Abstract
Key message
This article presents a comprehensive review on the success and limitations of biotechnological approaches aimed at genetic improvement of tea with a purpose to explore possibilities to address challenging areas.
Abstract
Tea is a woody perennial tree with a life span of more than 100 years. Conventional breeding of tea is slow and limited primarily to selection which leads to narrowing down of its genetic base. Harnessing the benefits of wild relatives has been negligible due to low cross-compatibility, genetic drag and undesirable alleles for low yield. Additionally, being a recalcitrant species, in vitro propagation of tea is constrained too. Nevertheless, maneuvering with tissue/cell culture techniques, a considerable success has been achieved in the area of micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis as well as genetic transformation. Besides, use of molecular markers, “expressomics” (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics), map-based cloning towards construction of physical maps, generation of expressed sequenced tags (ESTs) have facilitated the identification of QTLs and discovery of genes associated with abiotic or biotic stress tolerance and agronomic traits. Furthermore, the complete genome (or at least gene space) sequence of tea is expected to be accessible in the near future which will strengthen combinational approaches for improvement of tea. This review presents a comprehensive account of the success and limitations of the biotechnological tools and techniques hitherto applied to tea and its wild relatives. Expectedly, this will form a basis for making further advances aimed at genetic improvement of tea in particular and of economically important woody perennials in general.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abraham GC, Raman K (1986) Somatic embryogenesis in tissue culture of immature cotyledons of tea (Camellia sinensis). In: Somers DA, Gengenbach BG, Biesboor DD, Hackett WP, Green CE (eds) Proceedings of 6th international congress on plant tissue and cell culture. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, p 294
Afridi SG, Ahmad H, Alam M, Khan IA, Hassan M (2011) DNA landmarks for genetic diversity assessment in tea genotypes using RAPD markers. Afr J Biotech 10:15477–15482
Akula A, Akula C (1999) Somatic embryogenesis in tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O Kuntze. In: Jain SM, Gupta PK, Newton RJ (eds) Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, vol 5. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Great Britain, pp 239–259
Akula A, Dodd WA (1998) Direct somatic embryogenesis in a selected tea clone, ‘TRI-2025’ (Camellia sinensis (L). O. Kuntze) from nodal segment. Plant Cell Rep 17:804–809
Akula A, Akula C, Bateson M (2000) Betaine, a novel candidate for rapid induction of somatic embryogenesis in tea (Camelia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze). Plant Growth Regul 30:241–246
Anesini C, Ferraro GE, Filip R (2008) Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of commercially available tea (camellia sinensis) in Argentina. J Agric Food Chem 56:9225–9229
Ariyaratne PNK, Mewan KM, Goonetilleke WASNST, Attanayake DPSTG (2009) Study of genetic relationships of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) using SSR markers and pedigree analysis. In: Proceedings of 9th Agricultural Research Symposium, Wayamba Univ, Sri Lanka 1:293–298
Arulpragasam PV, Latiff R, Seneviratne P (1988) Studies on the tissue culture of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). 3. Regeneration of plants from cotyledon callus. Sri Lanka J Tea Sci 57:20–23
Bag N, Palni LMS, Nandi SK (1997) Mass propagation of tea using tissue culture methods. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 3:99–103
Bagratishvili DG, Zaprometov MN, Butenko RG (1979) Obtaining a cell suspension culture from the tea plant. Fiziol Rast 26:449–451
Balasaravanan T, Pius PK, Kumar RR (2002) Assessment of genetic fidelity among the in vitro propagated culture lines of Camellia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze using RAPD markers. In: Proc 15th Plantation Crops Symp PLACROSYM XV, Mysore, India Dec 10–13, pp 181–184
Balasaravanan T, Pius PK, Kumar RR, Muraleedharan N, Shasany AK (2003) Genetic diversity among south Indian tea germplasm (Camellia sinensis, C. assamica and C. assamica spp. Lasiocalyx) using AFLP markers. Plant Sci 165:365–372
Balasubramanian S, Marimuthu S, Rajkumar R, Balasaravanan T (2000a) Isolation, culture and fusion of protoplast in tea. In: Muraleedharan N, Rajkumar R (eds) Recent advances in plants crops research. Allied Publishers Ltd, India, pp 3–9
Balasubramanian S, Marimuthu S, Rajkumar R, Haridas V (2000b) Somatic embryogenesis and multiple shoot induction in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. J Plant Crops 28:44–49
Bali S, Raina SN, Bhat V, Aggarwal RK, Goel S (2013) Development of a set of genomic microsatellite markers in tea (Camellia L.) (Camelliaceae). Mol Breed 32:735–741
Bali S, Mamgain A, Raina SN, Yadava SK, Bhat V, Das S, Pradhan AK, Goel S (2015) Construction of a genetic linkage map and mapping of drought tolerance trait in Indian beveragial tea. Mol Breed 35:112–132. doi:10.1007/s11032-015-0306-5
Banerjee B (1992) Selection and breeding of tea. In: Willson KC, Clifford MN (eds) Tea: cultivation to consumption. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 26–86
Bano Z, Rajaratnam S, Mohanty BD (1991) Somatic embryogenesis in cotyledon culture of tea (Thea sinensis L.) J Hort Sci 66:465–470
Barciela J, Vieitz AM (1993) Anatomical sequence and morphometric analysis during somatic embryogenesis on cultured cotyledon explants of Camellia japonica L. Ann Bot 71:395–404
Barua PK (1963) Classification of tea plant. Two Bud 10:3–11
Basak M, Sharma M, Chakraborty U (2001) Biochemical responses of Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze to heavy metal stress. J Environ Biol 22:37–41
Bennett WY, Scheibert P (1982) In vitro generation of callus and plantlets from cotyledons of Camellia japonica. Camellia J 37:12–15
Bera B, Saikia H (2002) Randonmly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker analysis in tea (Camellia sinensis L) generative clones. In: Proceedings of the 15th Plantation Crops Symposium PLACROSYM XV Mysore, India Dec 10–13, pp 235–238
Bezbaruah HP (1971) Cytological investigation in the family Theaceae. 1. Chromosome numbers in some Camellia species and allied genera. Caryolgia 24:421–426
Bhardwaj P, Kumar R, Sharma H, Tewari R, Ahuja PS, Sharma RK (2013) Development and utilization of genomic and genic microsatellite markers in Assam tea (Camellia assamica ssp. assamica) and related Camellia species. Plant Breed 132:748–763
Bidarigh S, Azarpour E (2011) The study effect of cytokinin hormone types on length shoot in vitro culture of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). World Appl Sci J 13:1726–1729
Borchetia S, Das SC, Handique PJ, Das S (2009) High multiplication frequency and genetic stability for commercialization of the three varieties of micropropagated tea plants (Camellia spp.). Sci Hort 120:544–550
Borchetia S, Bora C, Gohain B, Bhagawati P, Agarwala N, Bhattacharya N, Bharalee R, Bhorali P, Bandyopadhyay T, Gupta S, Das SK, Singh HR, Ahmed P, Gogoi M, Das S (2011) Cloning and heterologous expression of a gene encoding lycopene-epsilon-cyclase, a precursor of lutein in tea (Camellia sinensis var assamica). Afr J Biotechnol 10:5934–5939
Borthakur S, Mondal TK, Borthakur A, Deka PC (1995) Variation in peroxidase and esterase isoenzymes in tea leaves. Two Bud 42:20–23
Borthakur S, Mondal TK, Parveen SS, Guha A, Sen P, Borthakur A, Deka PC (1998) Isolation of chloroplast DNA from tea, Camellia sp. Ind J Exp Biol 36:1165–1167
Borthakur D, Du YY, Chen H, Lu JL, Lin C, Dong JJ, Ye JH, Zheng XQ, Liang YR (2008) Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding phytoene synthase (PSY) in tea. Afr J Biotechnol 7:577–3581
Caser M, Marinoni TD, Scariot V (2010) Microsatellite-based genetic relationships in the genus Camellia: potential for improving cultivars. Genome 53:384–399
Chakraborty U, Dutta S, Chakraborty BN (2002) Response of tea plants to water stress. Biol Plant 45:557–562
Chen Z, Liao H (1982) Obtaining plantlet through anther culture of tea plants. Zhongguo Chaye 4:6–7
Chen L, Yamaguchi L (2002) Genetic diversity and phylogeny of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and its related species and varieties in the section Thea genus Camellia determined by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Hort Sci Bio 77:729–732
Chen L, Yamaguchi S (2005) RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China. Plant Breed 124:404–409
Chen L, Chen D, Gao Q, Yang Y, Yu F (1997a) Isolation and appraisal of genomic DNA from tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). J Tea Sci 17:177–181
Chen L, Qiqing T, Qikang G, Jilin S, Fulian Y (1997b) Observation on pollen morphology of 8 species and 1 variety in genus Camellia. J Tea Sci 17:183–188
Chen L, Gao Q, Yang Y, Yu F, Chen D (1998a) Optimum amplification procedure and reaction system for RAPD analysis of tea plant (Cameliia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). J Tea Sci 18:16–20
Chen L, Yang Y, Yu F, Gao Q, Chen D (1998b) Genetic diversity of 15 tea (Camellia sisnensis (L.) O.Kuntze) cultivars using RAPD markers. J Tea Sci 18:21–27
