Skip to main content

Functional Organization of Dorsal Horn Interneurons

  • Chapter
Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord

Abstract

Sensory processing in the spinal cord involves interactions among primary afferent fibers bearing information from sensory receptors, interneurons, ascending tract cells conveying sensory messages to the brain, and descending tract cells that modulate the activity in spinal cord circuits. Such interactions are complex and still poorly understood. In this chapter, the interactions between primary afferent fibers and spinal interneurons will be discussed. In Chapters 8-11, the organization of the ascending tracts will be considered. Chapter 12 includes an overview of the sensory channels and of the descending systems that control somatic sensation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aanonsen, L. M. and Seybold, V. S. 1989. Phencyclidine and sigma receptors in rat spinal cord: Binding characterization and quantitative autoradiography. Synapse 4, 1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aanonsen, L. M. and Seybold, V. S. 1991. 125I-Substance P binding sites in rat spinal cord in a chronic constriction injury and following dorsal rhizotomy. Ann. NY Acad. Sci 632, 354–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aanonsen, L. M, Lei, S., and Wilcox, G. L. 1990. Excitatory amino acid receptors and nociceptive neurotransmission in rat spinal cord. Pain 41, 309–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aanonsen, L. M., Kajander, K. C, Bennett, G. J., and Seybold, V. S. 1992. Autoradiographic analysis of 125I-substance P binding in rat spinal cord following chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve. Brain Res. 596, 259–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aarnisalo, A. A. and Panula, P. 1998. Neuropeptide FF in the lateral spinal and lateral cervical nuclei: evidence of contacts on spinothalamic neurons. Exp. Brain Res. 119, 159–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbadie, C. and Basbaum, A. I. 1998. The contribution of capsaicin-sensitive afferents to the dorsal root ganglion sprouting of sympathetic axons after peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 253, 143–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbadie, C., Brown, J. L., Mantyh, P. W., and Basbaum, A. I. 1996. Spinal cord substance P receptor immunoreactivity increases in both inflammatory and nerve injury models of persistent pain. Neuroscience 70, 201–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbadie, C., Trafton, J., Liu, H., Mantyh, P. W., and Basbaum, A. I. 1997. Inflammation increases the distribution of dorsal horn neurons that internalize the neurokinin-1 receptor in response to noxious and non-noxious stimulation. J. Neurosci. 17, 8049–8060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbadie, C., Gultekin, S. H., and Pasternak, G. W. 2000a. Immunohistochemical localization of the carboxy terminus of the novel mu opioid receptor splice variant MOR-1C within the human spinal cord. NeuroReport 11, 1953–1957.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbadie, C, Pan, Y. X., and Pasternak, G. W. 2000b. Differential distribution in rat brain of mu opioid receptor carboxy terminal splice variants MOR-1C-like and MOR-1-like immunoreactivity: Evidence for region-specific processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 419, 244–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbadie, C, Rossi, G. C., Orciuolo, A., Zadina, J. E., and Pasternak, G. W. 2002. Anatomical and functional correlation of the endomorphins with mu opioid receptor splice variants. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 1075–1082.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abbott, F. V., Franklin, K. B. J., and Westbrook, R. F. 1995. The formalin test: Scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats. Pain 60, 91–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Maguid, T. E. and Bowsher, D. 1984a. Classification of neurons by dendritic branching pattern. A categorisation based on Golgi impregnation of spinal and cranial somatic and visceral afferent and efferent cells in the adult human. J. Anat. 138, 689–702.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Maguid, T. E. and Bowsher, D. 1984b. Interneurons and proprioneurons in the adult human spinal grey matter and in the general somatic and visceral afferent cranial nerve nuclei. J. Anat. 139, 9–19.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aberdeen, J., Corr, L., Milner, P., Lincoln, J., and Burnstock, G. 1990. Marked increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerves in the developing rat following long-term sympathectomy with guanethidine. Neuroscience 35, 175–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aberdeen, J., Milner, P., Lincoln, J., and Burnstock, G. 1992. Guanethidine sympathectomy of mature rats leads to increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-containing nerves. Neuroscience 47, 453–461.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abood, M. E. and Martin, B. R. 1996. Molecular neurobiology of the cannabinoid receptor. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 39, 197–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, K. E. and Brewer, K. L. 2001. Expression of c-fos mRNA is increased and related to dynorphin mRNA expression following excitotoxic spinal cord injury in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 307, 187–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abraham, K. E., McGinty, J. F, and Brewer, K. L. 2001. The role of kainic acid/AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors in the regulation of opioid mRNA expression and the onset of pain-related behavior following excitotoxic spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 104, 863–874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, V. C. and Swett, J. E. 1986. The pattern of spinal and medullary projections from a cutaneous nerve and a muscle nerve of a forelimb of the cat: A study using the transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol 246, 70–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, V. C, Lynn, B., and Richmond, F. J. R. 1984a. Organization and sensory properties of small myelinated fibres in the dorsal cervical rami of the cat. J. Physiol. 347, 177–187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abrahams, V. C, Richmond, F. J., and Keane, J. 1984b. Projections from C2 and C3 nerves supplying muscles and skin of the cat neck: A study using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 230, 142–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Abram, S. E. and Kostreva, D. R. 1986. Spinal cord metabolic response to noxious radiant heat stimulation of the cat hind footpad. Brain Res. 386, 143–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abram, S. E. and Winne, R. R 1995. Intrathecal acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors produce analgesia that is synergistic with morphine and clonidine in rats. Anesth. Analg. 81, 501–507.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aceto, M. D., Awaya, H., Martin, B. R., and May, E. L. 1983. Antinociceptive action of nicotine and its methiodide derivatives in mice and rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 79, 869–876.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achaval, M., Martinez-Murillo, R., Rodrigo, J., Aguado, R, DeFelipe, M. C, and Del Rio, J. 1991. Lasting loss in substance P following administration of substance P antiserum to newborn rat. An immunohistochemical study. Neurosci. Lett. 126, 75–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ackermann, P. W., Finn, A., and Ahmed, M. 1999. Sensory neuropeptidergic pattern in tendon, ligament and joint capsule. A study in the rat. NeuroReport 10, 2055–2060.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, P. R., Brown, D. A., and Jones, S. W. 1983. Substance P inhibits the M-current in bullfrog sympathetic neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol 79, 330–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adem, A., Ekblom, J., Gillberg, P.-G., Jossan, S. S., Höög, A., Winblad, B., Aquilonius, S.-M., Wang, L.-H., and Sara, V. 1994. Insulin-like growth factor-I-receptors in human spinal cord: Changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neural Trans. 97, 73–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adham, N., Bard, J. A., Zgombick, J. M., Durkin, M. M., Kucharewicz, S., Weinshank, R. L., and Brancher, T. A. 1997. Cloning and characterization of the guinea pig 5-HT1F receptor subtype: A comparison of the pharmacological profile to the human species homolog. Neuropharmacology 36, 569–576.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, J. E. 1998. Age-dependent differential regulation of sensory neuropeptides by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor. J. Neurochem. 71, 170–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adler, J. E. and Walker, P. D. 2000. Cyclic AMP regulates substance P expression in developing and mature spinal sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 59, 624–631.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adriaensen, H., Gybels, J., Handwerker, H. O., and Van Hees, J. 1983. Response properties of thin myelinated (A-δ) fibers in human skin nerves. J. Neurophysiol. 49, 111–122.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adriaensen, H., Gybels, J., Handwerker, H. O., and Van Hees, J. 1984. Suppression of C-fibre discharges upon repeated heat stimulation may explain characteristics of concomitant pain sensation. Brain Res. 302, 203–211.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, E. D. 1928. The Basis of Sensation. The Action of the Sense Organs. Reprinted by Hafner Publishing Co., New York, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, E. D. 1946. The Physical Background of Perception. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, E. D. and Zotterman, Y. 1926a. The impulses produced by sensory nerve-endings. Part 2. The response of a single end-organ. J. Physiol. 61, 151–171.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adrian, E. D. and Zotterman, Y. 1926b. The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings. Part 3. Impulses set up by touch and pressure. J. Physiol. 61, 465–483.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Afrah, A. W., Stiller, C. O., Olgart, L., Brodin, E., and Gustafsson, H. 2001. Involvement of spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in capsaicin-induced in vivo release of substance P in the rat dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 316, 83–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. G. and Evans, R. H. 1986. The primary afferent depolarizing action of kainate in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 87, 345–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal, S. K., Theriault, E., and Fehlings, M. G. 1998. Role of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in traumatic spinal cord white matter injury. J. Neurotrauma 15, 929–941.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima, R. S. and Harlan, R. E. 1990. Charting of type II glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 39, 579–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahima, R., Krozowski, Z., and Harlan, R. 1991. Type I corticosteroid receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat CNS: distribution and regulation by corticosteroids. J. Comp. Neurol. 313, 522–538.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi, S., Liebel, J. T, and Zeilhofer, H. U. 2001a. The role of the ORL1 receptor in the modulation of spinal neurotransmission by nociceptin/orphanin FQ and nocistatin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 412, 39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi, S., Kotalla, C, Guhring, H., Takeshima, H., Pahl, A., and Zeilhofer, H. U. 2001b. Modulation of synaptic transmission by nociceptin/orphanin FQ and nocistatin in the spinal cord dorsal horn of mutant mice lacking the nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor. Mol Pharmacol 59, 612–618.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M, Srinivasan, G. R., Theodorsson, E., Schultzberg, M., and Kreicbergs, A. 1995a. Effects of surgical denervation on substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in adjuvant arthritis. Peptides 16, 569–579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M., Bjurholm, A., Schultzberg, M., Theodorsson, E., and Kreicbergs, A. 1995b. Increased levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat adjuvant arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 38, 699–709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, M., Bjurholm, A., Srinivasan, G. R., Lundeberg, T., Theodorsson, E., Schultzberg, M., and Kreicbergs, A. 1995c. Capsaicin effects on substance P and CGRP in rat adjuvant arthritis. Regul Pept. 55, 85–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aicher, S. A., Sharma, S., Cheng, P. Y., and Pickel, V. M. 1997. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is postsynaptic to substance P-containing axon terminals in the rat superficial dorsal horn. Brain Res. 772, 71–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aicher, S. A., Sharma, S., Cheng, P. Y., Liu-Chen, L. Y., and Pickel, V. M. 2000a. Dual ultrastructural localization of m-opiate receptors and substance p in the dorsal horn. Synapse 36, 12–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aicher, S. A., Punnoose, A., and Goldberg, A. 2000b. μ-Opioid receptors often colocalize with the substance P receptor (NK1) in the trigeminal dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 20, 4345–4354.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aimar, P., Pasti, L., Carmignoto, G., and Merighi, A. 1998. Nitric oxide-producing islet cells modulate the release of sensory neuropeptides in the rat substantia gelatinosa. J. Neurosci. 18, 10375–10388.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aimi, Y, Fujimura, M., and Vincent, S. R. 1991. Localization of NADPH-diaphorase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 306, 382–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aimone, L. D. and Yaksh, T. L. 1989. Opioid modulation of capsaicin-evoked release of substance P from spinal cord in vivo. Peptides 10, 1127–1131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ainsworth, A., Hall, P., Wall, P. D., Allt, G., MacKenzie, M., Gibson, S., and Polak, J. M. 1981. Effects of capsaicin applied locally to adult peripheral nerve, II. Anatomy and enzyme and peptide chemistry of peripheral nerve and spinal cord. Pain 11, 379–388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Airaksinen, M. S. and Meyer, M. 1996. Most classes of dorsal root ganglion neurons are severely depleted but not absent in mice lacking neurotrophin-3. Neuroscience 73, 907–911.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Airaksinen, M. S., Koltzenburg, M., Lewin, G. R., Masu, Y, Helbig, C, Wolf, E., Brem, G., Toyka, K. V., Thoenen, H., and Meyer, M. 1996. Specific subtypes of cutaneous mechanoreceptors require neurotrophin-3 following peripheral target innervation. Neuron 16, 287–295.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aitkin, S. C. and Lal, S. 1982a. The spatial distribution and functional properties of type I mechanoreceptor units of the sural nerve of the rabbit. Brain Res. Rev. 4, 45–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aitkin, S. C. and Lal, S. 1982b. The functional properties and innervation density of type II mechanoreceptor units of the sural nerve of the rabbit. Brain Res. Rev. 4, 57–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akesson, E., Kjaeldgaard, A., Samuelsson, E. B., Seiger, A., and Sundstrom, E. 2000. Ionotropic glutamate receptor expression in human spinal cord during first trimester development. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 119, 55–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akkina, S. K., Patterson, C. L., and Wright, D. E. 2001. GDNF rescues nonpeptidergic unmyelinated primary afferents in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. Exp. Neurol. 