centre for High Performance Computing. This cluster was funded through grants from the Higher Education Authority through its PRTLI program. The authors also wish to acknowledge the Irish Centre for High-End Computing (ICHEC) for the provision of computational facilities and support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    David O. Obada, Ayodeji N. Oyedeji, Kazeem A. Salami, Muhammad Dauda, Laminu S. Kuburi & Johnson K Abifarin

  2. Africa Centre of Excellence on New Pedagogies in Engineering Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    David O. Obada & Ayodeji N. Oyedeji

  3. Mathematical Modelling and Intelligent Systems for Health and Environment Research Group, School of Science, Atlantic Technological University, Ash Lane, Ballytivnan, Sligo, Ireland

    David O. Obada, Simeon A. Abolade & Akinlolu Akande

  4. Multifunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    David O. Obada, Ayodeji N. Oyedeji, Kazeem A. Salami & Laminu S. Kuburi

  5. Laboratoire de Chimie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (LCEE), Ecole Normale Supérieure de Natitingou, Natitingou, Bénin

    Semiyou A Osseni

  6. Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Godomey, Benin

    Haziz Sina

  7. Department of Computer Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Emmanuel Okafor

  8. Department of Physics, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia

    Stefan Csaki

  9. Air Force Institute of Technology, Nigerian Air Force Base, Kaduna, Nigeria

    Muhammad Dauda

  10. Laboratory of Chemistry, Photocatalysis Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maroua, Maroua, Cameroon

    Sadou Dalhatou

  11. Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Abdulaziz A. Bada

  12. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria

    Emmanuel T. Dauda

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Obada, D.O., Osseni, S.A., Sina, H. et al. Hydroxyapatite materials-synthesis routes, mechanical behavior, theoretical insights, and artificial intelligence models: a review. J Aust Ceram Soc 59, 565–596 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41779-023-00854-2

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