Chen L, Yu F, Yang Y, Gao Q, Chen D, Xu C (1999) A study on genetic stability of excellent germplasm (Camellia sisnensis (L.) O. Kuntze) using RAPD markers. J Tea Sci 19:13–16
Chen L, Wang PS, Yamaguchi S (2002a) Discrimination of wild tea germplasm resources (Camellia sp.) using RAPD markers. Agri Sci China 1:1105–1110
Chen L, Yamaghuchi S, Wang PS, Xu M, Song WX, Tong QQ (2002b) Genetic polymorphism and molecular phylogeny analysis of section Thea Based on RAPD markers. J Tea Sci 22:19–24
Chen L, Gao QK, Chen DM, Xu CJ (2005a) The use of RAPD markers for detecting genetic diversity, relationship and molecular identification of Chinese elite tea genetic resources [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] preserved in a tea germplasm repository. Biodiver Conser 14:1433–1444
Chen L, Zhao LP, Gao QK (2005b) Generation and analysis of expressed sequence tags from the tender shoots cDNA library of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Plant Sci 168:359–363
Chen X, Fang WP, Zou Z, Wang YH, Cheng H, Li XH (2009) Cloning and expression analysis of CBF gene in cold induced tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. J Tea Sci 29:53–59
Chen L, Li Y, Wang Q, Gao Y, Jiang C (2010) Cloning and expression analysis of RAV gene related to cold stress from tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz]. Plant Physiol S571:1
Chenery EM (1955) A preliminary study of aluminium and the tea bush. Plant Soil 6:174–200
Choi JY, Mizutani M, Shimizu BI, Kinoshita T, Ogura M, Tokoro K, Lin ML, Sakata K (2007) Chemical profiling and gene expression profiling during manufacturing process of Taiwan oolong tea, “Oriental Beauty”. Bios Biotech Biochem 71:1476–1486
Damasco OP, Godwin ID, Smith MK, Adkins SW (1996) Gibberellic acid detection of dwarf off-types in micropropagated Cavendish bananas. Aus J Expt Agric 36:237–241
Das SC, Barman TS (1988) Current state and future potential of tissue culture in tea. Proc. 30th Tocklai Conf. TRA, Jorhat, India, pp 90–94
Das A, Mondal TK (2010) In silico analysis of miRNA and their targets in tea. Amer J Plant Sci 1:77–86
Das A, Das S, Mondal TK (2012) Identification of differentially expressed gene profiles in young roots of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] subjected to drought stress using suppression subtractive hybridization. Plant Mol Biol Rep 30:1088–1101
Das A, Saha D, Mondal TK (2013) An optimized method for extraction of RNA from tea roots for functional genomics analyses. Indian J Biotech 12:129–132
Deka A, Deka PC, Mondal TK (2005) Tea. In: Parthasarathy VA, Chattopadhyay PK, Bose TK (eds) Plantation crops I. Naya Udyog, India, pp 1–148
Deng W, Li YY, Ogita S, Ashihara H (2008) Fine control of caffeine biosynthesis in tissue cultures of Camellia sinensis. Phytochem Lett 1:195–198
Deng W, Wang S, Chen Q, Zhang Z, Hu X (2012) Effect of salt treatment on theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis seedlings. Plant Physiol Biotech 56:35–40
Devi AM, Goel S, Misra AK (2015) Generation of silver stained TE-AFLP markers in tea (Camellia sinensis) and their assessment in filling gaps with construction of a genetic linkage map. Sci Hort 192:293–301
Dhiman B, Singh M (2003) Molecular detection of cashew husk (Anacardium occidentale) adulteration in market samples of dry tea (Camellia sinensis). Planta Med 69:882–884
Dood AW (1994) Tissue culture of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze)- A review. Inter J Trop Agric 12:212–247
Eungwanichayapant PD, Popluechai S (2009) Accumulation of catechins in tea in relation to accumulation of mRNA from genes involved in catechin biosynthesis. Plant Physiol Biotech 47:94–97
Fan K, Hong Y-C, Ding Z-T, Wang Y (2010) Analysis of genetic diversity among natural hybrid progenies of Camellia sinensis‘Huangshanzhong’. Acta Hort Sinica 37:1357–1362
Fang SW, Hua PR, Sheng WP, Mei X, Xing DH, Ping ZY, Hua LJ, Shao WF, Pang RH, Wang PS, Xu M, Duan HX, Zhang YP, Li JH (2003) RAPD analysis of tea trees in Yunnan. Sci Agrire Sinica 36:1582–1587
Fang WP, Jiang CJ, Yu M, Ye AH, Wan ZX (2006) Differentially expression of Tua 1, a tubulin encoding gene, during flowering of tea plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze using cDNA amplified fragment length polymorphism technique. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 38:653–662
Fang W, Zou Z, Hou X, Zhang D, Duan Y, Yang Y, Li X (2009) Cloning and sequence analysis of cold-induced H1-histone gene from Camellia sinensis. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sin 8:1514–1519
Fang W, Cheng H, Duan Y, Jiang X, Li X (2012) Genetic diversity and relationship of clonal tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars in China as revealed by SSR markers. Plant System Evol 298:469–483
Fang WP, Meinhardt LW, Tan HW, Zhou L, Mischke S, Zhang D (2014) Varietal identification of tea (Camellia sinensis) using nanofluidic array of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Hort Res 1:14035. doi:10.1038/hortres.2014.35
Feng YF, Liang YR (2001) Cloning and sequencing of S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene in tea plant. J Tea Sci 21:21–25
Forrest GI (1969) Studies on the polyphenol metabolism of tissue culture derived from the tea plant (C. sinensis L.). Biochem J 113:765–772
Freeman SJ, West CJ, Lea V, Mayes S (2004) Isolation and characterization of highly polymorphic microsatellites in tea (Camellia sinensis). Mol Ecol Notes 4:324–326
Fu J (2013) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a putative sesquiterpene synthase gene from tea plant (Camellia sinensis). Acta Physiol Plant 35:289–293
Fujimura Y, Kurihara K, Ida M, Kosaka R, Miura D, Wariishi H, Maeda-Yamamoto M, Nesumi A, Saito T, Kanda T, Yamada K, Tachibana H (2011) Metabolomics-driven nutraceutical evaluation of diverse green tea cultivars. PLoS ONE 6:e23426
Furuya T, Orihara T, Tsuda Y (1990) Caffeine and theanine from cultured cells of Camellia sinensis. Phytochemistry 29:2539–2547
Ghanati F, Ishka MR (2006) Improvement of antioxidant system and decrease of lignin by nickel treatment in tea plant. J Plant Nutr 29:1649–1661
Ghanati F, Morita A, Yokota H (2005) Effects of aluminum on the growth of tea plant and activation of antioxidant system. Plant Soil 276:133–141
Ghosh Hazra N (2001) Advances in selection and breeding of tea—a review. J Plant Crop 29:1–17
Gohain B, Borchetia S, Bhorali P, Agarwal N, Bhuyan LP, Rahman A, Sakata K, Mizutani M, Shimizu B, Gurusubramaniam G, Ravindranath R, Kalita MC, Hazarika M, Das S (2012) Understanding Darjeeling tea flavour on a molecular basis. Plant Mol Biol 78:577–597
Gonbad RA, Sinniah UR, Aziz MA, Mohamad R (2014) Influence of cytokinins in combination with GA3 on shoot multiplication and elongation of tea clone Iran 100 (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). The Sci World. doi:10.1155/2014/943054
Goonetilleke WASNST, Priyantha PGC, Mewan KM, Gunasekare MTK (2009) Assessment of genetic diversity of tea (Camellia sinensis L.O. Kuntze) as revealed by RAPD-PCR markers. J Nat Sci Found Sri Lanka 37:147–150
Gul S, Ahmad H, Khan IA, Alam M (2007) Assessment of diversity of tea genotypes through RAPD markers. Pak J Biol Sci 10:2609–2611
Gupta S, Bharalee R, Bhorali P, Bandyopadhyay T, Gohain B, Agarwal N, Ahmed P, Saikia H, Borchetia S, Kalita MC, Handique K, Das S (2012) Identification of drought tolerant progenies in tea by gene expression analysis. Funct Integr Genom 12:543–563
Gupta S, Bharalee R, Bhorali P, Das SK, Bhagawati P, Bandyopadhyay T, Gohain B, Agarwal N, Ahmed P, Borchetia S, Kalita MC, Handique AK, Das S (2013) Molecular analysis of drought tolerance in tea by cDNA-AFLP based transcript profiling. Mol Biotech 53:237–248
Gurusubramanian G, Rahman A, Sarmah M, Ray S, Bora S (2008) Pesticide usage pattern in tea ecosystem, their retrospects and alternative measures. J Environ Biol 29:813–826
Hackett CA, Wachira FN, Paul S, Powell W, Waugh R (2000) Construction of a genetic linkage map for Camellia sinensis (tea). Heredity 85:346–355
Hairong X, Qiqing T, Wanfanz Z (1987) Studies on the genetic tendency of tea plant hybrid generation using isozyme technique. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Tea Quality and Human Health, November 4–9, China, pp 21–25
Hajiboland R, Bastani S, Rad SB (2011) Effect of light intensity on photosynthesis and antioxidant defense in boron deficient tea plants. Acta Biol Szedediensis 55:265–272
Hao C, Wang Y, Yang S (1994) Effects of macroelements on the growth of tea callus and the accumulation of catechins. J Tea Sci (China)14:31–36
Hare PD, Cress WA, VanStaden J (1998) Dissecting the roles of osmolyte accumulation during stress. Plant, Cell Environ 21:535–553
Haridas V, Balasaravanan T, Rajkumar R, Marimuthu S (2000) Factor influencing somatic embryogenesis in Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze. In: Muraleedharan N, RajKumar R (eds) Recent Advances in Plantation Crops Research. Allied Publishers Ltd, India, pp 31–35
Hou YJ, He Q, Li ZL, Li PW, Liang GL, Xu J (2007) ISSR applied to the germplasms identification of Camellia sinensis. Southwest China J Agri Sci 26:1272–1276
Hu YG, Lu YZ, Lu J (2013) Comparative proteomics analysis of tea leaves exposed to subzero temperature: molecular mechanism of freeze injury. Int J Agric Biol Eng 6:27–34
Hua LD, Dai ZD, Hui X (1999) Studies on somatic embryo and adventitious bud differentiation rate among different tissues of Camellia sinensis L. Acta Agron Sin 25:291–295