167, 173–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akoev, G. N. 1982. The effect of Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the excitability of Pacinian corpuscles. Brain Res. 239, 391–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akopian, A. N., Sivilotti, L., and Wood, J. N. 1996. A tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel expressed by sensory neurons. Nature 379, 257–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akopian, A. N., Souslova, V., England, S., Okuse, K., Ogata, N., Ure, J., Smith, A., Kerr, B. J., McMahon, S. B., Boyce, S., Hill, R., Stanfa, L. C, Dickenson, A. H., and Wood, J. N. 1999. The tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel SNS has a specialized function in pain pathways. Nature Neuroscience 2, 541–548.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akopian, A. N., Chen, C. C, Ding, Y, Cesare, P., and Wood, J. N. 2000. A new member of the acid-sensing ion channel family. Neuro Report 11, 2217–2222.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alarcon, G. and Cervero, F. 1990. The effects of electrical stimulation of A and C visceral afferent fibres on the excitability of viscerosomatric neurones in the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 509, 24–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albers, K. M., Perrone, T. N., Goodness, T. P., Jones, M. E., Green, M. A., and Davis, B. M. 1996. Cutaneous overexpression of NT-3 increases sensory and sympathetic neuron number and enhances touch dome and hair follicle innervation. J. Cell Biol. 134, 487–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albin, R. L., Hollingsworth, Z., Sakurai, S. Y, and Gilman, S. 1993. Inhibitory and excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter binding sites in cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) cervical spinal cord. Brain Res. 604, 354–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albuquerque, C, Lee, C. J., Jackson, A. C, and MacDermott, A. B. 1999. Subpopulations of GABAeregic and non-GABAergic rat dorsal horn neurons expresss Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 2758–2766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldskogius, H. and Risling, M. 1981. Effect of sciatic neurectomy on neuronal number and size distribution in the L7 ganglion of kittens. Exp. Neurol. 74, 597–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aldskogius, H., Arvidsson, J., and Grant, G. 1985. The reaction of primary sensory neurons to peripheral nerve injury with particular emphasis on transganglionic changes. Brain Res. Rev. 10, 27–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aldskogius, H., Elfvin, L. G., and Forsman, C. A. 1986. Primary sensory afferents in the inferior mesenteric ganglion and related nerves of the guinea pig. An experimental study with anterogradely transported wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 15, 179–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aley, K. O. and Levine, J. D. 1999. Role of protein kinase A in the maintenance of inflammatory pain. J. Neurosci. 19, 2181–2186.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aley, K. O., McCarter, G., and Levine, J. D. 1998. Nitric oxide signaling in pain and nociceptor sensitization in the rat. J. Neurosci. 18, 7008–7014.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aley, K. O., Messing, R. O., Mochly-Rosen, D., and Levine, J. D. 2000. Chronic hypersensitivity for inflammatory nociceptor sensitization mediated by the s isozyme of protein kinase C. J. Neurosci. 20, 4680–4685.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aley, K. O., Martin, A., McMahon, T., Mok, J., Levine, J. D., and Messing, R. O. 2001. Nociceptor sensitization by extracellular signal-regulated kinases. J. Neurosci. 21, 6933–6939.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghoul, W. M., Volsi, G. L., Weinberg, R. J., and Rustioni, A. 1993. Glutamate immunocytochemistry in the dorsal horn after injury or stimulation of the sciatic nerve of rats. Brain Res. Bull. 30, 453–459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, Z., Meyer, R. A., and Campbell, J. N. 1996. Secondary hyperalgesia to mechanical but not heat stimuli following a capsaicin injection in hairy skin. Pain 68, 401–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ali, Z., Ringkamp, M., Hartke, T. V., Chien, H. F., Flavahan, N. A., Campbell, J. N., and Meyer, R. A. 1999. Uninjured C-fiber nociceptors develop spontaneous activity and α-adrenergic sensitivity following L6 spinal nerve ligation in monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 455–466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allaoua, H., Chaudieu, I., Krieger, C., Boksa, R., Privat, A., and Quirion, R. 1992. Alterations in spinal cord excitatory amino acid receptors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Brain Res. 579, 169–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allard, M., Zajac, J. M., and Simonnet, G. 1992. Autoradiographic distribution of receptors to FLFQPQRFamide, a morphine-modulating peptide, in rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 49, 101–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allard, M., Jordan, D., Zajac, J. M., Ries, C., Martin, D., Monkouanga, D., Kopp, N., and Simonnet, G. 1994. Autoradiographic localization of receptors for neuropeptide FF, FLFQPQRFamide, in human spinal sensory system. Brain Res. 633, 127–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, B. J., Rogers, S. D., Ghilardi, J. R., Menning, P. M., Kuskowski, M. A., Basbaum, A. I., Simone, D. A., and Mantyh, P. W. 1997. Noxious cutaneous thermal stimuli induce a graded release of endogenous substance P in the spinal cord: Imaging peptide action in vivo. J. Neurosci. 17, 5921–5927.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, B. J., Menning, P. M., Rogers, S. D., Ghilardi, J., Mantyh, P. W., and Simone, D. A. 1999. Primary afferent fibers that contribute to increased substance P receptor internalization in the spinal cord after injury. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1379–1390.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. M., Gibson, S. J., Adrian, T. E., Polak, J. M., and Bloom, S. R. 1984. Neuropeptide Y in human spinal cord. Brain Res. 308, 145–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allerton, C. A., Boden, P. R., and Hill, R. G. 1989a. Actions of the GABAB agonist, (-)-baclofen, on neurones in deep dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord in vitro. Br. J. Pharmacol. 96, 29–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allerton, C. A., Smith, J. A. M., Hunter, R. G., Hill, R. G., and Hughes, J. 1989b. Correlation of ontogey with function of [3H]U69593 labelled K opioid binding sites in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 502, 149–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alles, A. and Dom, R. N. 1985. Peripheral sensory nerve fibers that dichotomize to supply the brachium and the pericardium in the rat: A possible morphological explanation for referred cardiac pain? Brain Res. 342, 382–385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Almond, J. R., Westrum, L. E., and Henry, M. A. 1996. Post-embedding immunogold labeling of gammaaminobutyric acid in lamina II of the spinal trigeminal subnucleus pars caudalis: I. A qualitative study. Synapse 24, 39–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aloisi, A. M., Carli, G., and Rossi, A. 1988. Response of hip joint afferent fibers to pressure and vibration in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 90, 130–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, G., Phan, V., Guillemain, I., Saunier, M., Legrand, A., Anoal, M., and Maurice, T. 2000. Immunocytochemical localization of the sigma(1) receptor in the adult rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 97, 155–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altaian, J. and Bayer, S. A. 1984. The development of the rat spinal cord. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 85, 1–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, d. l. R., Zhang, P., Shao, D., White, F, and Canessa, C. M. 2002. Functional implications of the localization and activity of acid-sensitive channels in rat peripheral nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2326–2331.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J. and Priestley, J. V. 1990. Anatomy of somatostatin-immunoreactive fibres and cell bodies in the rat trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. Neuroscience 38, 343–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Cervantes, C, Blasco, I., Villalba, R., Martinez-Murillo, R., Polak, J. M., and Rodrigo, J. 1988. Presence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) immunoreactivity in intraepidermal free nerve endings of cat skin. Brain Res. 442, 391–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Rodrigo, J., Jessell, T. M., Dodd, J., and Priestley, J. V. 1989a. Morphology and distribution of primary afferent fibres expressing α-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat. Light microscopy. J. Neurocytol. 18, 611–629.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Rodrigo, J., Jessell, T. M., Dodd, J., and Priestley, J. V. 1989b. Ultrastructure of primary afferent fibres and terminals expressing a-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat. J. Neurocytol 18, 631–645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Morris, H. R., and Priestley, J. V. 1991. Sub-populations of smaller diameter trigeminal primary afferent neurons defined by expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and the cell surface oligosaccharide recognized by monoclonal antibody LA4. J. Neurocytol. 20, 716–731.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Kavookjian, A. M., and Light, A. R. 1992. Synaptic interactions between GABA-immunoreactive profiles and the terminals of functionally defined myelinated nociceptors in the monkey and cat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 12, 2901–2917.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Kavookjian, A. M., and Light, A. R. 1993. Ultrastructural morphology, synaptic relationships and CGRP immunoreactivity of physiologically identified C-fiber terminals in the monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 329, 172–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Taylor-Blake, B., Fyffe, R. E., De Blas, A. L., and Zlight, A. R. 1996. Distribution of immunoreactivity for the beta 2 and beta 3 subunits of the GABAA receptor in the mammalian spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 365, 392–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, F. J., Villalba, R. M., Carr, P. A., Grandes, P., and Somohano, P. M. 2000. Differential distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors la, lb, and 5 in the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 422, 464–487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Leefmans, F. J., Gamiño, S. M., Giraldez, F., and Noguerón, I. 1988. Intracellular chloride regulation in amphibian dorsal root ganglion neurones studied with ion-selective microelectrodes. J. Physiol. 406, 225–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Leefmans, F. J., Nani, A., and Marquez, S. 1998. Chloride transport, osmotic balance, and presynaptic inhibition. In P. Rudomin, R. Romo, and L. M. Mendell (eds.), Presynaptic Inhibition and Neural Control (pp. 50–79). Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez-Leefmans, F. J., León-Olea, M., Mendoza-Sotela, J., Alvarez, F. J., Antón, B., and Garduño, R. 2001. Immunolocalization of the Na+-K+-2Cl-cotransporter in peripheral nervous tissue of vertebrates. Neuroscience 104, 569–582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amandusson, A., Hermanson, O., and Blomqvist, A. 1995. Estrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity in the medullary and spinal dorsal horn of the female rat. Neurosci. Lett. 196, 25–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amandusson, A., Hermanson, O., and Blomqvist, A. 1996. Colocalization of oestrogen receptor immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin mRNA expression to neurons in the superficial laminae of the spinal and medullary dorsal horn of rats. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 2440–2445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amandusson, A., Hallbeck, M., Hallbeck, A. L., Hermanson, O., and Blomqvist, A. 1999. Estrogen-induced alterations of spinal cord enkephalin gene expression. Pain 83, 243–248.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amann, R., Sirinathsinghji, D. J., Donnerer, J., Liebmann, I., and Schuligoi, R. 1996. Stimulation by nerve growth factor of neuropeptide synthesis in the adult rat in vivo: Bilateral response to unilateral intraplantar injections. Neurosci. Lett. 203, 171–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amara, S. G., Arriza, J. L., Leff, S. E., Swanson, L. W., Evans, R. M., and Rosenfeld, M. G. 1985. Expression in brain of a messenger RNA encoding a novel neuropeptide homologous to calcitonin gene-related peptide. Science 229, 1094–1097.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amaya, F, Decosterd, I., Samad, T. A., Plumpton, C., Tate, S., Mannion, R. J., Costigan, M., and Woolf, C. J. 2000. Diversity of expression of the sensory neuron-specific TTX-resistant voltage-gated sodium ion channels SNS and SNS2. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 15, 331–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambalavanar, R. and Morris, R. 1992. The distribution of binding by isolectin I-B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem trigeminal nuclei in the rat. Neuroscience 47, 421–429.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose, W. W. and McNeill, M. E. 1978. Graphic representation of the distribution of acetylcholinestrase in cat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Histochem. J. 10, 711–720.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrus, A., Kraftsik, R., and Barakat-Walter, I. 1998. Ontogeny of calretinin expression in rat dorsal root ganglia. Dev. Brain Res. 106, 101–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ammann, B., Gottschall, J., and Zenker, W. 1983. Afferent projections from the rat longus capitis muscle studied by transganglionic transport of HRP. Anat. Embryol. 166, 275–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ammons, W. S. 1986. Renal afferent input to thoracolumbar spinal neurons of the cat. Am. J. Physiol. 250, R435–R443.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anand, P., Gibson, S. J., McGregor, G. P., Blank, M. A., Ghatei, M. A., Bacarese-Hamilton, A. J., Polak, J. M., and Bloom, S. R. 1983. A VIP-containing system concentrated in the lumbosacral region of human spinal cord. Nature 305, 143–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, H. T., Koerner, L., Landgren, S., and Silfvenius, H. 1967. Fibre components and cortical projections of the elbow joint nerve in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 69, 373–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, C. R. 1992. NADPH diaphorase-positive neurons in the rat spinal cord include a subpopulation of autonomic preganglionic neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 139, 280–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, L. E. and Seybold, V. S. 2000. Phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein increases in neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons in rat spinal cord in response to formalin-induced nociception. Neurosci Lett. 283, 29–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andoh, T., Nagasawa, T., and Kuraishi, Y. 1996. Expression of tachykinin NK1 receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglia of the mouse. Mol Brain Res. 35, 329–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andoh, T., Itoh, M., and Kuraishi, Y. 1997. Nociceptin gene expression in rat dorsal root ganglia induced by peripheral inflammation. NeuroReport 8, 2793–2796.