Huang JA, Li JX, Huang YH, Luo JW, Gong ZH, Liu ZH (2005) Construction of AFLP molecular markers linkage map in tea plant. J Tea Sci 25:7–15
Huang FP, Liang YR, Lu JL, Chen RB (2006a) Genetic mapping of first generation of backcross in tea by RAPD and ISSR markers. J Tea Sci 26:171–176
Huang JN, Li J, Huang Y, Luo J, Zong Z, Liu Z (2006b) Genetic diversity of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] cultivars revealed by AFLP analysis. Acta Hort Sin 33:317–322
Huang JA, Huang YH, Luo JW, Li JX, Gong ZH, Liu ZH (2007) Identification of single nucleotide polymorphism in polyphenol oxidase gene in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Hunan Agri Uni 33:454–458
Hui LX, Lin LC, Peng SZ, Wu LJ, Wen SC, Hua GZ, Xuan C, Li XH, Liu CL, Shi ZP, Luo JW, Shen CW, Gong ZH, Chen X (2004) Analysis of genetic relationships among “Rucheng Baimao Cha” plants with RAPD method. J Tea Sci 24:33–36
Hung CY, Wang KH, Huang CC, Gong X, Ge XJ, Chiang TY (2008) Isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite loci from Camellia sinensis in Taiwan using PCR-based isolation of microsatellite arrays (PIMA). Conserv Genet 9:779–781
Ishida M, Kitao N, Mizuno K, Tanikawa N, Kato M (2009) Occurrence of theobromine synthase genes in purine alkaloid-free species of Camellia plants. Planta 229:559–568
Jain SM, Newton RJ (1990) Prospects of biotechnology for tea improvement. Proc Ind Nat Sci Acad 56:441–448
Jain SM, Das SC, Barman TS (1993) Enhancement of root induction from in vitro regenerated shoots of tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Proc Ind Natl Sci Acad 59:623–628
Jha TB, Sen SK (1992) Micropropagation of an elite Darjeeling tea clone. Plant Cell Rep 11:101–104
Ji PZ, Zhang J, Wang PS, Huang XQ, Xu M, Tang YC, Liang MZ (2007) Genetic diversity of ancient tea plant in Yunnan province of Chian revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymerase Chain reaction. J Tea Sci 27:271–279
Ji PZ, Li H, Gao LZ, Zhang J, Chen GZQ, Huang XQ (2011) ISSR diversity and genetic differentiation of ancient tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica) plantations from china: implications for precious tea germplasm conservation. Pak J Bot 43:281–291
Jiang C, Li Y, Fang W (2005) cDNA cloning and prokaryotic expression of β-glucosidase in tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kutze]. Chinese J Agril Biotech 2:107–111
Jiang C, Wen Q, Chen Y, Xu LA, Huang MR (2011) Efficient extraction of RNA from various Camellia species rich in secondary metabolites for deep transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analysis. Afr J Biotech 10:16769–16773
Jin JQ, Cui HR, Chen WY, Lu MZ, Yao YL, Xin Y, Gong XC (2006) data mining for SSR in ESTs and development of EST-SSR marker in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Tea Sci 26:17–23
Jin JQ, Cui HR, Gong XC, Chen WY, Xin Y (2007) Studies on tea plants (Camellia sinensis) germplasms using EST-SSR marker. Yi Chuan 29:103–108
John KMM, Joshi DS, Mandal AKA, Kumar SR, Raj Kumar R (2009) Agrobacterium mediated hairy root production in tea leaves [Camellia sinensis L (O) kuntze]. Indian J Biotech 8:430–434
Jorge S, Pedroso MC, Neale DB, Brown G (2003) Genetic differentiation of Portuguese tea plant using RAPD markers. Hort Sci 38:1191–1197
Jung ES, Park HM, Lee KE, Shin JH, Mun S, Kim JK, Lee SJ, Liu KH, Hwang JK, Lee CH (2015) A metabolomics approach shows that catechin-enriched green tea attenuates ultraviolet B-induced skin metabolite alterations in mice. Metabolomics 11:861–871
Kafkas S, Ercisxli S, Doğan Y, Ertűrk Y, Haznedar A, Sekban R (2009) Polymorphism and genetic relationships among tea genotypes from turkey revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 134:428–434
Kamunya SM, Wachira FN, Pathak RS, Korir R, Sharma V, Kumar R, Bhardwaj P, Chalo R, Ahuja PS, Sharma RK (2010) Genome mapping and testing for quantitative trait loci in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Tree Genet Genom 6:915–929
Karthigeyan S, Rajkumar S, Sharma RK, Gulati A, Sud RK, Ahuja PS (2008) High level of genetic diversity among the selected accessions of tea (Camellia sinensis) from abandoned tea gardens in Western Himalaya. Biochem Genet 46:810–819
Kato M (1982) Results of organ culture on Camellia japonica and C. sinensis. Jpn J Breed 32:267–277
Kato M (1985) Regeneration of plantlets from tea stem callus. Jpn J Breed 35:317–322
Kato M (1986a) Micropropagation through cotyledon culture in Camellia japonica L. and Camellia sinensis L. Jpn J Breed 36:31–38
Kato M (1986b) Micropropagation through cotyledon culture in Camellia sasanqua. Jpn J Breed 36:82–83
Kato M (1989) Camellia sinensis L. (tea): in vitro regeneration. In: Bajaj YSP (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry, vol 7: medicinal and aromatic plants II. Springer, Germany, pp 82–98
Kato M (1996) Somatic embryogenesis from immature leaves of in vitro grown tea shoots. Plant Cell Rep 15:920–923
Kato M, Mizuno K, Crozier A, Fujimura T, Ashihara A (2000) Caffeine synthase gene from tea leaves. Nature 406:956–957
Kato F, Taniguchi F, Monobe M, Ema K, Hirono H, Maeda-Yamamoto M (2008) Identification of Japanease tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars using SSR marker. J Jap Soc Food Sci Tech 55:49–55
Katoh Y, Katoh M, Takeda Y, Omori M (2003) Genetic diversity within cultivated teas based on nucleotide sequence comparison of ribosomal RNA maturase in chloroplast DNA. Euphytica 134:287–295
Katsuo K (1969) Anther culture in tea plant (a preliminary report). Study Tea 4:31
Kaundun SS, Matsumoto S (2002) Heterologous nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite amplification and variation in tea, Camellia sinensis. Genome 45:1041–1048
Kaundun SS, Matsumoto S (2003a) Development of CAPS markers based on three key genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, and differentiation between assamica and sinensis varieties. Theor Appl Genet 106:375–383
Kaundun SS, Matsumoto S (2003b) Identification of processed Japanese green tea based on polymorphism generated by STS-RFLP analysis. J Food Chem 51:1765–1770
Kaundun SS, Matsumoto S (2011) Molecular evidence for maternal inheritance of the chloroplast genome in tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. J Sci Food Agric 91:2660–2663
Kaundun SS, Park YG (2002) Genetic structure of six Korean tea populations revealed by RAPD-PCR markers. Crop Sci 42:594–601
Kaundun SS, Zhyvoloup A, Park YG (2000) Evaluation of genetic diversity among elite tea (Camellia sinensis var. sinensis) accessions using RAPD markers. Euphytica 115:7–16
Kirita M, Honma D, Tanaka Y, Usui S, Shoji T, Sami M, Yokota T, Tagashira M, Muranaka A, Uchiyama M, Kanda T, Maeda-Yamamoto M (2010) Cloning of a novel O-methyltransferase from Camellia sinensis and synthesis of o-methylated EGCG and evaluation of their bioactivity. J Agric Food Chem 58:7196–7201
Kondo K (1975) Cytological studies in cultivated species of Camellia. Ph.D thesis, Univ NC, Chapel Hill, pp 260
Kondo K (1979) Cytological studies in cultivated species of Camellia.V. Intraspecific variation of karyotypes in two species of sect Thea. Jap J Breed 29:205–210
Kondo K, Parks CR (1981) Cytological studies in cultivated species of Camellia. VI. Giemsa C-banded karyotypes of seven accessions of Camellia japonica L. sensu lato. Jap J Breed 31:25–34
Konishi S (1992) Promotive effects of aluminium on tea plant growth. Jpn Agric Res Q26:26–33
Koretskaya TF, Zaprometov MN (1975) Phenolic compounds in the tissue culture of Camellia sinensis and effect of light on their formation. Fiziol Rast 22:941–946
Krishnaraj T, Gajjeraman P, Palanisamy S, Chandrabose SRS, Mandal AKA (2011) Identification of differentially expressed genes in dormant (banjhi) bud of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) using subtractive hybridization approach. Plant Physiol Biotech 49:565–571
Ku KM, Choi JN, Kim J, Kim JK, Yoo LG, Lee SJ, Hong YS, Lee CH (2010) Metabolomics analysis reveals the compositional differences of shade grown tea (Camellia sinensis L.). J Agric Food Chem 58:418–426
Kuboi T, Suda M, Konishi S (1991) Preparation of protoplasts from the leaves. Proceedings of International Symposium on Tea Science. Shizuoka, Japan, pp 427–431
Lai JA, Yang WC, Hsiao JY (2001) An assessment of genetic relationships in cultivated tea clones and native wild tea in Taiwan using RAPD and ISSR markers. Bot Bull Acad Sin 42:93–100
Lambert JD, Yang CS (2003) Mechanisms of cancer prevention by tea constituents. J Nutr 133:3262S–3267S
Latip SNH, Muhamad R, Manjeri G, Tan SG (2010) Genetic variation of selected Camellia sinensis (cultivated tea) varieties in Malaysia based on random amplifed microsatellite (RAMs) markers. Pertanika J Trop Agric Sci 33:259–267
Lee S, Kim J, Sano J, Ozaki Y, Okubo H (2003) Phylogenic relationships among tea cultivars based on AFLP analysis. J Food Agri 47:289–299
Lee JE, Lee BJ, Chung JO, Hwang JA, Lee SJ, Lee CH, Hong YS (2010) Geographical and climatic dependencies of green tea (Camellia sinensis) metabolites: a 1H NMR-based metabolomics study. J Agril Food Chem 58:10582–10589
Lee JE, Lee BJ, Hwang JA, Ko KS, Chung JO, Kim EH, Lee SJ, Hong YS (2011) Metabolic dependence of green tea on plucking positions revisited: a Metabolomic Study. J Agric Food Chem 59:10579–10585
Li B, Yin Y, Zhou Y, Deng PQ, Yang HW (2003) Genetic diversity of two sexual tea cultivars detected by RAPD markers. J Tea Sci 23:46–150
Li J, Jiang CJ, Wang ZX (2005) RAPD analysis on genetic diversity of the preconcentrated core germplasms of Camellia sinensis in China. Yi Chuan 27:765–771
Li XH, Zhang CZ, Liu CL, Shi ZP, Luo JW, Chen X (2007a) RAPD analysis of the genetic diversity in Chinese tea germplasm. Acta Hort Sinica 34:507–508
Li Y, Gu W, Ye S (2007b) Expression and location of caffeine synthase in tea plants. Russ J Plant Physiol 54:698–701
Li J, Chen J, Zhang Z, Pan Y (2008) Proteome analysis of tea pollen (Camellia sinensis) under different storage conditions. J Agric Food Chem 56:7535–7544
Li XW, Feng ZG, Yang HM, Zhu XP, Liu J, Yuan HY (2010) A novel cold-regulated gene from Camellia sinensis, CsCOR1, enhances salt- and dehydration-tolerance in tobacco. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 394:354–359
Li C, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Xu J, Ni D (2011a) Changes of leaf antioxidant system, photosynthesis and ultrastructure in tea plant under the stress of fluorine. Biol Plant 55:563–566
Li Q, Huang J, Liu S, Li J, Yang X, Liu Y, Liu Z (2011b) Proteomic analysis of young leaves at three developmental stages in an albino tea cultivar. Proteom Sci 9:44–56
Li L, Zhong YH, Ji YZ, Zhi YZ, Sui N (2012) Analysis on genetic diversity of ten insular populations of Camellia japonica. Acta Hort Sin 39:1531–1539
Lin Z-H, Chen L-S, Chen R-B, Zhang F-Z, Jiang H-X, Tang N (2009) CO2 assimilation, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, carbohydrates and photosynthetic electron transport probed by the JIP-test, of tea leaves in response to phosphorus supply. BMC Plant Biol 9:43–58
Lin YP, Hu CY, Tsai YZ, Lin SF (2010) Studies on the fast molecular identification technologies of made tea (Camellia sinensis) varieties and their applications. Crop Envir Bioinform 7:37–51
Lin J, Kudrna D, Wing RA (2011) Construction, Characterization, and preliminary BAC-end sequence analysis of a bacterial artificial chromosome library of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) J Biomed. Biotech 2011:476723–476731
Liu S, Han B (2010) Differential expression pattern of an acidic 9/13-lipoxygenase in flower opening and senescence and in leaf response to phloem feeders in the tea plant. BMC Plant Biol 10:228–238
Liu BY, Wang PS, Ji PZ, Xu M, Cheng H (2008) Study on genetic diversity of peculiar sect. Thea (L.) dye in Yunnan by ISSR markers. J Yunn Agri Uni 23:302–308
Liu BY, Li YY, Tang YC, Wang LY, Cheng H, Wang PS (2010) Assessment of genetic diversity and relationship of tea germplasm in Yunnan as revealed by ISSR markers. Acta Agro Sinica 36:391–400
Liu B, Sun X, Wang Y, Li Y, Cheng H, Xiong C, Wang P (2012a) Genetic diversity and molecular discrimination of wild tea plants from Yunnan Province based on inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Afr J Biotech 11:11566–11574
Liu Y, Yang SX, Ji PZ, Gao LZ (2012b) Phylogeography of Camellia taliensis (Theaceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA: insights into evolutionary history and conservation. BMC Evol Biol 12:92–117
Lloyd G, McCown B (1980) Commercially feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia lalifolia by use of shoot tip culture. Comb Proc Int Pl Prop Soc 30:421–427
Lou ZC, Shin YL, Ying LC (2004) Genetic relationship of Taiwan tea varieties. In: Proceeding of 2004 International Conf on O-CHA culture and Sci. 4–6 Shizuoka, Japan, pp 226-228
Luo JW, Shi ZP, Li JX, Shen CW, Huang YH, Gong ZH (2002a) Study on the application of RAPD techniques to parentage identification of tea plant. J Huanan Agril Univer 3:3–6
Luo JW, Shi ZP, Shen CW, Liu CL, Gong ZH, Huang YH (2002b) Stuies on genetic relationships of tea cultivars (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) by RAPD analysis. J Tea Sci 22:140–146
Luo JW, Shi ZP, Shen CW, Liu CL, Gong ZH, Huang YH, Luo JW, Shi ZP, Shen CW, Liu CL, Gong ZH, Huang YH (2004) The genetic diversity of tea germplasms [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] by RAPD analysis. Acta Agro Sin 30:266–269
Ma C, Qiao X, Chen L (2010a) Cloning and expression analysis of leucoanthocyantin reducase gene of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Tea Sci (CNKI:SUN:CYKK. 0.2010-01-006)
Ma JQ, Zhou YH, Ma CL, Yao MZ, Jin JQ, Wang XC, Chen L (2010b) Identification and characterization of 74 novel polymorphic EST-SSR markers in the tea plant, Camellia sinensis (Theaceae). Ame J Bot 97:153–156
Ma J-Q, Ma C-L, Yao M-Z, Jin J-Q, Wang Z-L, Wang X-C, Chen L (2012) Microsatellite markers from tea plant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and their applicability for cross-species/genera amplification and genetic mapping. Sci Hort 134:167–175
Ma J-Q, Yao M-Z, Ma C-L, Wang X-C, Jin J-Q et al (2014) Construction of a SSR-based genetic map and identification of QTLs for catechins content in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS ONE 9:e93131. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093131
Matsumoto H, Hirasawa E, Morimura S, Takahashi E (1976) Localization of aluminum in tea leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 17:627–631
Matsumoto S, Takeuchi A, Hayastsu M, Kondo S (1994) Molecular cloning of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase cDNA and classification of varieties and cultivars of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) using the tea PAL cDNA probes. Theor Appl Genet 89:671–675
Matsumoto S, Kiriwa Y, Takeda Y (2000) Analysis of genetic diversity in Chinease tea (Camellia sinensis) using RFLP and detection of difference on tea from Japanease. Breed Sci 2:209
Matsumoto S, Kiriwa Y, Takeda Y (2002) Differentiation of Japanese green tea as revealed by RFLP analysis of phenyl-alanine ammonia-lyase DNA. Theo Appl Genet 104:998–1002
Matsumoto S, Kiriwa Y, Yamaguchi S (2004) The Korean tea plant (Camellia sinensis): rFLP analysis of genetic diversity and relationship to Japanease tea. Breed Sci 54:231–237
Matsuura T, Kakuda T, Kinoshita T, Takeuchi N, Sasaki K (1991) Production of theanine by callus culture of tea. In: Proceedings of international symposium on tea science. Shizuka, Japan, August 26–29, pp 432–436
Mewan KM, Saha MC, Konstatin C, Pang Y, Abeysinghe ISB, Dixon RA (2007) Construction of genomic and EST-SSR based genetic linkage map of tea (Camellia sinensis). The 4th International conference on O-Cha (Tea) culture and science. Nov 2–4, Shizuoka, Japan, p 52
Mishra RK, Sen-Mandi S (2001) DNA fingerprinting and genetic relationship study of tea plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. Ind J Plant Genet Resour 14:148–149
Mishra RK, Sen-Mandi S (2004) Molecular profiling and development of DNA marker associated with drought tolerance in tea clones growing in Darjeeling. Curr Sci 87:60–66
Mishra RK, Chaudhary S, Ahmad A, Pradhan M, Siddiqi TO (2009) Molecular analysis of tea clones (Camellia sinensis) using AFLP markers. Int J Intrg Biol 5:130–135
Mizutani M, Nakanishi H, Ema J, Ma S, Noguchi E, Inohara-Ochiai M, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Nakao M, Sakata K (2002) Cloning of β-Primeverosidase from tea leaves, a key enzyme in tea aroma formation. Plant Physiol 130:2164–2176
Mohanpuria P, Yadav SK (2012) Characterization of novel small RNAs from tea (Camellia sinensis L.). Mol Biol Rep 39:3977–3986
Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK (2007) Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Environ Toxicol 22:368–374
Mohanpuria P, Rana NK, Yadav SK (2008) Transient RNAi based gene silencing of glutathione synthetase reduces glutathione content in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze somatic embryos. Biol Plant 52:381–384
Mohanpuria P, Kumar V, Ahuja PS, Yadav SK (2011) Agrobacterium-mediated silencing of caffeine synthesis through root transformation in Camellia sinensis L. Mol Biotech 48:235–243
Mondal TK (2000) Studies on RAPD markers for detection of genetic diversity, in vitro regeneration and Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of tea (Camellia sinensis). Ph.D. thesis, Utkal University, India
Mondal TK (2002a) Micropropagation of tea (Camellia sinensis). In: Jain SM (ed) Micropropagation of Woody Plants. Kluwer Publication, The Netherlands, pp 671–720
Mondal TK (2002b) Camellia biotechnology: a bibliographic search. Int J Tea Sci 1:28–37
Mondal TK (2002c) Detection of genetic diversity among the Indian tea (Camellia sinensis) germplasm by inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Euphytica 128:307–315
Mondal TK (2008) Tea. In: Kole C, Hall TC (eds) Compendium of transgenic crop plants: transgenic plantation crops, ornamentals and turf grasses. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, London, pp 99–115
Mondal TK (2011) Camellia. In: Kole C (ed) Wild crop relatives: genomic and breeding resources. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, pp 15–40
Mondal TK, Chand PK (2002) Detection of genetic instability among the micropropagated tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] by RAPD analysis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol-Plant 37:1–5
Mondal TK, Sutoh K (2013) Application of next generation sequencing for abiotic stress tolerance of plant. In: Bhar D, Vasudeo Z (eds) Applications in Biomedical, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. CRC Press, pp 347–365
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Sood A, Ahuja PS (1998) Micropropagation of tea using thidiazuran. Plant Growth Regul 26:57–61