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andreev, N. Y, Dimitrieva, N., Koltzenburg, M., and McMahon, S. B. 1995. Peripheral administration of nerve growth factor in the adult rat produces a thermal hyperalgesia that requires the presence of sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones. Pain 63, 109–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, K. H. 1961a. Untersuchungen uber den Feinbau von Spinalganglien. Z. Zellforsch. 55, 1–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, K. H. 1961b. Untersuchungen uber Morphologische Veranderungen in Spinalganglien wahrend der retrograden degeneration. Z Zellforsch. 55, 49–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, K. H. 1966. Uber die Feinstruktur der Rezeptoren an Sinushaaren. Z Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat. 75, 339–365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, K. H. and von During, M. 1973. Morphology of cutaneous receptors. In A. Iggo (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. II, Somatosensory System (pp. 3–28). Springer, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B. L. 1954. The sensory innervation of the medial ligament of the knee joint. J. Physiol. 123, 241–250.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, B. L. and Dodt, E. 1953. The deployment of sensory endings at the knee joint of the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 28, 287–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, D. and Craig, A. D. 2001. Spinothalamic lamina I neurones selectively responsive to cutaneous warming in cats. J. Physiol. 537, 489–495.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angelucci, L. 1956. Experiments with perfused frog’s spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 11, 161–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aniksztejn, L., Bregestovski, P., and Ben-Ari, Y. 1991. Selective activation of quisqualate metabotropic receptor potentiates NMDA but not AMPA responses. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 205, 327–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antal, M., Freund, T. E, and Polgar, E. 1990. Calcium-binding proteins, parvalbumin-and calbindin-D 38k-immunoreactive neurons in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia: A light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 295, 467–484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antal, M., Polgar, E., Chalmers, J., Minson, J. B., Llewellyn-Smith, I., Heizmann, C. W., and Somogyi, P. 1991. Different populations of parvalbumin-and calbindin-D28k-immunoreactive neurons contain GABA and accumulate 3H-D-aspartate in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 314, 114–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anton, B., Fein, J., To, T, Li, X., Silberstein, L., and Evans, C. J. 1996. Immunohistochemical localization of ORL-1 in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 368, 229–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, E., Takeuchi, I. K., Shoji, R., and Semba, R. 1993. Localization of nitric oxide-related substances in the peripheral nervous tissues. Brain Res. 620, 142–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Applebaum, M. L., Clifton, G. L., Coggeshall, R. E., Coulter, J. D., Vance, W. H., and Willis, W. D. 1976. Unmyelinated fibres in the sacral 3 and caudal 1 ventral roots of the cat. J. Physiol. 256, 557–572.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Appelberg, B., Bessou, P., and Laporte, Y 1966. Action of static and dynamic fusimotor fibres on secondary endings of cat’s spindles. J. Physiol. 185, 160–171.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aprison, M. H. 1970. Evidence of the release of [14C]glycine from hemisected toad spinal cord with dorsal root stimulation. Pharmacologist 12, 222P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aprison, M. H. and Werman, R. 1965. The distribution of glycine in cat spinal cord and roots. Life Sci. 4, 2075–2083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aprison, M. H., Shank, R. P., and Davidoff, R. A. 1969. A comparison of the concentration of glycine, a transmitter suspect, in different areas of the brain and spinal cord in seven different vertebrates. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 28, 1345–1355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arai, R., Winsky, L., Arai, M., and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1991. Immunohistochemical localization of calretinin in the rat hindbrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 310, 21–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuthnott, E. R., Boyd, I. A., and Kalu, K. U. 1975. Ultrastructure and conduction velocity of small, myelinated peripheral nerve fibers. In H. H. Kornhuber (ed.), The Somatosensory System (pp. 168–175). Thieme, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arimatsu, Y, Seto, A., and Amano, T. 1981. An atlas of α-bungarotoxin binding sites and structures containing acetylcholinesterase in the mouse central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 198, 603–631.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Araki, T., Yamano, M., Murakami, T., Wanaka, A., Betz, H., and Tohyama, M. 1988. Localization of glycine receptors in the rat central nervous system: An immunocytochemical analysis using monoclonal antibody. Neurosci. 25, 613–624.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arluison, M., Conrath-Verrier, M., Tauc, M., Mailly, P., De la Manche, I. S., Cesselin, E, Bourgoin, S., and Hamon, M. 1983a. Different localizations of met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat forebrain and spinal cord using hydrogen peroxide and triton X-100 light microscopic study. Brain Res. Bull. 11, 555–571.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arluison, M, Conrath-Verrier, M., Tauc, M., Mailly, P., De la Manche, I. S., Dietl, M., Cesselin, F., Bourgoin, S., and Hamon, M. 1983b. Met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in rat forebrain and spinal cord using hydrogen peroxide and Triton X-100: Ultrastructural study. Brain Res. Bull. 11, 573–586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armett, C. J., Gray, J. A. B., and Palmer, J. F. 1961. A group of neurones in the dorsal horn associated with cutaneous mechanoreceptors. J. Physiol. 156, 611–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armett, C. J., Gray, J. A. B., Hunsperger, R. W., and Lal, S. 1962. The transmission of information in primary receptor neurones and second-order neurons of a phasic system. J. Physiol 164, 395–421.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong-James, M. and Millar, J. 1979. Carbon fibre microelectrodes. J. Neurosci. Meth. 1, 279–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronica, E., Catania, M. V., Geurts, J., Yankaya, B., and Troost, D. 2001. Immunohistochemical localization of group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors in control and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis human spinal cord: Upregulation in reactive astrocytes. Neuroscience 105, 509–520.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aronin, N., Difiglia, M., Liotta, A. S., and Martin, J. B. 1981. Ultrastructural localization and biochemical features of immunoreactive leu-enkephalin in monkey dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 1, 561–577.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aronin, N., Chase, K., Folsom, R., Christakos, S., and DiFiglia, M. 1991. Immunoreactive calcium-binding protein (calbindin-D28k) in interneurons and trigeminothalamic neurons of the rat nucleus caudalis localized with peroxidase and immunogold methods. Synapse 7, 106–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Cullheim, S., Ulfhake, B., Bennett, G. W., Fone, K. C. E, Cuello, A. C, Verhofstad, A. A. J., Visser, T. J., and Hokfelt, T. 1990. 5-Hydroxytryptamine, substance P, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the adult cat spinal cord segment L7: Immunohistochemical and chemical studies. Synapse 6, 237–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Ulfhake, B., Cullheim, S., Bergstrand, A., Theodorsson, E., and Hokfelt, T. 1991. Distribution of 125I-galanin binding sites, immunoreactive galanin, and its coexistence with 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cat spinal cord: Biochemical, histochemical, and experimental studies at the light and electron microscopic level. J. Comp. Neurol. 308, 115–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Ulfhake, B., Cullheim, S., Shupliakov, O., Brodin, E., Franck, J., Bennett, G. W., Fone, K. C. E, Visser, T. J., and Hökfelt, T. 1992a. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-like immunoreactivity in the grey monkey (Macaca fascicularis) spinal cord and medulla oblongata with special emphasis on the bulbospinal tract. J. Comp. Neurol. 322, 293–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Cullheim, S., Ulfhake, B., Ramìrez, V, Dagerlind, A., Luppi, P.-H., Kitahama, K., Jouvet, M., Terenius, L., Åman, K., and Hökfelt, T. 1992b. Distribution of enkephalin and its relation to serotonin in cat and monkey spinal cord and brain stem. Synapse 11, 85–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Riedl, M., Chakrabarti, S., Lee, J.-H., Nakano, A. H., Dado, R. J., Loh, H. H., Wessendorf, M. W., and Elde, R. 1995a. Distribution and targeting of a mu-opioid receptor (MOR-1) in brain and spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 15, 3328–3341.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Dado, R. J., Riedl, M., Lee, J.-H., Law, P. Y, Loh, H. H., Elde, R., and Wessendorf, M. W. 1995b. δ-opioid receptor immunoreactivity: Distribution in brainstem and spinal cord, and relationship to biogenic amines and enkephalin. J. Neurosci. 15, 1215–1235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson, U., Riedl, M., Chakrabarti, S., Vulchanova, L., Lee, J.-H., Nakano, A. H., Lin, X., Loh, H. H., Law, P. Y, Wessendorf, M. W., and Elde, R. 1995c. The k-opioid receptor is primarily postsynaptic: Combined immunohistochemical localization of the receptor and endogenous opioids. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 92, 5062–5066.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Askwith, C. C, Benson, C. J., Welsh, M. J., and Snyder, P. M. 2001. DEG/ENaC ion channels involved in sensory transduction are modulated by cold temperature. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 6459–6463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, M. E. and Kenyon, C. 1990. Collateral branching innervation of rat molar teeth from trigeminal ganglion cells shown by double labelling with fluorescent retrograde tracers. Brain Res. 508, 289–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atkinson, M. E. and Shehab, S. A. S. 1986. Peripheral axotomy of the rat mandibular trigeminal nerve leads to an increase in VIP and decrease of other primary afferent neuropeptides in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Regul.Pept. 16, 69–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atoji, Y, Watanabe, H., Yamamoto, Y, and Suzuki, Y 1995. Distribution of neurotensin-containing neurons in the central nervous system of the dog. J. Comp. Neurol. 353, 67–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Attal, N., Jazat, E, Kayser, V, Guilbaud, G. 1990. Further evidence for “pain-related” behaviours in a model of unilateral peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain 41, 235–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atweh, S. F. and Kuhar, M. J. 1977. Autoradiographic localization of opiate receptors in rat brain: I. Spinal cord and lower medulla. Brain Res. 124, 53–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, G. M. and McCouch, G. P. 1955. Presynaptic component of intermediary cord potential. J. Neurophysiol. 18, 441–451.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Averbeck, B. and Reeh, P. W. 2001. Interactions of inflammatory mediators stimulating release of calcitonin generelated peptide, substance P and prostaglandin E(2) from isolated rat skin. Neuropharmacology 40, 416–423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Averill, S., McMahon, S. B., Clary, D. O., Reichardt, L. E, and Priestley, J. V. 1995. Immunocytochemical localization of trkA receptors in chemically identified subgroups of adult rat sensory neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1484–1494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Averill, S., Davis, D. R., Shortland, P. J., Priestley, J. V., and Hunt, S. P. 2002. Dynamic pattern of reg-2 expression in rat sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci. 22, 7493–7501.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azerad, J., Hunt, C. C., Laporte, Y, Pollin, B., and Thiesson, D. 1986. Afferent fibres in cat ventral roots: Electrophysiological and histological evidence. J. Physiol. 379, 229–243.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azkue, J. J., Zimmermann, M., Hsieh, T. E, and Herdegen, T. 1998. Peripheral nerve insult induces NMDA receptor-mediated, delayed degeneration in spinal neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 2204–2206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azkue, J. J., Mateos, J. M., Elezgarai, I., Benitez, R., Osorio, A., Diez, J., Bilbao, A., Bidaurrazaga, A., and Grandes, P. 2000. The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR2/3 is located at extrasynaptic loci in rat spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 287, 236–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azkue, J. J., Murga, M., Fernandez-Capetillo, O., Mateos, J. M., Elezgarai, I., Benitez, R., Osorio, A., Diez, J., Puente, N., Bilbao, A., Bidaurrazaga, A., Kuhn, R., and Grandes, P. 2001. Immunoreactivity for the group III metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluR4a in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 430, 448–457.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baba, H., Kohno, T., Okamoto, M., Goldstein, P. A., Shimoji, K., and Yoshimura, M. 1998. Muscarinic facilitation of GABA release in substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Physiol. 508, 83–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badie-Mahdavi, H., Worsley, M. A., Ackley, M. A., Asghar, A. U., Slack, J. R., and King, A. E. 2001. A role for protein kinase intracellular messengers in substance P-and nociceptor afferent-mediated excitation and expression of the transcription factor Fos in rat dorsal horn neurons in vitro. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 426–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badio, B. and Daly, J. W. 1994. Epibatidine, a potent analgesic and nicotinic agonist. Mol. Pharmacol. 45, 563–569.