Mondal TK, Bhattachraya A, Sood A, Ahuja PS (1999) An efficient protocol for somatic embryogenesis and its use in developing transgenic tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) for field transfer. In: Altman A, Ziv M, Izhar S (eds) Plant Biotechnology and In Vitro Biology in 21st Century. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 101–104
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Sood A, Ahuja PS (2000a) Factors affecting induction and storage of encapsulated tea (Camellia sinensis L. O. Kuntze) somatic embryos. Tea 21:92–100
Mondal TK, Ahuja PS, Chand PK (2000b) Molecular characterization of biodiversity in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) germplasm and ex situ conservation through in vitro culture. In: Symposium on Biodiversity Conservation for Environment Protection, Utkal Univ, Bhubaneswar, India, March 16–17, pp 9–10
Mondal TK, Singh HP, Ahuja PS (2000c) Isolation of genomic DNA from tea and other phenolic rich plants. J Plant Crop 28:30–34
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Ahuja PS (2001a) Induction of synchronous secondary embryogenesis of tea (Camellia sinensis). J Plant Physiol 158:945–951
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Ahuja PS, Chand PK (2001b) Transgenic tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv. Kangra Jat] plants obtained by Agrobacterium—mediated transformation of somatic embryos. Plant Cell Rep 20:712–720
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Sharma M, Ahuja PS (2001c) Induction of in vivo somatic embryogenesis in tea (Camellia sinensis) cotyledons. Curr Sci 81:101–104
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Sood A, Ahuja PS (2002a) Factors affecting germination and conversion frequency of somatic embryos of tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. J Plant Physiol 159(12):1317–1321
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Sood A, Ahuja PS (2002b) Propagation of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) by shoot proliferation of alginate-encapsulated axillary buds stored at 4 °C. Curr Sci 83(8):941–944
Mondal TK, Satya P, Medda PS (2003) India needs national tea germplasm repository. International Conference on Global Advances in Tea Science. November 20–22, Calcutta, India, pp 58–59
Mondal TK, Bhattacharya A, Laxmikumaran M, Ahuja PS (2004) Recent advances in tea biotechnology. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 75:795–856
Mondal TK, Parathiraj S, Mohan Kumar P (2005) Micrografting-a technique to shorten the hardening time of micropropagated shoots of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Sri Lanka J Tea Sci 70(1):5–9
Moose SP, Mumm RH (2008) Molecular plant breeding as the foundation for 21st century crop improvement. Plant Physiol 147:969–977
Morita A, Yanagisawa O, Takatsu S, Maeda S, Hiradate S (2008) Mechanism for the detoxification of aluminum in roots of tea plant (Camellia sinsensis (L.) Kuntze). Phytochemistry 69:147–153
Mphangwe NI, Vorster J, Steyn JM, Nyirenda HE, Taylor NJ, Apostolides Z (2013) Screening of tea (Camellia sinensis) for trait-associated molecular markers. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 171(2):437–449
Mukherjee S, Mondal TK, Mohan Kumar P, Jayachandran R (2005) Field level control of stem cancer (Macrophomea theicola) diseases of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.). O. Kuntze) by Trichoderma. Hort J Agri-Hort Soc India, Calcutta 15:20–25
Mukhopadhyay M, Mondal TK (2014) The physico-chemical responses of Camellia to abiotic stresses. J Plant Sci Res 1:105
Mukhopadhyay M, Mondal TK (2015) Effect of zinc and boron on growth and water relations of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv. T-78. Nat Acad Sci Lett. doi:10.1007/s40009-015-0381-5
Mukhopadhyay M, Das A, Subba P, Bantawa P, Sarkar B, Ghosh PD, Mondal TK (2013a) Structural, physiological and biochemical profiling of tea plantlets (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) under zinc stress. Biol Plant 57:474–480
Mukhopadhyay M, Ghosh PD, Mondal TK (2013b) Effect of boron deficiency on photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of young tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) plantlets. Russ J Plant Physiol 60:633–639
Mukhopadhyay M, Sarkar B, Mondal TK (2014) Omics advances of tea (Camellia sinensis). In: Omics approaches in crop sciences. CRC press, pp 439–465
Mukhopadyay M, Bantawa P, Das A, Sarkar B, Bera B, Ghosh PD, Mondal TK (2012) Changes of growth, photosynthesis and alteration of leaf antioxidative defence system of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) seedling under aluminum stress. Biometal 25:1141–1154
Muoki RC, Wachira FN, Pathak RS, Kamunya SM (2007) Assessment of the mating system of Camellia sinensis in biclonal seed orchards based on PCR markers. J Hort Sci Biotech 82:733–738
Murashige T, Skoog F (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassay with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol Plant 15:473–497
Muthaiya MJ, Nagella P, Thiruvengadam M, Mandal AKA (2013) Enhancement of the productivity of tea (Camellia sinensis) secondary metabolites in cell suspension cultures using pathway inducers. J Crop Sci Biotech 16:143–149
Nadamitsu S, Andoh Y, Kondo K, Segawa M (1986) Interspecific hybrids between Camellia vietnamensis and C. chrysantha by cotyledon culture. Jpn J Breed 36:309–313
Nakamura Y (1983) Isolation of protoplasts from tea plant. Tea Res J 58:36–37
Nakamura Y (1985) Effect of origin of explants on differentiation of root and its varietal difference in tissue culture of tea plant. Tea Res J 62:1–8
Nakamura Y (1988) Efficient differentiation of adventitious embryos from cotyledon culture of Camellia sinensis and other Camellia species. Tea Res J 67:1–12
Nat NVK, Sanjeeva S, William Y, Nidhi S (2007) Application of proteomics to investigate plant- microbe interactions. Curr Proteomics 4:28–43
Nguyen VT (2012) Regeneration plantlets from somatic embryos of tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). J Agri Tech 8:1821–1827
Nikolaeva TN, Zagoskina NV, Zaprometov MN (2009) Production of phenolic compounds in callus cultures of tea plant under the effect of 2,4-D and NAA. Russ J Plant Physiol 56:45–49
Nitsch JP, Nitsch C (1969) Haploid plants from pollen grains. Science 163:185
Ogutuga DBA, Northcote DH (1970) Caffeine formation in tea callus tissue. J Exp Bot 21:258–273
Ohsako T, Ohgushi T, Motosugi H, Oka K (2008) Microsatellite variability within and among local landrace populations of tea, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze, in Kyoto, Japan. Genet Resour Crop Evol 55:1047–1053
Okano N, Fuchinone Y (1970) Production of haploid plants by anther culture of tea in vitro. Jpn J Breed 20:63–64
Orihara Y, Furuya T (1990) Production of theanine and other γ-glutamine derivatives by Camellia sinensis cultured cells. Plant Cell Rep 9:1215–1224
Paratasilpin T (1990) Comparative studies on somatic embryogenesis in Camellia sinensis var. sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica (Mast.) Pierre. J Sci Soc Thailand 16:23–41
Park YG, Kaundun SS, Zhyvoloup A (2002) Use of the bulked genomic DNA-based RAPD methodology to assess the genetic diversity among abandoned Korean tea plantations. Genet Res Crop Evol 49:159–165
Park JS, Kim JB, Hahn BS, Kim KH, Ha SH, Kim JB, Kim YH (2004) EST analysis of genes involved in secondary metabolism in Camellia sinensis (tea), using suppression subtractive hybridization. Plant Sci 166:953–961
Paul S, Wachira FN, Powell W, Waugh R (1997) Diversity and genetic differentiation among population of Indian and Kenyan tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) revealed by AFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 94:255–263
Paul A, Lal L, Ahuja PS, Kumar S (2012a) Alpha-tubulin (CsTUA) up-regulated during winter dormancy is a low temperature inducible gene in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Mol Biol Rep 39:3485–3490
Paul A, Muoki RC, Singh K, Kumar S (2012b) CsNAM-like protein encodes a nuclear localized protein and responds to varied cues in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Gene 502:69–74
Paul A, Jha A, Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Shankar R, Kumar S (2014) RNA-seq-mediated transcriptome analysis of actively growing and winter dormant shoots identifies non-deciduous habit of evergreen tree tea during winters. Sci Rep 4: 5932. doi:10.1038/srep05932
Pedroso MC, Pais MS (1993) Direct embryo formation in leaves of Camellia japonica L. Plant Cell Rep 12:639–643
Phukon M, Namdev R, Deka D, Modi SK, Sen P (2012) Construction of cDNA library and preliminary analysis of expressed sequence tags from tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze]. Gene 506:202–206
Plata E, Vieitez AM (1990) In vitro regeneration of Camellia reticulata by somatic embryogenesis. J Hortic Sci 65:707–714
Plata E, Ballester A, Vieitez AM (1991) An anatomical study of secondary embryogenesis in Camellia reticulata. In vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 27:183–189
Ponsamuel J, Samson NP, Ganeshan PS, Satyaprakash V, Abrahan GC (1996) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from the immature cotyledonary tissues of cultivated tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Plant Cell Rep 16:210–214
Prabu GR, Mandal AK (2010) Computational identification of miRNAs and their target genes from expressed sequence tags of tea (Camellia sinensis). Genom Proteom Bioinform 8:113–121
Prabu GR, Thirugnanasambantham K, Mandal AKA, Saravanan A (2012) Molecular cloning and characterization of nucleoside diphosphate kinase 1 cDNA in tea. Biol Plant 56:140–144