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bae, Y C., Ihn, H. J., Park, M. J., Ottersen, O. P., Moritani, M., Yoshida, A., and Shigenaga, Y 2000. Identification of signal substances in synapses made between primary afferents and their associated axon terminals in the rat trigeminal sensory nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 418, 299–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagust, J., Forsythe, I. D., Kerkut, G. A., and Loots, J. M. 1982. Synaptic and non-synaptic components of the dorsal horn potential in isolated hamster spinal cord. Brain Res. 233, 186–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagust, J., Forsythe, I. D., and Kerkut, G. A. 1985a. An investigation of the dorsal root reflex using an in vitro preparation of hamster spinal cord. Brain Res. 331, 315–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagust, J., Forsythe, I. D., and Kerkut, G. A. 1985b. Demonstration of the synaptic origin of primary afferent depolarization (PAD) in the isolated spinal cord of the hamster. Brain Res. 341, 385–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bahns, E., Ernsberger, U., Janig, W., and Nelke, A. 1986. Functional characteristics of lumbar visceral afferent fibres from the urinary bladder and the urethra in the cat. Pfluegers Arch. 407, 510–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahns, E., Halsband, U., and Janig, W. 1987. Responses of sacral visceral afferents from the lower urinary tract, colon and anus to mechanical stimulation. Pfluegers Arch. 410, 296–303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bahr, R., Blumberg, H., and Janig, W. 1981. Do dichotomizing afferent fibers exist which supply visceral organs as well as somatic structures? A contribution to the problem of referred pain. Neurosci. Lett. 24, 25–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baik-Han, E. J., Kim, K. J., and Chung, J. M. 1989. Electrophysiological evidence for the presence of looping myelinated afferent fibers in the rat ventral root. Neurosci. Lett. 104, 65–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, A., Matthes, H., Kieffer, B., Slowe, S., Hourani, S. M., and Kitchen, I. 2002. Quantitative autoradiography of adenosine receptors and NBTI-sensitive adenosine transporters in the brains and spinal cords of mice deficient in the mu-opioid receptor gene. Brain Res. 943, 68–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. G., Coleridge, H. M., Coleridge, L. C. G., and Nerdrum, T. 1980. Search for a cardiac nociceptor: Stimulation by bradykinin of sympathetic nerve endings in the heart of the cat. J. Physiol. 306, 519–536.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakhle, Y S. and Bell, C. 1995. Neurokinin A and substance P vary independently in different regions of rat sensory neurons. Neuropeptides 28, 237–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, D. A., Richmond, F. J. R., and Abrahams, V. C. 1984. Central projections from cat suboccipital muscles: A study using transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 228, 409–421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bannatyne, B. A., Maxwell, D. J., Fyffe, R. E., and Brown, A. G. 1984. Fine structure of primary afferent axon terminals of slowly adapting cutaneous receptors in the cat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 69, 547–557.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Banner, S. J., Fray, A. E., Ince, P. G., Steward, M., Cookson, M. R., and Shaw, P. J. 2002. The expression of the glutamate re-uptake transporter excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) in the normal human CNS and in motor neurone disease: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 109, 27–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bannon, A. W., Decker, M. W., Holladay, M. W., Curzon, P., Donnelly-Roberts, D., Puttfarcken, P. S., Bitner, R. S., Diaz, A., Dickenson, A. H., Porsolt, R. D., Williams, M., and Arneric, S. P. 1998. Broad spectrum, non-opioid analgesic activity by selective modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Science 279, 77–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bao, L., Wang, H. E, Cai, H. J., Tong, Y. G., Jin, S. X., Lu, Y. J., Grant, G., Hökfelt, T., and Zhang, X. 2002. Peripheral axotomy induces only very limited sprouting of coarse myelinated afferents into inner lamina II of rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 16, 175–185.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barajon, I., Bersani, M., Quartu, M., Del Fiacco, M, Cavaletti, G., Hoist, J. J., and Tredici, G. 1996. Neuropeptides and morphological changes in cisplatin-induced dorsal root ganglion neuropathy. Exp. Neurol 138, 93–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barakat-Walter, I., Duc, C., and Puymirat, J. 1993. Changes in nuclear 3,5,3”-triiodothyronine receptor expression in rat dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve during development: Comparison with regeneration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 319–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barakat-Walter, I., Kraftsik, R., Kuntzer, T., Bogousslavsky, J., and Magistretti, P. 2000. Differential effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on the growth of calretinin-expressing neurons in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 426, 519–533.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbaresi, P., Rustioni, A., and Cuenod, M. 1985. Retrograde labeling of dorsal root ganglion neurons after injection of tritiated amino acids in the spinal cord of rats and cats. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 3, 57–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, R. P., Vaughn, J. E., Saito, K., McLaughlin, B. J., and Roberts, E. 1978. GABAergic terminals are presynaptic to primary afferent terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 141, 35–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, R. P., Vaughn, J. E., Slemmon, J. R., Salvaterra, P. M., Roberts, E., and Leeman, S. E. 1979. The origin, distribution and synaptic relationships of substance P axons in rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 184, 331–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, R. P., Vaughn, J. E., and Roberts, E. 1982. The cytoarchitecture of GABAergic neurons in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 238, 305–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barber, R. P., Phelps, P. E., Houser, C. R., Crawford, G. D., Salvaterra, P. M, and Vaughn, J. E. 1984. The morphology and distribution of neurons containing choline acetyltransferase in the adult rat spinal cord: An immunocytochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 229, 329–346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbut, D., Polak, J. M., and Wall, P. D. 1981. Substance P in the dorsal horn decreases after peripheral nerve injury. Brain Res. 205, 289–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barclay, J., Patel, S., Dorn, G., Wotherspoon, G., Moffatt, S., Eunson, L., Abdel’al S., Natt, E., Hall, J., Winter, J., Bevan, S., Wishart, W., Fox, A., and Ganju, P. 2002. Functional downregulation of P2X3 receptor subunit in rat sensory neurons reveals a significant role in chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain. J. Neurosci. 22, 8139–8147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bardoni, R., Goldstein, P. A., Lee, C. J., Gu, J. G., and MacDermott, A. B. 1997. ATP P2X receptors mediate fast synaptic transmission in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 17, 5297–5304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bardoul, M., Levallois, C., and Konig, N. 1998. Functional AMPA/kainate receptors in human embryonic and foetal central nervous system. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 14, 79–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D. 1962. The structure and distribution of muscle receptors. In D. Barker (ed.), Symposium on Muscle Receptors (pp. 227–240). Hong Kong University Press, Hong Kong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D., Hunt, C. C, and McIntyre, A. K. 1974. Handbook of Sensory Physiology: HI/2. Muscle Receptors. Springer, Berlin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, J. L. and Nicoll, R. A. 1973. The pharmacology and ionic dependency of amino acid responses in the frog spinal cord. J. Physiol. 228, 259–277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R., Levine, J. D., and Fields, H. L. 1999a. Causalgia and reflex sympathetic dystrophy: Does the sympathetic nervous system contribute to the generation of pain? Muscle Nerve 22, 678–695.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baron, R., Wasner, G., Borgstedt, R., Hastedt, E., Schulte, H., Binder, A., Kopper, E, Rowbotham, M., Levine, J. D., and Fields, H. L. 1999b. Effect of sympathetic activity on capsaicin-evoked pain, hyperalgesia, and vasodilatation. Neurology 52, 923–932.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr, G. A. and Zadina, J. E. 1999. Maturation of endomorphin-2 in the dorsal horn of the medulla and spinal cord of the rat. NeuroReport 10, 3857–3860.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barron, D. H. and Matthews, B. H. C. 1938. The interpretation of potential changes in the spinal cord. J. Physiol. 92, 276–321.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartfai, T, Hökfelt, T, and Langel, JÜ. 1993. Galanin-A neuroendocrine peptide. Critical Reviews in Neurobiology 7, 229–274.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I. 1988. Distribution of glycine receptor immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat: Gytochemical evidence for a differential glycinergic control of lamina I and V nociceptive neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 278, 330–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I. and Glazer, E. J. 1983. Immunoreactive vasoactive intestinal polypeptide is concentrated in the sacral spinal cord: A possible marker for pelvic visceral afferent fibers. Somatosensory Res. 1, 69–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I. and Wall, P. D. 1976. Chronic changes in the response of cells in the adult cat dorsal horn following partial deafferentation: The appearance of responding cells in a previously non-responsive region. Brain Res. 116, 181–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I., Cruz, L., and Weber, E. 1986a. Immunoreactive dynorphin B in sacral primary afferent fibers of the cat. J. Neurosci. 6, 127–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I., Ralston, D. D., and Ralston, H. J. 1986b. Bulbospinal projections in the primate: A light-and electron-microscopic study of a pain modulating system. J. Comp. Neurol. 250, 311–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I., Glazer, E. J., and Oertel, W. 1986c. Immunoreactive glutamic acid decarboxylase in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the cat: A light-and electron-microscopic analysis. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 4, 77–94.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basbaum, A. I., Zahs, K., Lord, B., and Lakos, S. 1988. The fiber caliber of 5-HT immunoreactive axons in the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord of the rat and cat. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 5, 177–185.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Battaglia, G. and Rustioni, A. 1988. Coexistence of glutamate and substance P in dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat and monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 277, 302–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Battaglia, G., Rustioni, A., Altschuler, R. A., and Petrusz, P. 1987. Glutamic acid coexists with substance P in some primary sensory neurons. In R. F. Schmidt, H. G. Schaible, and C. Vahle-Hinz (eds.), Fine Afferent Nerve Fibers and Pain (pp. 77–84). VCH, Weinheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, T. K., Simone, D. A., Shain, C. N., and LaMotte, R. H. 1991. Neurogenic hyperalgesia: The search for the primary cutaneous afferent fibers that contribute to capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia. J. Neurophysiol. 66, 212–227.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baxendale, R. H. and Ferrell, W. R. 1983. Discharge characteristics of the elbow joint nerve of the cat. Brain Res. 261, 195–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bayliss, W M. 1901. On the origin from the spinal cord of the vaso-dilator fibres of the hindlimb, and on the nature of these fibres. J. Physiol. 26, 173–209.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A. 1979. Serial reconstruction of Ramon y Cajal’s large primary afferent complexes in laminae II and III of the adult monkey spinal cord: A Golgi study. Brain Res. 166, 161–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A. 1983. Identification of presumptive long axon neurons in the substantia gelatinosa of rat lumbosacral spinal cord: A Golgi study. Neurosci. Lett. 41, 9–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A. and Bicknell, H. R. 1981. Primary afferent distribution pattern in the marginal zone (Lamina I) of adult monkey and cat lumbosacral spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 202, 255–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A. and Cooper, M. H. 1978. The neurons in the gelatinosal complex (laminae II and III) of the monkey (Macaca mulatto): A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 179, 89–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A. and Fox, C. A. 1976. Afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of the adult monkey (Macaca mulatto): A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 168, 113–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A., Penny, J. E., and Bicknell, H. R. 1981. Structural diversity of marginal (lamina I) neurons in the adult monkey (Macaca mulatto) lumbosacral spinal cord: A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 202, 237–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, J. A., Russell, C. T., and Knight, D. S. 1988. Morphological and development characterization of local-circuit neurons in lamina III of rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 86, 1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beall, J. E., Applebaum, A. E., Foreman, R. D., and Willis, W. D. 1977. Spinal cord potentials evoked by cutaneous afferents in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 40, 199–211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beattie, M. S., Bresnahan, J. C, Mawe, G. M., and Finn, S. 1987. Distribution and ultrastructure of ventral root afferents to lamina I of the cat sacral spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 76, 1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beattie, M. S., Bresnahan, J. C, Komon, J. 1997. Endogenous repair after spinal cord contusion injuries in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 148, 453–463.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, P. W. and Handwerker, H. O. 1974. Bradykinin and serotonin effects on various types of cutaneous nerve fibres. Pfluegers Arch. 347, 209–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, P. W., Handwerker, H. O., and Zimmermann, M. 1974. Nervous outflow from the cat’s foot during noxious radiant heat stimulation. Brain Res. 67, 373–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beinfeld, M. C. 1985. Cholecystokinin (CCK) gene-related peptides: Distribution and characterization of immunoreactive pro-CCK and an amino-terminal pro-CCK fragment in rat brain. Brain Res. 344, 351–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beland, B. and Fitzgerald, M. 2001. Mu-and delta-opioid receptors are downregulated in the largest diameter primary sensory neurons during postnatal development in rats. Pain 90, 143–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, C. 1811. Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. Strahan and Preston, London. Reprinted in Cranefield, P. F. (ed.), 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. and Holmes, M. 1992. Model of the dynamics of receptor potential in a mechanoreceptor. Math. Biosci. 110, 139–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J., Bolanowski, S., and Holmes, M. H. 1994. The structure and function of Pacinian corpuscles: A review. Prog. Neurobiol. 42, 79–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. A. and Anderson, E. G. 1972. Semicarbazide induced depletion of 7-aminobutyric acid and blockade of presynaptic inhibition. Brain Res. 43, 161–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, J. A. and de Souza, E. B. 1988. Functional corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in neonatal rat spinal cord. Peptides 9, 1317–1322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belmonte, C. and Gallego, R. 1983. Membrane properties of cat sensory neurones with chemoreceptor and baroreceptor endings. J. Physiol. 342, 603–614.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belyantseva, I. A. and Lewin, G. R. 1999. Stability and plasticity of primary afferent projections following nerve regeneration and central degeneration. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 457–468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. L. H., Averill, S., Clary, D. O., Priestley, J. V., and McMahon, S. B. 1996a. Postnatal changes in the expression of the trkA high-affinity NGF receptor in primary sensory neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 2204–2208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. L. H., Dmietrieva, N., Priestley, J. V., Clary, D., and McMahon, S. B. 1996b. TrkA, CGRP and IB4 expression in retrogradely labelled cutaneous and visceral primary sensory neurones in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 206, 33–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. L. H., Michael, G. J., Ramachandran, N., Munson, J. B., Averill, S., Yan, Q., McMahon, S. B., and Priestley, J. V. 1998a. A distinct subgroup of small DRG cells express GDNF receptor components and GDNF is protective for these neurons after nerve injury. J. Neurosci. 18, 3059–3072.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D. L. H., Koltzenburg, M., Priestley, J. V., Shelton, D. L., and McMahon, S. B. 1998b. Endogenous nerve growth factor regulates the sensitivity of nociceptors in the adult rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1282–1291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J. 1991. Evidence from animal models on the pathogenesis of painful peripheral neuropathy: Relevance for pharmacotherapy. In A. I. Basbaum and J. M. Besson (eds.), Towards a New Pharmacotherapy of Pain (pp. 365–379). Wiley, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J. and Xie, Y.-K. 1988. A peripheral mononeuropathy in rat that produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 33, 87–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J., Hayashi, H., Abdelmoumene, M., and Dubner, R. 1979. Physiological properties of stalked cells of the substantia gelatinosa intracellularly stained with horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res. 164, 285–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J., Abdelmoumene, M., Hayashi, H., and Dubner, R. 1980. Physiology and morphology of substantia gelatinosa neurons intracellularly stained with horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 194, 809–827.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J., Abdelmoumene, M., Hayashi, H., Hoffert, M. J., and Dubner, R. 1981. Spinal cord layer I neurons with axon collaterals that generate local arbors. Brain Res. 209, 421–426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J., Ruda, M. A., Gobel, S., and Dubner, R. 1982. Enkephalin immunoreactive stalked cells and lamina IIb islet cells in cat substantia gelatinosa. Brain Res. 240, 162–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J., Nishikawa, N., Lu, G. W., Hoffert, M. J., and Dubner, R. 1984. The morphology of dorsal column postsynaptic (DCPS) spino-medullary neurons in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 224, 568–578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, G. J., Kajander, K. C, Saraha, Y, Iadarola, M. J., and Sugimoto, T. 1989. Neurochemical and anatomical changes in the dorsal horn of rats with an experimental peripheral neuropathy In E Cervero, G. J. Bennett, and P. M. Headley (eds.), Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord (pp. 463–471). Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett-Clarke, C. A., Chiaia, N. L., Jacquin, M. E, and Rhoades, R. W. 1992. Parvalbumin and calbindin immunocytochemistry reveal functionally distinct cell groups and vibrissa-related patterns in the trigeminal brainstem complex of the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 320, 323–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benoist, J. M., Besson, J. M., Conseiller, C, and Le Bars, D. 1972. Action of bicuculline on presynaptic inhibition of various origins in the cat’s spinal cord. Brain Res. 43, 672–676.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benoist, J. M., Besson, J. M., and Boissier, J. R. 1974. Modifications of presynaptic inhibition of various origins by local application of convulsant drugs on cat’s spinal cord. Brain Res. 71, 172–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benoliel, R., Eliav, E., Mannes, A. J., Caudle, R. M., Leeman, S., and Iadarola, M. J. 1999. Actions of intrathecal diphtheria toxin-substance P fusion protein on models of persistent pain. Pain 79, 243–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benoliel, R., Tanaka, M., Caudle, R. M., and Iadorola, M. J. 2000. Co-localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and substance P (neurokinin-1) receptors in rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 291, 61–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bentley, G. N. and Gent, J. P. 1994. Electrophysiological properties of substantia gelatinosa neurons in a novel adult spinal slice preparation. J. Neurosci. Methods 53, 157–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berberich, P., Hoheisel, U., and Mense, S. 1988. Effects of a carrageenan-induced myositis on the discharge properties of Group III and IV muscle receptors in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 59, 1395–1409.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beresford, I. J., Ireland, S. J., Stables, J., and Hagan, R. M. 1996. Ontogeny and characterization of [125]bolton Hunter-eldoisin sites in rat spinal cord by quantitative autoradiography. Neuroscience 46, 225–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, U. V. and Hediger, M. A. 2000. Distribution of the glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 in rat circumventricular organs, meninges, and dorsal root ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 421, 385–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, E. and Ulfhake, B. 1998. Loss of primary sensory neurons in the very old rat: Neuron number estimates using the disector method and confocal optical sectioning. J. Comp. Neurol. 396, 211–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, E., Johnson, H., Zhang, X., and Hokfelt, T. 1996. Neuropeptides and neurotrophin receptor mRNAs in primary sensory neurons of aged rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 375, 303–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, E., Carlsson, K., Liljeborg, A., Manders, E., Hokfelt, T., and Ulfhake, B. 1999. Neuropeptides, nitric oxide synthase and GAP-43 in B4-binding and RT97 immunoreactive primary sensory neurons: Normal distribution pattern and changes after peripheral nerve transection and aging. Brain Res. 832, 63–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergmann, I., Reiter, R., Toyka, K. V., and Koltzenburg, M. 1998. Nerve growth factor evokes hyperalgesia in mice lacking the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75. Neurosci. Lett. 255, 87–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrom, L., Hammond, D. L., Go, V. L. W., and Yaksh, T. L. 1983. Concurrent measurement of substance P and serotonin in spinal superfusates: Failure of capsaicin and p-chloroamphetamine to co-release. Brain Res. 270, 181–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkenbosch, F., Schipper, J., and Tilders, F. J. 1986. Corticotropin-releasing factor immunostaining in the rat spinal cord and medulla oblongata: An unexpected form of cross-reactivity with substance R Brain Res. 399, 87–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley, K. J., Robbins, A., and Sato, Y. 1988. Afferent fibers supplying the uterus in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 59, 142–163.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley, K. J., Hotta, H., Robbins, S. A., and Sato, Y. 1990. Functional properties of afferent fibers supplying reproductive and other pelvic organs in pelvic nerve of female rat. J. Neurophysiol. 63, 256–272.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berkley, K. J., Robbins, A., and Sato, Y. 1993. Functional differences between afferent fibers in the hypogastric and pelvic nerves innervating female reproductive organs in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 533–544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, C. 1858. In Legons sur la physiologie et la pathologie du systeme nerveux (pp. 20–112). J.B. Bailliere et Fils, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi, P. S., Valtschanoff, J. G., Weinberg, R. J., Schmidt, H. H., and Rustioni, A. 1995. Synaptic interactions between primary afferent terminals and GABA and nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 15, 1363–1371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernardini, N., Levey, A. I., and Augusti-Tocco, G. 1999. Rat dorsal root ganglia express ml-m4 muscarinic receptor proteins. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 4, 222–232.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernau, N. A., Dawson, S. D., Kane, L. A., and Pubols, L. M. 1993. Changes in substance P and 5-HT binding in the spinal cord dorsal horn and lamina 10 after dorsolateral funiculus lesions. Brain Res. 613, 106–114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, C. G. 1953. The spinal cord potentials in leads from the cord dorsum in relation to peripheral source of afferent stimulation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29(Suppl. 106), 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, C. G. and Widén, L. 1953. On the origin of the negative and positive spinal cord potentials evoked by stimulation of low threshold cutaneous fibres. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29(Suppl. 106), 42–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernhard, C. G., Lindblom, U. F, and Ottosson, J. O. 1953. The longitudinal distribution of the negative cord dorsum potential following stimulation of low threshold cutaneous fibres. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29(Suppl. 106), 170–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berthele, A., Boxall, S. J., Urban, A., Anneser, J. M, Ziegelgansberger, W., Urban, L., and Tolle, T. R. 1999. Distribution and developmental changes in metabotropic glutamate receptor messenger RNA expression in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Dev. Brain Res. 111, 39–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berthold, C. H. and Carlstedt, T. 1977. Observations on the morphology at the transition between the peripheral and the central nervous system in the cat: II. Acta Physiol. Scand. 446, 23–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand, A. and Weil-Fugazza, J. 1995. Sympathectomy does not modify the levels of dopa or dopamine in the rat dorsal root ganglion. Brain Res. 681, 201–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besse, D., Lombard, M. C, Zajac, J. M, Roques, B. P., and Besson, J. M. 1990. Pre-and postsynaptic distribution of μ, δ, and κ opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the cervical dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 521, 15–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besse, D., Lombard, M. C, and Besson, J. M. 1991. Autoradiographic distribution of μ, δ and κ opioid binding sites in the superficial dorsal horn, over the rostrocaudal axis of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 548, 287–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besse, D., Lombard, M. C, and Besson, J. M. 1992a. Time-related decreases in μ and δ opioid receptors in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following a large unilateral dorsal rhizotomy. Brain Res. 578, 115–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besse, D., Lombard, M. D., and Besson, J. M. 1992b. Up-regulation of [3H]DAMGO and [3H]DTLET opioid binding sites in laminae I-II of the spinal cord in intact and deafferented morphine-tolerant rats. Neurosci. Lett. 136, 209–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besse, D., Lombard, M. C, Perrot, S., and Besson, J. M. 1992c. Regulation of opioid binding sites in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following loose ligation of the sciatic nerve: Comparison with sciatic nerve section and lumbar dorsal rhizotomy. Neuro science 50, 921–933.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besse, D., Weil-Fugazza, J., Lombard, M. C, Butler, S. H., and Besson, J. M. 1992d. Monoarthritis induces complex changes in mu-, d. Eur. J. Pharmacol 223, 123–131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, J. M., Rivot, J. P., and Aleonard, P. 1971. Action of picrotoxin on presynaptic inhibition of various origins in the cat’s spinal cord. Brain Res. 26, 212–216.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, J. M., Conseiller, C, Hamann, K. R, and Maillard, M. C. 1972. Modifications of dorsal horn cell activities in the spinal cord, after intra-arterial injection of bradykinin. J. Physiol. 221, 189–205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, J. M., Catchlove, R. R H., Feltz P., and Le Bars, D. 1974. Further evidence for postsynaptic inhibitions on lamina 5 dorsal horn interneurons. Brain Res. 66, 531–536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, J. M., Guilbaud, G., and Le Bars, D. 1975. Descending inhibitory influences exerted by the brain stem upon the activities of dorsal horn lamina V cells induced by intra-arterial injection of bradykinin into the limbs. J. Physiol. 248, 725–739.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besson, J. M., Lombard, M. C, Zajac, J. M., Besse, D., Peschanski, M., and Roques, B. P. 1991. Opioid receptors in the dorsal horn of intact and deafferented rats: Autoradiographic and electrophysiological studies. In R Cervero, G. J. Bennett, and P. M. Headley (eds.), Proceedings of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord (pp. 415–428). Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P. and Laporte, Y. 1961. Etude des recepteurs musculaires innerves par les fibres afferents du groupe III (fibres myelinisees fines), chez le chat. Arch. Ital. Biol. 99, 293–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P. and Perl, E. R. 1966. A movement receptor of the small intestine. J. Physiol. 182, 404–426.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P. and Perl, E. R. 1969. Response of cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated fibers to noxious stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 1025–1043.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Laporte, Y, and Pages, B. 1968. Frequency grams of spindle primary endings elicited by stimulation of static and dynamic fusimotor fibres. J. Physiol. 196, 47–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bessou, P., Burgess, P. R., Perl, E. R., and Taylor, C. B. 1971. Dynamic properties of mechanoreceptors with unmyelinated (C) fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 34, 116–131.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bettler, B., Boulter, J., Hermans-Borgmeyer, I., O’Shea-Greenfield, A., Deneris, E. S., Moll, C., Boregmeyer, U., Hollmann, M., and Heinemann, S. 1990. Cloning of a novel glutamate receptor subunit, GluR5: Expression in the nervous system during development. Neuron 5, 583–595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Betz, H., Kuhse, J., Schmieden, V., Laube, B., Kirsch, J., and Harvey, R. J. 1999. Structure and functions of inhibitory and excitatory glycine receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 868, 667–676.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bezzegh, A., Knyihar-Csillik, E., Boti, S., Tajti, J., Zaborszky, Z., and Csillik, B. 1986. A computer-aided analysis of the effect of peripheral nerve transection on TMPase activity of substantia gelatinosa roland. Zeits.f.Mik. Anat. Forsch. 100, 428–432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicknell, H. R. and Beal, J. A. 1984. Axonal and dendritic development of substantia gelatinosa neurons in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol 226, 508–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biella, G., Panara, C., Pecile, A., and Sotgiu, M. L. 1991. Facilitatory role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on excitation induced by substance P (SP) and noxious stimuli in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. An iontophoretic study in vivo. Brain Res. 559, 352–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birder, L. A. and Perl, E. R. 1999. Expression of alpha2-adrenergic receptors in rat primary afferent neurones after peripheral nerve injury or inflammation J. Physiol 515, 533–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birrell, G. J., McQueen, D. S., Iggo, A., and Grubb, B. D. 1990. The effects of 5-HT on articular sensory receptors in normal and arthritic rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101, 715–721.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birrell, G. J., McQueen, D. S., Iggo, A., and Grubb, B. D. 1993. Prostanoid-induced potentiation of the excitatory and sensitizing effects of bradykinin on articular mechanoreceptors in the rat ankle joint. Neuroscience 54, 537–544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bisby, M. A. and Keen, P. 1986. Regeneration of primary afferent neurons containing substance P-like immunoreactivity Brain Res. 365, 85–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biscoe, T. J., Headley, P. M., Lodge, D., Martin, M. R., and Watkins, J. C. 1976. The sensitivity of rat spinal interneurones and Renshaw cells to L-glutamate and L-aspartate. Exp. Brain Res. 26, 547–551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. A., Westenbroek, R., Ransonm, B. R., Catterall, W. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1994. Type II sodium channels in spinal cord astrocytes in situ: Immunocytochemical observations. Glia 12, 219–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. A., Dib-Hajj, S., McNabola, K., Jeste, S., Rizzo, M. A., Kocsis, J. D., and Waxman, S. G. 1996. Spinal sensory neurons express multiple sodium channel alpha-subunit mRNAs. Mol Brain Res. 43, 117–131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. A., Cummins, T. R., Plumpton, C, Chen, Y H., Hormuzdiar, W., Clare, J. J., and Waxman, S. G. 1999. Upregulation of a silent sodium channel after peripheral, but not central, nerve injury in DRG neurons. J. Neurophysiol 82, 2776–2785.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Black, J. A., Renganathan, M., and Waxman, S. G. 2002. Sodium channel Na(v)1.6 is expressed along nonmyelinated axons and it contributes to conduction. Mol. Brain Res. 105, 19–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn-Munro, G. and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1999. The sodium channel auxiliary subunits betal and beta2 are differentially expressed in the spinal cord of neuropathic rats. Neuroscience 90, 153–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blake, J. F, Cao, C. Q., Headley, P. M., Collingridge, G. L., Brugger, F., Evans, R. H. 1993. Antagonism of baclofen-induced depression of whole-cell synaptic currents in spinal dorsal horn neurones by the potent GABAB antagonist CGP55845. Neuropharmacology 32, 1437–1440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blakeman, K. H., Holmberg, K., Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., Kahl, U., Lendahl, U., Bartfai, T., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 2001. Mice over-expressing galanin have elevated heat nociceptive threshold. NeuroReport 12, 423–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleakman, D. F., Rusin, K. I., Chard, P. S., Glaum, S. R., and Miller, R. J. 1992. Metabotropic glutamate receptors potentiate ionotropic glutamate responses in the rat dorsal horn. Mol Pharmacol 42, 192–196.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleazard, L. and Morris, R. 1993. The effects of cholinoreceptor agonists and antagonists on C-fibre evoked responses in the substantia gelatinosa of neonatal rat spinal cord slices. Br. J. Pharmacol. 110, 1061–1066.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bleazard, L., Hill, R. G., and Morris, R. 1994. The correlation between the distribution of the NK1 receptor and the actions of tachykinin agonists in the dorsal horn of the rat indicates that substance P does not have a functional role on substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) neurons. J. Neurosci. 14, 7655–7664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blessing, W. W., Oliver, J. R., Hodgson, A. H., Joh, T. H., and Willoughby, J. O. 1987. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive C1 neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of the rabbit project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 18, 121–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blix, M. 1884. Experimentelle Beitrage zur Losung der Frage über die specifische Energie der Hautnerven. Z Biol. 20, 141–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, E, Battenberg, E., Rossier, J., Ling, N., and Guillemin, R. 1978. Neurons containing beta-endorphin in rat brain exist separately from those containing enkephalin: immunocytochemical studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1591–1595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blottner, D., Grozdanovic, Z., and Gossrau, R. 1995. Histochemistry of nitric oxide synthase in the nervous system. Histochem. J. 27, 785–811.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumenkopf, B. 1988. Neurochemistry of the dorsal horn. Appl. Neurophysiol. 51, 89–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bo, X. and Burnstock, G. 1994. Distribution of [3H] α, ß-methylene ATP binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord. NeuroReport 5, 1601–1604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bo, X. and Burnstock, G. 1995. Distribution of [3H] α, ß-methylene ATP binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 15, 2985–2994.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bodzioch, M., Lapicka, K., Aslanidis, C, Kacinski, M. and Schmitz, G. 2001. Two novel mutant alleles of the gene encoding neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1 (NTRK1) in a patient with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: A splice junction mutation in intron 5 and cluster of four mutations in exon 15. Hum. Mutat. 17, 72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boehmer, C. G., Norman, J., Catton, M., Fine, L. G., and Mantyh, P. W. 1989. High levels of mRNA coding for substance P, somatostatin, and alpha-tubulin are expressed by rat and rabbit dorsal root ganglia neurons. Peptides 10, 1179–1194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlhalter, S., Mohler, H., and Fritschy, J.-M. 1994. Inhibitory neurotransmission in rat spinal cord: Co-localization of glycine-and GABAA-receptors at GABAergic synaptic contacts demonstrated by triple immunofluorescence staining. Brain Res. 642, 59–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlhalter, S., Weinmann, O., Mohler, H., and Fritschy, J. M. 1996. Laminar compartmentalization of GABAA-receptor subtypes in the spinal cord: An immunohistochemical study. J. Neurosci. 16, 283–297.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolton, C. F, Winkelmann, R. K., and Dyck, P. J., 1966. A quantitative study of Meissner’s corpuscles in man. Neurology 16, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boissonade, F. M., Sharkey, K. A., and Lucier, G. E. 1993. Trigeminal nuclear complex of the ferret: Anatomical and immunohistochemical studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 329, 291–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boivie, J. 1994. Central pain. In P. D. Wall and R. Melzack (eds.), Textbook of Pain (3rd ed., pp. 871–902). London, Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boivie J. and Perl E. R. 1975. Neural substrates of somatic sensation. In C. C. Hunt (ed.) MTP International Review of Science Physiology Series One Vol. 3 Neurophysiology (pp. 303–411). University Park Press Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolanowski, S. J. 1984. Intensity and frequency characteristics of pacinian corpuscles: III. Effects of tetrodotoxin on transduction process. J. Neurophysiol. 51, 831–839.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolanowski, S. J. and Zwislocki, J. J. 1984a. Intensity and frequency characteristics of pacinian corpuscles: I. Action potentials. J. Neurophysiol. 51, 793–811.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolanowski, S. J. and Zwislocki, J. J. 1984b. Intensity and frequency characteristics of pacinian corpuscles: II. Receptor potentials. J. Neurophysiol. 51, 812–830.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolanowski, S. J., Schyuler, J. E., and Slepecky, N. B. 1994. Semi-serial electron-micrographic reconstruction of putative transducer sites in Pacinian corpuscles. Somatosen. Mot. Res. 11, 205–218.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolden, D. A., Sternini, C, and Kruger, L. 1997. GAP-43 mRNA and calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA expression in sensory neurons are increased following sympathectomy. Brain Res. Bull. 42, 39–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaventure, P., Voorn, P., Luyten, W. H., Jurzak, M., Schotte, A., and Leysen, J. E. 1998a. Detailed mapping of serotonin 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor messenger RNA and ligand binding sites in guinea-pig brain and trigeminal ganglion: Clues for function. Neuroscience 82, 469–484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaventure, P., Voorn, P., Luyten, W. H., and Leysen, J. E. 1998b. 5HT1B and 5HT1D receptor mRNA differential co-localization with peptide mRNA in the guinea pig trigeminal ganglion. NeuroReport 9, 641–645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, A. and Lodge, D. 1995. Pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated enhancement of responses to exctitatory and inhibitory amino acids on rat spinal interneurons in vivo. Neuropharmacology 34, 1015–1023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonfanti, L., Bellaridi, S., Ghidella, S., Gobetto, A., Polak, J. M., and Merighi, A. 1991. Distribution of five peptides, three general neuroendocrine markers, and two synaptic-vesicle-associated proteins in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the adult and newborn dog: An immunocytochemical study. Am. J. Anat. 191, 154–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bongenhielm, U., Nosrat, C. A., Nosrat, I., Eriksson, J., Fjell, J., and Fried, K. 2000. Expression of sodium channel SNS/PN3 and ankyrin(G) mRNAs in the trigeminal ganglion after inferior alveolar nerve injury in the rat. Exp. Neurol 164, 384–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonhaus, D. W., Bley, K. R., Broka, C. A., Fontana, D. J., Leung, E., Lewis, R., Shieh, A., and Wong, E. H. 1995. Characterization of the electrophysiological, biochemical and behavioral actions of epibatidine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then 272, 1199–1203.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonica, J. J. (ed.) 1990. The Management of Pain (2nd ed). Lea and Febiger, Philadephia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnot, A., Corio, M., Tramu, G., and Viala, D. 1996. Immunocytochemical distribution of ionotropic glutamate receptor subunits in the spinal cord of the rabbit. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 11, 267–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boom, A., Mollereau, C, Meunier, J.-C, Vassart, G., Parmentier, M., Vanderhaeghen, J.-J., and Schiffmann, S. N. 1999. Distribution of the nociceptin and nocistatin precursor transcript in the mouse central nervous system. Neuroscience 91, 991–1007.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borges, L. F. and Iversen, S. D. 1986. Topography of choline acetyltransferase immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 362, 140–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borges, L. F. and Moskowitz, M. A. 1983. Do Intracranial and Extracranial Trigeminal Afferents Represent Divergent Axon Collaterals? Neurosci. Lett. 35, 265–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boring, E. G. 1916. Cutaneous sensation after nerve-division. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 10, 1–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boring, E. G. 1942. Sensation and Perception in the History of Experimental Psychology. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bormann, J. and Feigenspan, A. 1995. GABAC receptors. TINS 18, 515–519.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bossut, D. F. and Perl, E. R. 1995. Effects of nerve injury on sympathetic excitation of Aδ mechanical nociceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 1721–1723.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bostock, H. 1981. U-turns in rat ventral roots. J. Physiol. (Lond) 312, 49P–50P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botchkarev, V. A., Welker, P., Albers, K. M., Botchkareva, N. V., Metz, M., Lewin, G. R., Bulfone-Paus, S., Peters, E. M. J., Linder, G., and Paus, R. 1998. A new role for neurotrophin-3: Involvement in the regulation of hair follicle regression (catagen). Am. J. Pathol. 153, 785–799.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botchkarev, V. A., Botchkarena, N. V, Welker P., Metz, M., Lewin, G. R., Subramaniam, A., Bulfone-Paus, S., Hagen, E., Braun, A., Lommartzsch, M., Renz, H., and Paus, R. 1999. A new role for neurotrophins: Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-4 in hair cycle control. FASEB J. 13, 395–410.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botchkareva, N. V., Botchkarev, V. A., Albers, K. M., Metz, M., and Paus, R. 2000. Distinct roles for nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in controlling the rate of hair follicle morphogenesis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 114, 314–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Botticelli, L., Cox, B., and Goldstein, A. 1981. Immunoreactive dynorphin in mammalian spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78, 7783–7786.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bourgoin, S., Pohl, M., Benoliel, J. J., Mauborgne, A., Collin, E., Hamon, M., and Cesselin, F. 1992. Gammaaminobutryic acid, through GABAA receptors, inhibits the potassium-stimulated release of calcitonin generelated peptide-but not that of substance P-like material from rat spinal cord slices. Brain Res. 583, 344–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouthenet, M. L., Martres, M.-P, Sales, N., and Schwartz, J.-C. 1987. A detailed mapping of dopamine D-2 receptors in rat central nervous system by autoradiography with [125]iodosulpride. Neuroscience 20, 117–155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowery, N. G., Hudson, A. L., and Price, G. W 1987. GABAA and GABAB receptor site distribution in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 20, 365–383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowker, R. M. 1986. Intrinsic 5HT-immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord of the fetal non-human primate. Dev. Brain Res. 28, 137–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowsher, D. and Abdel-Maguid, T. E. 1984. Superficial dorsal horn of the adult human spinal cord. Neurosurgery 15, 893–899.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boxall, S. J., Berthele, A., Laurie, D. J., Sommer, B., Zieglgansberger, W, Urban, L., and Tolle, T. R. 1998. Enhanced expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 messenger RNA in the rat spinal cord during ultraviolet irradiation induced peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience 82, 591–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, S., Wyatt, A., Webb, J. K., O’Donnell R., Mason, G., Rigby, M., Sirinathsinghji, D., Hill, R. G., and Rupniak, N. M. 1999. Selective NMDA NR2B antagonists induce antinociception without motor dysfunction: Correlation with restricted localisation of NR2B subunit in dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 38, 611–623.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I. A. 1954. The histological structure of the receptors in the knee-joint of the cat correlated with their physiological response. J. Physiol. 