Prakash O, Sood A, Sharma M, Ahuja PS (1999) Grafting micropropagated tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) shoots on tea seedling—a new approach to tea propagation. Plant Cell Rep 18:137–142
Prince LM, Parks CR (1997) Evolutionary relationships in the tea subfamily Theoideae based on DNA sequence data. Int Camellia J 29:135–144
Prince LM, Parks CR (2000) Estimation on relationships of Theoideae (Theaceae) infreed from DNA Data. Int Camellia J 32:79–84
Prince ML, Parks CR (2001) Phylogenic relationships of Theaceae inferred from chloroplast DNA sequence data. Amer J Bot 88:2320
Qian D, Chang-quan W, Bing L, Huan-xiu L, Yang L (2009) Effects of Se, Zn and their interaction on polyphenol oxidase activity of tea leaves in summer season. Acta Metall Sin 15:930–935
Raina SK, Iyer RD (1992) Multicell pollen proembryoid and callus formation in tea. J Plant Crops 9:100–104
Raina SN, Ahuja PS, Sharma RK, Das SC, Bhardwaj P, Negi R, Sharma V, Singh SS, Sud RK, Kalia RK, Pandey V, Banik J, Razdan V, Sehgal D, Dar TH, Kumar A, Bali S, Bhat V, Sharma S, Prasanna BM, Goel S, Negi MS, Vijayan P, Tripathi SB, Bera B, Hazarika M, Mandal AKA, Kumar RR, Vijayan D, Ramkumar S, Chowdhury BR, Mandi SS (2012) Genetic structure and diversity of India hybrid tea. Genet Resour Crop Evol 59:1527–1541
Rajasekaran P (1997) Development of molecular markers using AFLP in tea. In: Varghese JP (ed) Molecular Approaches to Crop Improvement. Proceedings of National Seminar on Molecular approaches to Crop Improvement Dec 29-31, Kottayam, Kerala, India, pp 54–58
Rajasekaran P, Mohankumar P (1992) Rapid micropropagation of tea (Camellia spp). J Plant Crops 20:248–251
Rajkumar R, Ayyappan P (1992) Somatic embryogenesis from cotyledonary explants of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. Plant Chron May, pp 227–229
Rana NK, Mohanpuria P, Yadav SK (2008) Expression of tea cytosolic glutamine synthetase is tissue specific and induced by cadmium and salt stress. Biol Plant 52:361–364
Ranaweera KK, Gunasekara MTK, Eeswara JP (2013) Ex vitro rooting: a low cost micropropagation technique for Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntz) hybrids. Sci Hort 155:8–14
Rani A, Singh K, Sood P, Kumar S, Ahuja PS (2009) p-Coumarate: coA ligase as a key gene in the yield of catechins in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Funct Integr Genomics 9:271–275
Rani A, Singh K, Ahuja PS, Kumar S (2012) Molecular regulation of catechins biosynthesis in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Gene 495:205–210
Roy SC, Chakraborty BN (2007) Evaluation of genetic diversity in tea of the Darjeeling foot hills, India using RAPD and ISSR markers. J Hill Res 20:13–19
Roy SC, Chakraborty BN (2009) Genetic diversity and relationship among tea (Camellia sinensis) cultivars as revealed by RAPD and ISSR based fingerprinting. Ind J Biotech 8:370–376
San-Jose MC, Vieitez AM (1993) Regeneration of Camellia plantlets from leaf explant cultures by embryogenesis and caulogenesis. Sci Hortic 54:303–315
Sarathchandra TM, Upali PD, Wijeweardena RGA (1988) Studies on the tissue culture of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) 4. Somatic embryogenesis in stem and leaf callus cultures. Sri Lanka J Tea Sci 52:50–54
Saxena A, Cramer CS (2013) Metabolomics: a potential tool for breeding nutraceutical vegetables. Adv Crop Sci Tech 1:106
Sen P, Bora U, Roy BK, Deka PC (2000) Isozyme characterization in Camellia spp. Crop Res 19:519–524
Seran TH, Hirimburegama K, Hirimburegama WK, Shanmugarajah V (1999) Callus formation in anther culture of tea clones, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. J Nat Sci Fund Sri Lanka 27:165–175
Seran TH, Hirimburegama K, Gunasekare MTK (2006) Direct somatic embryogenesis from explants obtained from in vitro germinated embryonic axes of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. UK J Horticultural Sci Biotech 8:183–190
Seran TH, Hirimburegama K, Gunasekare MTK (2007) Production of embryogenic callus from leaf explants of Camellia sinensis (L.). J Nat Sci Foundation Sri Lanka 35:191–196
Seurei P (1996) Tea improvement in Kenya: a review. Tea 17:76–81
Shao WF, Pang RH, Duan HX, Wang PS, Xu M, Zhang YP, Li JH (2003a) RAPD analysis of tea in Yunnan. Sci Agril Sinica 36:1582–1587
Shao WF, Pang RH, Duan HX, Wang PS, Xu M, Zhang YP, Li JH (2003b) Use of RAPD analysis to classify tea trees in Yunnan. Agril Sci China 2:1290–1296
Sharma M, Sood A, Nagar PK, Prakash O, Ahuja PS (1999) Direct rooting and hardening of tea microshoots in the field. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 58:111–118
Sharma RK, Bhardwaj P, Negi R, Mohapatra T, Ahuja PS (2009) Identification, characterization and utilization of unigene derived microsatellite markers in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). BMC Plant Biol 9:53–77. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-9-53
Sharma RK, Negi MS, Sharma S, Bhardwaj P, Kumar R, Bhattachrya E, Tripathi SB, Vijayan D, Baruah AR, Das SC, Bera B, Rajkumar R, Thomas J, Sud RK, Muraleedharan N, Hazarika M, Lakshmikumaran M, Raina SN, Ahuja PS (2010) AFLP-based genetic diversity assessment of commercially important tea germplasm in India. Biochem Genet 48:549–564
Sharma RKK, Negi MS, Sharma S, Bhardwaj P, Kumar R, Bhattachrya E, Tripathi SB, Vijayan D, Baruah AR, Das SC, Bera B, Rajkumar R, Thomas J, Sud RK, Muraleedharan N, Hazarika M, Sharma H, Kumar R, Sharma V, Kumar V, Bhardwaj P, Ahuja PS, Sharma RK (2011) Identification and cross-species transferability of 112 novel unigene-derived microsatellite markers in tea (Camellia sinensis). Amer J Bot 98:133–138
Shen CW, Luo JW, Shi ZP, Gong ZH, Tang HP, Liu FZ, Huang YH (2002) Study on genetic polymorphism of tea plants in Anhua Yuntaihan population by RAPD. J Huan Agril Univ 28:320–325
Shen CW, Huang YH, Huang JA, Luo JW, Liu CL, Liu DH (2007) RAPD analysis for genetic diversity of typical tea populations in Hunan Province. J Agri Biotech 15:855–860
Shen CW, Ning ZX, Huang JA, Chen D, Li JX (2009) Genetic diversity of Camellia sinensis germplasm in Guangdong Province based on morphological parameters and SRAP markers. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao 20:1551–1558
Shervington A, Shervington LA, Afifi F, El-omari MA (1998) Caffeine and theobromine formation by tissue cultures of Camellia sinensis. Phytochemistry 47:1535–1536
Shi SH, Tang SQ, Chen YQ, Qu LH, Chang HT (1998) Phylogenic relationship among yellow flowered Camellia species based on random polymorphic DNA. Acta Phytotaxo Sinica 36:317–322
Shi C-Y, Yang H, Wei C-L, Yu O, Zhang Z-Z, Jiang C-J, Sun J, Li Y-Y, Chen Q, Xia T, Wan X-C (2011) Deep sequencing of the Camellia sinensis transcriptome revealed candidate genes for major metabolic pathways of tea-specific compounds. BMC Genom 12:131–150
Shi J, Dai X, Chen Y, Chen J, Shi J, Yin T (2013) Discovery and experimental analysis of microsatellites in an oil woody plant Camellia chekiangoleosa. Plant Syst Evol 299:1387–1393
Shibasaki-Kitakawa N, Takeishi J, Yonemoto T (2003) Improvement of catechin productivity in suspension cultures of tea callus cells. Biotechnol Prog 19:655–658
Shimokado T, Murata T, Miyaji Y (1986) Formation of embryoid by anther culture of tea. Jpn J Breed 36:282–283
Singh D, Ahuja PS (2006) 5S rDNA gene diversity in tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze) and its use for variety identification. Genome 49:91–96
Singh M, Bandana, Ahuja PS (1999) Isolation and PCR amplification of genomic DNA from market samples of dry tea. Plant Mol Biol Rep 17:171–178
Singh A, Sharma J, Rexer K-H, Varma A (2000) Plant productivity determinants beyond minerals, water and light: Piriformospora indica—a revolutionary plant growth promoting fungus. Curr Sci 79:1548–1554
Singh M, Saroop J, Dhiman B (2004) Detection of intra-clonal genetic variability in vegetatively propagated tea using RAPD markers. Biol Plant 48:113–115
Singh K, Rani A, Kumar S, Sood P, Mahajan M, Yadav SK, Singh B, Ahuja PS (2008) An early gene of the flavonoid pathway, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, exhibits a positive relationship with the concentration of catechins in tea (Camellia sinensis). Tree Physiol 28:1349–1356
Singh K, Kumar S, Ahuja PS (2009a) Differential expression of Histone H3 gene in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) suggests its role in growing tissue. Mol Biol Rep 36:537–542
Singh K, Kumar S, Rani A, Gulati A, Ahuja PS (2009b) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and catechins (flavan-3-ols) accumulation in tea. Funct Integr Genom 9:125–134
Singh K, Kumar S, Yadav SK, Ahuja PS (2009c) Characterization of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase cDNA in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Plant Biotechnol Rep 3:95–101
Singh K, Paul A, Kumar S, Ahuja PS (2009d) Cloning and differential expression of QM like protein homologue from tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]. Mol Biol Rep 36:921–927
Singh M, Dhiman B, Sharma C (2011) Characterization of a highly repetitive DNA sequence in Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze genome. J Biotech Res 3:78–83
Sood A, Palni LMS, Sharma M, Rao DV, Chand G, Jain NK (1993) Micropropagation of tea using cotyledon culture and encapsulated somatic embryos. J Plant Crops 21:295–300
Spedding DJ, Wilson AT (1964) Caffeine metabolism. Nature 204:73
Su MH, Hsieh CF, Tsou CH (2009) The confirmation of Camellia formosensis (Theaceae) as an independent species based on DNA sequence analyses. Bot Stud 50:477–485
Suganthi M, Arvinth S, Raj Kumar R (2012) Impact of osmotica and abscisic acid on direct somatic embryogenesis in tea. Int J Plant Res 2:22–27
SuXia X, Yuan Z, KaiLin G, Lei W, HongYu Y (2009) Cloning and expression analysis of a flavonol synthase gene from Camellia sinensis. Plant Physiol Commun. 45:1093–1097
Takemoto M, Tanaka K (2001) Synthesis of optically active α-phenylpyridylmethanols by Camellia sinensis cell culture. J Mol Cat B Enzym 15:173–176
Takemoto M, Aoshima Y, Stoynov N, Kutney JP (2002) Establishment of Camellia sinensis cell culture with high peroxidase activity and oxidative coupling reaction of dibenzylbutanolides. Tetr Lett 43:6915–6917
Takeuchi A, Matsumoto S, Hayatsu M (1994) Chalcone synthase from Camellia sinensis isolation of the cDNAs and the organ-specific and sugar-responsive expression of the genes. Plant Cell Physiol 35:1011–1018
Tan L-Q, Wang L-Y, Wei K, Zhang C-C, Wu L-Y et al (2013) Floral transcriptome sequencing for SSR marker development and linkage map construction in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS ONE 8:e81611
Tanaka J, Taniguchi F (2002) Emphasized-RAPD (e-RAPD): A simple and efficient technique to make RAPD Bands clearer. Breed Sci 52:225–229
Tanaka JI, Yamaguchi S (1996) Use of RAPD markers for the identification of parentage of tea cultivars. Bull Nat Res Inst Veg Orna Plant Tea 9:31–36
Tang S, Bin X, Wang L, Zhong Y (2006) Genetic diversity and population structure of yellow Camellia (Camellia nitidissima) in China as revealed by RAPD and AFLP markers. Biochem Genet 44:449–461
Tang J, Xu J, Wu Y, Li Y, Tang Q (2012) Effects of high concentration of chromium stress on physiological and biochemical characters and accumulation of chromium in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.). Afr J Biotechnol 11:2248–2255
Taniguchi F, Tanaka J (2004) Characterization of genes for ammonium assimilation in Camellia sinensis. Proceedings of International Conference O-Cha (tea) Cult Sci. Shizuoka, Japan, pp 217–218
Taniguchi F, Fukuoka H, Tanaka J (2012) Expressed sequence tags from organ-specific cDNA libraries of tea (Camellia sinensis) and polymorphisms and transferability of EST-SSRs across Camellia species. Breeding Sci 62:186–195
Taniguchi F, Kimura K, Saba T, Ogino A, Yamaguchi S, Tanaka J (2014) Worldwide core collections of tea (Camellia sinensis) based on SSR markers. Tree Genet Genome 10:1555–1565
Tanikawa N, Onozaki T, Nakayama M, Shibata M (2008) PCR-RFLP analysis of chloroplast DNA variations in the atpI-atpH spacer region of the Genus Camellia. J Jap Soc Hort Sci 77:408–417
Thomas J, Vijayan D, Joshi SD, Joseph Lopez S, Raj Kumar R (2006) Genetic integrity of somaclonal variants in tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze) as revealed by inter simple sequence repeats. J Biotech 123:149–154
Tian M, Li JY, Ni S, Li XL (2008) Phylogenetic Study on Section Camellia Based on ITS Sequences Data. J Acta Hort Sinica 35:1685–1688
Ueno S, Tsumura Y (2009) Development of microsatellite and amplicon length polymorphism markers for Camellia japonica L. from tea plant (Camellia sinensis) expressed sequence tags. Mol Ecol Resour 9:814–816
Ueno S, Yoshimaru H, Tomaru N, Yamamoto S (1999) Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Camellia japonica L. Mole Eco 8:335–336
Ueno S, Tomaru N, Yoshimaru H, Manabe T, Yamamoto S (2000) Genetic structure of Camellia japonica L. in an old-growth evergreen forest, Tsushima. Japan. Mol Eco 9:647–656
Ujihara T, Taniguchi F, Tanaka J, Hayashi N (2011) Development of expressed sequence tag (EST)-based Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) markers of tea plant and their application to cultivar identification. J Agric Food Chem 59:1557–1564
Upadhyaya H, Panda SK (2004) Responses of Camellia sinensis to drought and rehydration. Biol Plantarum 48:597–600
Upadhyaya H, Dutta BK, Sahoo L, Panda SK (2012) Comparative effect of Ca, K, Mn and B on post-drought stress recovery in tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O Kuntze]. Amer J Plant Sci 3:443–460
Vasisht K, Sharma PD, Karan M, Rakesh D, Vyas S, Sethi S, Manktala R (2003) Study to promote the industrial exploitation of green tea poly-phenols in India. ICS-UNIDO, Italy, pp 15–22
Vieitez AM (1994) Somatic embryogenesis in Camellia spp. In: Jain S, Gupta P, Newton R (eds) Somatic embryogenesis in woody plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 235–276
Vieitez AM, Barciela J (1990) Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from embryonic tissues of Camellia japonica L. Plant Cell Tiss Org Cult 21:267–274
Vieitez AM, San-Jose C, Vieitez J, Ballester A (1991) Somatic embryogenesis from roots of Camellia japonica plantlets cultured in vitro. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116:753–757
Vijayan K, Tsou CH (2008) Technical report on the molecular phylogeny of Camellia with nr ITS: the need for high quality DNA and PCR amplification with Pfu-DNA polymerase. Bot Stud 49:177–188
Vijayan K, Zhang WJ, Tsou CH (2009) Molecular taxonomy of Camellia (Theaceae) inferred from NRITS sequences. Amer J Bot 96:1348–1360
Vuylsteke D, Swennen R, Wilson GF, Langhe ED (1988) Phenotypic variation among in vitro propagated plantain (Musa sp. Cultivar ‘AAB’). Sci Hort 36:79–80
Wachira F (1990) Desirable tea plants: an overview of a search for markers. Tea 11:42–48
Wachira F, Ogado J (1995) In vitro regeneration of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze by somatic embryo. Plant Cell Rep 14:463–466
Wachira FN, Waugh R, Hackett CA, Powell W (1995) Detection of genetic diversity in tea (Camellia sinensis) using RAPD markers. Genome 38:201–210
Wachira FN, Powell W, Waugh R (1997) An assessment of genetic diversity among Camellia sinensis L. (cultivated tea) and its wild relatives based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and organelle specific STS. Hered 78:603–611
Wachira F, Tanaka J, Takeda Y (2001) Genetic variation and differentiation in tea (Camellia sisnensis) germplasm revealed by RAPD and AFLP variation. J Hort Sci Biotech 76:557–563
Wang BY, Ruan ZY (2012) Genetic diversity and differentiation in Camellia reticulata (Theaceae) polyploid complex revealed by ISSR and ploidy. Genet Mol Res 11:503–511
Wang W, Vinocur B, Altman A (2003) Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta 218:1–14
Wang CX, Li YY, Jiang CJ, Yu YB (2005) Molecular cloning and sequence analysis on cDNA of cystatin gene from tea leaves. J Tea Sci 25:177–182
Wang XP, Ma B, Qi GN, Tian H, Fang CU, Zhang ZC, Yin XM (2007) RAPD analysis on the genetic relationship of tea cultivars grown in Sichuan. J Acta Hort Sinica 34:242–244
Wang X, Zhao L, Yao M, Chen L, Yuan Y (2008) Preliminary study on gene expression difference between normal leaves and albino leaves of Anji Baicha. J Tea Sci 28:50–55
Wang L, Li X, Zhao Q, Jing S, Chen S, Yuan H (2009) Identification of genes induced in response to low-temperature treatment in tea leaves. Plant Mol Biol Rep 27:257–265
Wang XF, Zheng WH, Zheng HX, Xie QQ, Zheng HY, Tang H, Tao YL (2010) Optimization of RAPD-PCR reaction system for genetic relationships analysis of 15 camellia cultivars. Afr J Biotech 9:798–804
Wang P, Su R, Zheng J, Cheng S, Zhu G (2011a) Molecular cloning and phylogenetic analysis of a novel BURP domain-containing gene from Camellia sinensis. Afr J Biotechnol 10:15470–15476
Wang X, Yang Y, Ma C, Jin J, Ma J, Cao H (2011b) Cloning and expression analysis of cyclin gene (CsCYC1) of tea plant. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica 31:2365–2372
Wang X, Ma C, Yang C, Yao M, Jin J (2011b) Cloning and expression analysis of auxin-repressed protein gene CsARP1 in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Nucl Agric Sci (CNKI:SUN:HNXB.0.2011-05-014)
Wang XF, Zheng HY, Zheng WH, Ao CQ, Jin HY, Zhao LH, Li N, Jia LR (2011d) RAPD-based genetic diversities and correlation with morphological traits in Camellia (Theaceae) cultivars in China. Genet Mol Res 10:849–859
Wang P, Song P, Li X, Su R, Wang H, Zhu G (2012a) Study on soluble expression of glutamate dehydrogenase from tea plant in Escherichia coli using fusion tags. Afr J Biotechnol 11:6241–6250
Wang Y, Jiang C, Li Y, Wei C, Deng W (2012b) CsICE1 and CsCBF1: two transcription factors involved in cold responses in Camellia sinensis. Plant Cell Rep 31:27–34
Wang YS, Gao LP, Wang ZR, Liu YJ, Sun M, Zeng W, Yuan H (2012c) Light induced expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways in callus of tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Sci Hort 133:72–83
Wang XC, Zhao QY, Ma CL, Zhang ZH, Cao HL, Kong YM, Yue C, Hao XY, Chen L, Ma JQ, Jin JQ, Li X, Yang YJ (2013) Global transcriptome profiles of Camellia sinensis during cold acclimation. BMC Genome 14:415
Wei CL, Jiang CJ, Tao HZ, Wan XC (2003) Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of sequence signature of violaxanthin de-epoxidase cDNA in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). J Nanjing Agric Univ 26:14–19
Wei X, Wei JQ, Cao HL, Li F, Ye WH (2005) Genetic diversity and differentiation of Camellia euphlebia (Theaceae) in Guangxi, China. Ann Bot Fennici 42:365–370
Wei X, Cao H-L, Jiang YS, Ye WH, Ge XJ, Ll F (2008) Population genetic structure of Camellia nitidissima (Theaceae) and conservation implications. Bot Stud 49:147–153