124, 476–488.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I. A. 1962. The structure and innervation of the nuclear bag muscle fibre system and the nuclear chain muscle fibre system in mammalian muscle spindles. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B. 245, 81–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, I. A. and Roberts, T. D. 1953. Proprioceptive discharges from stretch-receptors in the knee-joint of the cat. J. Physiol. 122, 38–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R. T., Jacob, M. H., McEachern, A. E., Caron, S., and Berg, D. K. 1991. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurobiol. 22, 1–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, E. J., Burnstock, G., and McMahon, S. B. 1998. The expression of P2X3 purinoreceptors in sensory neurons: Effects of axotomy and glial-derived neurotropic factor. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 12, 256–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, S. D. and Williams, T. J. 1985. Inflammatory oedema induced by synergism between calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP) and mediators of increased vascular permeability. Br. J. Pharmacol. 86, 855–860.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, S. D., Williams, T. J., Tippins, J. R., Morris, H. R., and Maclntyre, I. 1985. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent vasodilator. Nature 313, 54–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bras, J. M. A., Epstein, A. L., Bourgoin, S., Hamon, M., Cesselin, E, and Pohl, M. 1998. Herpes simplex virus 1-mediated transfer of preproenkephalin A in rat dorsal root ganglion. J. Neurochem. 70, 1299–1303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bras, J. M. A., Laporte, A. M., Benoliel, J. J., Bourgoin, S., Mauborgne, A., Hamon, M., Cesselin, E, and Pohl, M. 1999. Effects of peripheral axotomy on cholecystokinin neurotransmission in the rat spinal cord. J Neurochem. 72, 858–867.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bras, J. M. A., Becker, C, Bourgoin, S., Lombard, M., Cesselin, E, Hamon, M., and Pohl, M. 2001. Metenkephalin is preferentially transported into the peripheral processes of primary afferent fibres in both control and HSVl-driven proenkephalin A overexpressing rats. Neuroscience 103, 1073–1083.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brass, K. M., Newby, A. C, Wilson, V. S., and Snyder, S. H. 1986. Adenosine-containing neurons in the brain localized by immunocytochemistry. J. Neurosci. 6, 1952–1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Braz, J., Beaufour, C, Coutaux, A., Epstein, A. L., Cesselin, E, Hamon, M., and Pohl, M. 2001. Therapeutic efficacy in experimental polyarthritis of viral-driven enkephalin overproduction in sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 7881–7888.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bregman, B. S. 1987. Development of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord and its plasticity after neonatal spinal cord lesions. Dev. Brain Res. 34, 245–263.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bresnahan, J. C, Ho, R. H., and Beattie, M. S. 1984. A comparison of the ultrastructure of substance P and enkephalin-immunoreactive elements in the nucleus of the dorsal lateral funiculus and laminae I and II of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 229, 497–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewster, W. J., Diemel, L. T., Leach, R. M., and Tomlinson, D. R. 1994. Reduced sciatic nerve substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rats with short-term diabetes or central hypoxaemia co-exist with normal messenger RNA levels in the lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 58, 323–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Briner, R. P., Carlton, S. M., Coggeshall, R. E., and Chung, K. 1988. Evidence for unmyelinated sensory fibres in the posterior columns in man. Brain 111, 999–1007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brink, E., Harrison, P. J., Jankowska, E., McCrea, D., and Skoog, B. 1983a. Post-synaptic potentials in a population of motoneurones following activity in single interneurones in the cat. J. Physiol. 343, 341–359.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brink, E., Jankowska, E., McCrea, D., and Skoog, B. 1983b. Inhibitory interactions between interneurones in reflex pathways from group Ia afferents in the cat. J. Physiol. 343, 361–379.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brink, E., Jankowska, E., and Skoog, B. 1984. Convergence onto interneurones subserving primary afferent depolarization of group I afferents. J. Neurophysiol. 51, 432–449.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brinkhus, H. B. and Zimmermann, M. 1983. Characteristics of spinal dorsal horn neurons after partial chronic deafferentation by dorsal root transection. Pain 15, 221–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brinton, R. E., Gee, K. W, Wamsley, J. K., Davis, T. P., and Yamamura, H. I. 1984. Regional distribution of putative vasopressin receptors in rat brain and pituitary by quantitative autoradiography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 81, 7248–7252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broberger, C, Farkas-Szallasi, T., Szallasi, A., Lundberg, J. M., Hokfelt, T., Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z., and Xu, X. J. 2000. Increased spinal cholecystokinin activity after systemic resiniferatoxin: Electrophysiological and in situ hybridization studies. Pain 84, 21–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broberger, C., Holmberg, K., Shi, T. J., Dockray, G., and Hokfelt, T. 2001. Expression and regulation of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptors in rat nodose and dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res. 903, 128–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, L. G., Coombs, J. S., and Eccles, J. C. 1952. The recording of potentials from motoneurones with an intracellular electrode. J. Physiol. 117, 431–460.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, E., Linderoth, B., Gazelius, B., and Ungerstedt, U. 1987. In vivo release of substance P in cat dorsal horn studied with microdialysis. Neurosci. Lett. 76, 357–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broman, J. and Adahl, F. 1994. Evidence for vesicular storage of glutamate in primary afferent terminals. NeuwReport 5, 1801–1804.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Broman, J., Anderson, S., and Ottersen, O. P. 1993. Enrichment of glutamate-like immunoreactivity in primary afferent terminals throughout the spinal cord dorsal horn. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 1050–1061.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromberg, M. B. and Fetz, E. E. 1977. Responses of single units in cervical spinal cord of alert monkeys. Exp. Neurol. 55, 469–482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broome, M., Hokfelt, T., and Terenius, L. 1985. Peptide YY (PYY)-immunoreactive neurons in the lower brain stem and spinal cord of rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 125, 349–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. G. 1981. Organization in the Spinal Cord: The Anatomy and Physiology of Identified Neurones. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. G. and Fyffe, R. E. W. 1981. Form and function of dorsal horn neurons with axons ascending the dorsal columns in cat. J. Physiol. 321, 31–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. G. and Iggo, A. 1967. A quantitative study of the cutaneous receptors and afferent fibers in the cat and rabbit. J. Physiol. 193, 707–733.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. G., Iggo, A., and Miller, S. 1967. Myelinated afferent nerve fibers from the skin of the rabbit ear. Exp. Neurol. 18, 338–349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. G., Rose, P. K., and Snow, P. J. 1977c. The morphology of hair follicle afferent fibre collaterals in the spinal cord of the cat. J. Physiol. 272, 779–797.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. G., Noble, R., and Rowe, M. J. 1986. Receptive field profiles and integrative properties of spinocervical tract cells in the cat. J. Physiol. 374, 335–348.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. M. 1967. Excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic fibres during myocardial ischaemia. J. Physiol. 190, 35–53.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. L., Liu, H., Maggio, J. E., Vigna, S. R., Mantyh, P. W., and Basbaum, A. I. 1995. Morphological characterization of substance P receptor-immunoreactive neurons in the rat spinal cord and trigeminal nucleus caudalis. J. Comp. Neurol. 356, 327–344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B. 1969. Response of cat dorsal horn cells to variations of intensity, location, and area of cutaneous stimuli. Exp. Neurol. 23, 249–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B. and Culberson, J. L. 1981. Somatotopic organization of hindlimb cutaneous dorsal root projections to cat dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 45, 137–143.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B. and Fuchs, J. L. 1975. Somatotopic representation of hindlimb skin in cat dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 38, 1–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B. and Koerber, H. R. 1978. Cat hindlimb tactile dermatomes determined with single unit recordings. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 260–267.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B., Moraff, H., and Tapper, D. N. 1973. Functional organization of the cat’s dorsal horn: spontaneous activity and central cell response to single impulses in single type I fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 827–839.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B., Fuchs, J. L., and Tapper, D. N. 1975. Parametric studies of dorsal horn neurons responding to tactile stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 38, 19–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B., Busch, G. R., and Whittington, J. 1979. Anatomical changes in cat dorsal horn cells after transection of a single dorsal root. Exp. Neurol. 64, 453–468.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. B., Brushart, T. M., and Ritz, L. A. 1989. Somatotopy of digital nerve projections to the dorsal horn in the monkey. Somatosens. Motor Res. 6, 309–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, A. N. 1910. Uber die Beziehung der sensiblen Nervenendigungen zum Entziindsvorgang. NauynSchmiedebergs Arch. Exp. Path. Pharmacol. 63, 424–433 (cited in Lembeck and Holzer, 1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruggemann, I., Schulz, S., Wiborny, D., and Hollt, V. 2000. Colocalization of the mu-opioid receptor and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II in distinct pain-processing brain regions. Mol. Brain Res. 85, 239–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruggencate, G. ten and Engberg, I. 1968. Analysis of glycine actions on spinal interneurones by intracellular recording. Brain Res. 11, 446–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruggencate, G. ten, Lux, H. D., and Liebl, L. 1974. Possible relationships between extracellular potassium activity and presynaptic inhibtion in the spinal cord. Pfluegers Arch. 349, 301–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruinvels, A. T., Landwehrmeyer, B., Moskowitz, M. A., and Hoyer, D. 1992. Evidence for the presence of 5-HT1B receptor messenger RNA in neurons of the rat trigeminal ganglia. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 227, 357–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brumovsky, P. R., Shi, T J., Matsuda, H., Kopp, J., Villar, M. J., and Hökfelt, T. 2002. NPY Y1 receptors are present in axonal processes of DRG neurons. Exp. Neurol. 174, 1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bruning, G. 1992. Localization of NADPH diaphorase, a histochemical marker for nitric oxide synthase, in the mouse spinal cord. Acta Histochem. 93, 397–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burning, G., Bauer, R., and Baumgarten, H. G. 1990. Postnatal development of [3H]flunitrazepam and [3H] strychnine binding sites in rat spinal cord localized by quantitative autoradiography. Neurosci. Lett. 110, 6–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunsden, A. M. and Grundy, D. 1999. Sensitization of visceral afferents to bradykinin in rat jejunum in vitro. J Physiol 521, 517–527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brushart, T. M. and Mesulam, M. M. 1980. Transganglionic demonstration of central sensory projections from skin and muscle with HRP-Lectin conjugates. Neurosci. Lett. 17, 1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R. N., Trevino, D. L., Coulter, J. D., and Willis, W. D. 1973. Location and somatotopic organization of the cells of origin of the spino-cervical tract. Exp. Brain Res. 17, 177–189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, R. N., Coulter, J. D., and Willis, W. D. 1974. Cells of origin of the spinocervical tract in the monkey. Exp. Neurol. 42, 574–586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bscheidl, C, Hanesch, U., and Heppelmann, B. 1994. NADPH-diaphorase reactivity in articular afferents of a normal and inflamed knee joint in the cat. Brain Res. 668, 266–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, S. H. and Burks, T. F. 1986. The neuropharmacology of capsaicin: Review of some recent observations. Pharmacol. Rev. 38, 179–226.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buck, S. H., Helke, C. J., Burcher, E., Shults, C. W, and O’Donohue, T. L. 1986. Pharmacologic characterization and autoradiographic distribution of binding sites for iodinated tachykinins in the rat central nervous system. Peptides 7, 1109–1120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bucknill, A. T., Coward, K., Plumpton, C, Tate, S., Bountra, C, Birch, R., Sandison, A., Hughes, S. P., and Anand, P. 2002. Nerve fibers in lumbar spine structures and injured spinal roots express the sensory neuron-specific sodium channels SNS/PN3 and NaN/SNS2. Spine 27, 135–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budai, D. and Larson, A. A. 1996. Role of substance P in the modulation of C-fiber-evoked responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 710, 197–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budai, D. and Larson, A. A. 1998. The involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors in sensory transmission in dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 83, 571–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budai, D., Wilcox, G. L., and Larson, A. A. 1992a. Modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate and (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) responses of spinal nociceptive neurons by a N-terminal fragment of substance P. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 216, 441–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Budai, D., Wilcox, G. L., and Larson, A. A. 1992b. Enhancement of NMDA-evoked neuronal activity by glycine in the rat spinal cord in vivo. Neurosci. Lett. 135, 265–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bulling, D. G., Kelly, D., Bond, S., McQueen, D. S., and Seckl, J. R. 2001. Adjuvant-induced joint inflammation causes very rapid transcription of beta-preprotachykinin and alpha-CGRP genes in innervating sensory ganglia. J. Neurochem. 77, 372–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullitt, E. 1989. Induction of c-fos-like protein within the lumbar spinal cord and thalamus of the rat following peripheral stimulation. Brain Res. 493, 391–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bullitt, E. and Light, A. R. 1989. Intraspinal course of descending serotoninergic pathways innervating the rodent dorsal horn and lamina X. J. Comp. Neurol. 