Wei JQ, Chen ZY, Wang ZF, Tang H, Jiang YS, Wei X, Li XY, Qi XX (2010) Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Camellia nitidissima chi (Theaceae). Amer J Bot 97:89–90
Wen SC, Wu LJ, Peng SJ, Hua GZ, Ping TH, Zhi LF, Huan HY, Shen CW, Luo JW, Shi ZP, Gong ZH, Tang HP, Liu FZ, Huang YH (2002) Study on genetic polymorphism of tea plants in Anhua Yuntaishan population by RAPD. J Hunan Agri Univ 28:320–325
Wen Q, Xu L, Gu Y, Huang M, Xu L (2012) Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Camellia chekiangoleosa (Theaceae) using 454-ESTs. Ame J Bot 99:203–205
Wight W (1959) Nomenclature and classification of tea plant. Nature 183:1726–1728
Wight W, Barua DN (1954) Morphological basis of quality in tea. Nature 173:630–631
Wright LP, Apostolides Z, Louw AI (1996) DNA fingerprinting of tea clones. In: Whittle AM, Khumalo FRB (eds) Proc of the 1st Regional Tea Research seminar. Blantyre, Malawi Mar 22-23, 1995, pp 44–50
Wu CT (1976) Studies on the tissue culture of tea plant. J Agric Assoc China 93:30–42
Wu CT, Huang TK, Chen GR, Chen SY (1981) A review on the tissue culture of tea plants and on the utilization of callus derived plantlets In: Rao AN (ed) Tissue Culture of Economically Important Plants: Proceedings of Costed Symposium, Singapore, pp 104–106
Wu LJ, Peng SJ, Wen SC, Lin LC, Hua GZ, Huan HY, Luo JW, Shi ZP, Shen CW, Liu CL, Gong ZH, Huang YH (2002a) Studies on genetic relationships of tea cultivars [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] by RAPD analysis. J Tea Sci 22:140–146
Wu LJ, Peng SZ, Xian Li J, Wen SC, Huan HY, Hua GZ, Luo JW, Shi ZP, Li JX, Shen CW, Huang YH, Gong ZH (2002b) Studies on genetic diversity of tea cultivars [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze] by RAPD analysis. J Tea Sci 12:121–127
Wu H, Chen D, Li J, Yu B, Qiao X, Huang H, He Y (2013) De novo characterization of leaf transcriptome using 454 sequencing and development of EST-SSR markers in tea (Camellia sinensis). Plant Mol Biol Rep 31:524–538
Xiao LZ, Yan CY, Li JX, Luo JW, He YM, Zhao CY (2007) AFLP analysis on genetic diversity of Fenghuang-Dancong tea plant germplasm. J Tea Sci 27:280–285
Yadav SK, Mohanpuria P (2009) Responses of Camellia sinensis cultivars to Cu and Al stress. Biol Plant 53:737–740
Yamaguchi S, Kunitake T, Hisatomi S (1987) Interspecific hybrid between Camellia japonica cv. choclidori and C. chrysantha produced by embryo culture. Jpn J Breed 37:203–206
Yan MQ, Ping C (1983) Studies on development of embryoids from the culture cotyledons of Thea sinensis L. Sci Silv Sin 19:25–29
Yan MQ, Ping C, Wei M, Wang YH (1984) Tissue culture and transplanting of Camellia oleifera. Sci Silvae Sin 20:341–350
Yang YJ, Yu FL, Chen L, Zeng JM, Yang SJ, Li SF, Shu AM, Zhang ZF, Wang YS, Wang HS, Wang PS, Xu M, Song WX, Guo JC, Yang RX, Zhang WJ, Chen ZH, Yang YJ, Yu FL, Chen L, Zeng JM, Yang SJ, Li SF, Shu AM, Zhang ZF, Wang YS, Wang HS, Wang PS, Xu M, Song WX, Guo JC, Yang RX, Zhang WJ, Chen ZH (2003) Elite germplasm evaluation and genetic stability of tea plants. J Tea Sci 23:1–8
Yang H, Xie S, Wang L, Jing S, Zhu X, Li X, Zeng W, Yuan H (2011) Identification of up-regulated genes in tea leaves under mild infestation of green leafhopper. Sci Hortic 130:448–476
Yang YJ, Wang XC, Ma CL (2012) Cloning and bioinformatics analysis of full-length cDNA of actin gene (CsActin1) from tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze). Bull Bot Res 32:69–76
Yao MZ, Chen L, Liang YR (2008) Genetic diversity among tea cultivars from China, Japan and Kenya revealed by ISSR markers and its implication for parental selection in tea breeding prog. Plant Breed 127:166–172
Yao MZ, Ma CL, Qiao TT, Jin JQ, Chen L (2012) Diversity distribution and population structure of tea germplasms in China revealed by EST-SSR markers. Tree Genet Genom 8:205–220
Ye Y, Jiang CJ, Zhu L, Yu M, Wang ZX, Deng WW, Wei CL (2009) Cloning and sequencing of a full length cDNA encoding the RuBPCase small subunit (RbcS) in tea (Camellia sinensis). Agric Sci China 8:161–166
Yu M, Jiang C, Fang W (2008) Cloning and analysis of differential expression of a 14-3-3 protein gene from tea flower bud. Sci Agric Sinica 41:2983–2991
Zagoskina NV, Dubravina GA, Alyavina AK, Goncharuk EA (2003) Effect of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation on the formation and localization of phenolic compounds in tea plant callus cultures. Russ J Plant Physiol 50:270–275
Zagoskina NV, Alyavina AK, Gladyshko TO, Lapshin PV, Egorova EA, Bukhov NG (2005) Ultraviolet rays promote development of photosystem II photochemical activity and accumulation of phenolic compounds in the tea callus culture (Camellia sinensis). Russ J Plant Physiol 52:731–739
Zagoskina NV, Goncharuk EA, Alyavina AK (2007a) Effect of cadmium on the phenolic compounds formation in the callus cultures derived from various organs of the tea plant. Russ J Plant Physiol 54:237–243
Zagoskina NV, Pinaev AS, Alyavina AK, Yamburenko MV, Gladyshko TO, Kuznetsov VV, Fattakhov SG, Konovalov AI (2007b) Activation of growth and accumulation of phenolic compounds in tea callus culture by melafen is not associated with its possible cytokinin activity. Biochem Biophys Mol Biol 413:88–91
Zaprometov MN, Zagoskina MV (1979) One more evidence for chloroplast involvement in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds. Plant Physiol (Russ) 34:165–172
Zaprometov MN, Zagoskina MV (1987) Regulation of phenolic compounds formation in cultured cells of tea plant (Camellia sinensis). In: Proc Inter Tea Quality Human Health Symp China, pp 62–65
Zaveri NT (2006) Green tea and its polyphenolic catechins: Medicinal uses in cancer and noncancer applications. Life Sci 78:2073–2080
Zhang YP, Li JH (2003a) RAPD analysis of tea trees in Yunnan. Sci Agri Sin 36:1582–1587
Zhang YP, Li JH (2003b) Use RAPD analysis to classify tea trees in Yunnan. Agri Sci China 2:1290–1296
Zhang GW, Zhong WB, Wu Y, Tan XF, Du TZ (2007a) Identification of oil tea (Camellia Oleifera) superior clones by ISSR molecular marker. Forest Res 20:278–282
Zhang YL, Zhao LP, Ma CL, Chen L (2007b) Molecular identification, bioinformatic analysis and prokaryotic expression of the cyclophilin gene full-length cDNA from tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Tea Sci 27:120–126
Zhang YL, Qiao XY, Chen L (2008a) Full-length cDNA cloning and bioinformatic analysis of ACC synthase gene from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Tea Sci 28:235–241
Zhang YL, Qiao XY, Chen L (2008b) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of ACC oxidase gene full-length cDNA from the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). J Tea Sci 28:459–466
Zhang Y, Zhu X, Chen X, Song C, Zou Z, Wang Y, Wang M, Fang W, Li X (2014) Identification and characterization of cold-responsive microRNAs in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and their targets using high-throughput sequencing and degradome analysis. BMC Plant Biol 14:271
Zhao D, Liu ZS, Xi B (2001) Cloning and alignment of polyphenols oxidase cDNA of tea plant. J Tea Sci 21:94–98
Zhao CY, Zhou LH, Luo JW, Huang JA, Tan HP (2006) AFLP analysis of genetic diversity of tea plant germplasm in Guangdong province. J Tea Sci 26:249–252
Zhao LP, Liu Z, Chen L, Yao MZ, Wang XC (2008) Generation and characterization of 24 novel EST derived microsatellites from tea plant (Camellia sinensis) and cross-species amplification in its closely related species and varieties. Conserv Genet 9:1327–1331
Zheng C, Zhao L, Wang Y, Shen J, Zhang Y, Jia S, Li Y, Ding Z (2015) Integrated RNA-Seq and sRNA-Seq analysis identifies chilling and freezing responsive key molecular players and pathways in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). PLoS ONE 10:e0125031
Zhou W, Eudes F, Laroche A (2006) Identification of differentially regulated proteins in response to a compatible interaction between the pathogen Fusarium graminearum and its host, Triticum aestivum. Proteomics 6:4599–4609
Zhou L, Xu H, Mischke S, Meinhardt LW, Zhang D, Zhu X, Li X, Fang W (2014) Exogenous abscisic acid significantly affects proteome in tea plant (Camellia sinensis) exposed to drought stress. Hortic Res 1:14029
Zhu QW, Luo YP (2013) Identification of miRNAs and their targets in tea (Camellia sinensis). J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 14:916–923
Zhu L, Deng WW, Ye AH, Yu M, Wang ZX, Jiang CJ (2008a) Cloning of two cDNAs encoding a family of ATP sulfurylase from Camellia sinensis related to selenium or sulfur metabolism and functional expression in Escherichia coli. Plant Physiol Biochem 46:731–738
Zhu L, Jiang CJ, Deng WW, Gao X, Wang RJ, Wan XC (2008b) Cloning and expression of selenocysteine methyltransferase cDNA from Camellia sinensis. Acta Physiol Planta 30:167–174
Zhuang C, Liang H (1985a) In vitro embryoid formation of Camellia reticulata L. Acta Biol Exp Sin 18:275–281
Zhuang C, Liang H (1985b) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet formation in cotyledon culture of Camellia chrysantha. Acta Bot Yunn 7:446–450
Zhuang C, Duan J, Zhou J (1988) Somatic embryogenesis and plantlets regeneration of Camellia sasanqua. Acta Bot Yunn 10:241–244
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by N. Stewart.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mukhopadhyay, M., Mondal, T.K. & Chand, P.K. Biotechnological advances in tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Kuntze): a review. Plant Cell Rep 35, 255–287 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1884-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-015-1884-8