286, 231–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burchiel, K. J. and Yezierski, R. P. (eds.) 2002. Spinal cord injury pain: Assessment, mechanisms, management. Progress in Pain Research and Management, vol. 23. Seattle, IASP Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burford, N. T., Tolbert, L. M., and Sadee, W. 1998. Specific G protein activation and mu-opioid receptor internalization caused by morphine, DAMGO and endomorphin I. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 342, 123–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgard, E. C., Niforatos, W., van Biesen, T., Lynch, K. J., Touma, E., Metzger, R. E., Kowaluk, E. A., and Jarvis, M. F. 1999. P2X receptor-mediated ionic currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 82, 1590–1598.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P. R. and Clark, F. J. 1969. Characteristics of knee joint receptors in the cat. J. Physiol. 203, 317–335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P. R. and Perl, E. R. 1967. Myelinated afferent fibres responding specifically to noxious stimulation of the skin. J. Physiol. 190, 541–562.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P. R. and Perl, E. R. 1973. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors. In A. Iggo (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology: Vol. II. Somatosensory System (pp. 29–78). Springer, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P. R., Petit, D., and Warren, R. M. 1968. Receptor types in cat hairy skin supplied by myelinated fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 833–848.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P. R., Howe, J. F, Lessler, M. J., and Whitehorn, D. 1974. Cutaneous receptors supplied by myelinated fibers in the cat: II. Number of mechanoreceptors excited by a local stimulus. J. Neurophysiol. 37, 1373–1386.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, P. R., Wei, J. Y., Clark, F. J., and Simon, J. 1982. Signalling of kinesthetic information by peripheral sensory receptors. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 171–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, D., Hagbarth, K. E., and Lofstedt, L. 1978. Muscle spindle activity in man during shortening and lengthening contractions. J. Physiol. 227, 131–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, R. E., Rudomin, P., Vyklický L., and Zajac, F. E. 1971. Primary afferent depolarization and flexion reflexes produced by radiant heat stimulation of the skin. J. Physiol. 213, 185–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnstock, G. 2000. P2X receptors in sensory neurones. Br. J. Anaesth. 84, 476–488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnstock, G. and Wood, J. N. 1996. Purinergic receptors: Their role in nociception and primary afferent neurotransmission. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 526–532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burnweit, C. and Forssmann, W. G. 1979. Somatostatinergic nerves in the cervical spinal cord of the monkey. Cell Tissue Res. 200, 83–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burstein, R., Dado, R. J., and Giesler, G. J. 1990. The cells of origin of the spinothalamic tract of the rat: A quantitative reexamination. Brain Res. 511, 329–337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burstone, M. S. 1961. Modifications of histochemical techniques for the demonstration of cytochrome oxidase. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 9, 59–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burt, A. M. 1971. The histochemical localization of choline acetyltransferase. In O. Eranko (ed.), Progress in Brain Research (pp. 327–335). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burton, H. and McFarlane, J. J. 1973. The organization of the seventh lumbar spinal ganglion of the cat. J.Comp. Neurol. 149, 215–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, H., Terashima, S. I., and Clark, J. 1972. Response properties of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors to temperature stimulation in cats. Brain Res. 45, 401–416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bushong, J. A. 1963. A report of the frequency and distribution of the Pacinian corpuscle in a palm of a seven month human fetus. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, MA thesis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, S. H., Godefroy, E, Besson, J. M., and Weil-Fugazza, J. 1992. A limited arthritic model for chronic pain studies in the rat. Pain 48, 73–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabot, P. J., Carter, L., Gaiddon, C, Zhang, Q., Schafer, M., Loeffler, J. P., and Stein, C. 1997. Immune cell-derived ß-endorphin: Production, release and control of inflammatory pain in rats. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 142–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabot, P. J., Carter, L., Schafer, M., and Stein, C. 2001. Methionine-enkephalin and dynorphin-A-release from immune cells and control of inflammatory pain. Pain 93, 207–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cadden, S. W., Villanueva, L., Chitour, D., and Le Bars, D. 1983. Depression of activities of dorsal horn convergent neurones by propriospinal mechanisms triggered by noxious inputs: Comparison with diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Brain Res. 275, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caffrey, J. M., Eng, D. L., Black, J. A., Waxman, S. G., and Kocsis, J. D. 1992. Three types of sodium channels in adult rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res. 592, 283–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cain, D. M., Khasabov, S. G., and Simone, D. A. 2001. Response properties of mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in mouse glabrous skin: An in vivo study. J. Neurophysiol. 85, 1561–1574.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calancie, B. M. and Stein, R. B. 1988. Microneurography for the recording and selective stimulation of afferents: An assessment. Muscle Nerve 11: 638–644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calas, A., Dupuy, J. J., Gamrani, H., Gonella, J., Mourre, C, Condami, M., Pellissier, E, and Bosch, P. van den 1919. Radioautographic investigation of serotonin cells. In B. Haber, S. Gabary, M. R. Issidorides, and S. G. A. Alivisatos (eds.), Advances in Exp. Med. & Biol. (pp. 51–66). Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calignano, A., La Rana, G., Giufridda, A., and Piomelli, D. 1998. Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature 394, 277–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callister, R. J., Schofield, P. R., and Sah, P. 1999. Use of murine mutants to study glycine receptor function. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 26, 929–931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callsen-Cencic, P. and Mense, S. 1997. Expression of neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase in neurones innervating the inflamed rat urinary bladder. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 65, 33–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callsen-Cencic, P., Hoheisel, U., Kaske, A., Mense, S., and Tenschert, S. 1999. The controversy about spinal neuronal nitric oxide synthase: Under which conditions is it up-or downregulated? Cell Tissue Res. 295, 183–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calver, A. R., Medhurst, A. D., Robbins, M. J., Charles, K. J., Evans, M. L., Harrison, D. C, Stammers, M., Hughes, S. A., Hervieu, G., Couve, A., Moss, S. J., Middlemiss, D. N., and Pangalos, M. N. 2000. The expression of GABA(Bl) and GABA(B2) receptor subunits in the cNS differs from that in peripheral tissues. Neuroscience 100, 155–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calvillo, O., Madrid, J., and Rudomin, P. 1982. Presynaptic depolarization of unmyelinated primary afferent fibers in the spinal cord of the cat. Neuroscience 7, 1389–1400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calvino, B., Villanueva, L., and Le Bars, D. 1987. Dorsal horn (convergent) neurones in the intact anaesthetized arthritic rat: I. Segmental excitatory influences. Pain 28, 81–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calza, L., Pozza, M., Zanni, M., Manzini, C. U., Manzini, E., and Hokfelt, T. 1998. Peptide plasticity in primary sensory neurons and spinal cord during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat: An immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience 82, 575–589.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calza, L., Pozza, M., Arletti, R., Manzini, E., and Hökfelt, T. 2000. Long-lasting regulation of galanin, opioid, and other peptides in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord during experimental polyarthritis. Exp. Neurol. 164, 333–343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. A., Leah, J. D., and Snow, P. J. 1986. The electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of feline dorsal root ganglion cells. Brain Res. 362, 1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. A., Leah, J. D., and Snow, P. J. 1988. The coexistence of neuropeptides in feline sensory neurons. Neuroscience 27, 969–979.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. A., Cliffer, K. D., Dougherty, P. M., Willis, W. D., and Carlton, S. M. 1991. Changes in lectin, GAP-43 and neuropeptide staining in rat superficial dorsal horn following experimental peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci. Lett. 131, 249–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron, A. A., Pover, C. M., Willis, W D., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1992. Evidence that fine primary afferent axons innervate a wider territory in the superficial dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy. Brain Res. 575, 151–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. N., Raja, S. N., Meyer, R. A., and Mackinnon, S. E. 1988. Myelinated afferents signal the hyperalgesia associated with nerve injury. Pain 32, 89–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, J. N., Meyer, R., and Raja, S. N. 1992. Is nociceptor activation by alpha-1 adrenoreceptors the culprit in sympathetically maintained pain? Am. Pain Soc. J. 1, 3–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campistron, G., Buijs, R. M., and Geffard, M. 1986. Glycine neurons in the brain and spinal cord: Antibody production and immunocytochemical localization. Brain Res. 376, 400–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cangro, C. B., Sweetnam, P. M., Wrathall, J. R., Haser, W. B., Curthoys, N. P., and Neale, J. H. 1985. Localization of elevated glutaminase immunoreactivity in small DRG neurons. Brain Res. 336, 158–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cangro, C. B., Namboodiri, M. A. A., Sklar, L. A., Corigliano-Murphy, A., and Neale, J. H 1987. Immunohistochemistry and biosynthesis of n-acetylaspartylglutamate in spinal sensory ganglia. J. Neurochem. 49, 1579–1588.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, C. Q., Djouhri, L., and Brown, A. G. 1993. Lumbosacral spinal neurons in the cat that are candidates for being activated by collaterals from the spinocervical tract. Neuroscience 57, 153–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Y. Q., Mantyh, P. W, Carlton, E. J., Gillespie, A. M., Epstein, C. J., and Basbaum, A. I. 1998. Primary afferent tachykinins are required to experience moderate to intense pain. Nature 392, 390–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carli, G., Farabollini, E, Fontani, G., and Meucci, M. 1979. Slowly adapting receptors in cat hip joint. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 767–779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carli, G., Dontani, G., and Meucci, M. 1981. Static characteristics of muscle afferents from gluteus medius muscle: comparison with joint afferents of hip in cats. J. Neurophysiol. 45, 1085–1095.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlsson, A., Falck, B., Fuxe, K., and Hillarp, N. A. 1964. Cellular localization of monoamines in the spinal cord. Acta Physiol. Scand. 60, 112–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlstedt, T. 1977. Observations on the morphology at the transition between the central and the peripheral nervous system in the cat IV. Acta Physiol. Scand. 446, 61–72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. 2002. Localization of CaMKIIalpha in rat primary sensory neurons: Increase in inflammation. Brain Res. 947, 252–259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1996. Stereological analysis of galanin and CGRP synapses in the dorsal horn of neuropathic primates. Brain Res. 711, 16–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1997. Immunohistochemical localization of enkephalin in peripheral sensory axons in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 221, 121–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. and Hargett, G. L. 2002. Stereological analysis of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II alpha-containing dorsal root ganglion neurons in the rat: Colocalization with isolectin Griffonia simplicifolia, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or vanilloid receptor 1. J. Comp. Neurol. 448, 102–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. and Hayes, E. S. 1989. Dynorphin A (1-8) immunoreactive cell bodies, dendrites and terminals are postysynaptic to calcitonin gene-related peptide primary afferent terminals in the monkey dorsal horn. Brain Res. 504, 124–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. and Hayes, E. S. 1990. Light-microscopic and ultrastructural analysis of GABA-immunoreactive profiles in the monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 300, 162–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M. and Hayes, E. S. 1991. GABAergic vesicle-containing dendrites and spines: A critical element in processing sensory input in the monkey dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 121, 40–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., McNeill, D. L., Chung, K., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1987. A light-and electron-microscopic level analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the spinal cord of the primate: An immunohistochemical study. Neurosci. Lett. 82, 145–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., McNeill, D. L., Chung, K., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1988. Organization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive terminals in the primate dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 527–536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Westlund, K. N., Zhang, D. X., Sorkin, L. S., and Willis, W. D. 1990. Calcitonin gene-related peptide containing primary afferent fibers synapse on primate spinothalamic tract cells. Neurosci. Lett. 109, 76–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Honda, C. N., Willcockson, W. S., Lacrampe, M, Zhang, D., Denoroy, L., Chung, J. M, and Willis, W. D. 1991. Descending adrenergic input to the primate spinal cord and its possible role in modulation of spinothalamic cells. Brain Res. 543, 77–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Westlund, K. N., Zhang, D., and Willis, W. D. 1992. GABA-immunoreactive terminals synapse on primate spinothalamic tract cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 322, 528–537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Lekan, H. A., Kim, S., and Chung, J. M. 1994. Behavioral manifestations of an experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by spinal nerve ligation in the primate. Pain 56, 155–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Zhou, S., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1996a. Localization and activation of substance P receptors in unmyelinated axons of rat skin. Brain Res. 734, 103–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Hargett, G. L., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1996b. Distribution of glycine-immunoreactive profiles in the monkey spinal cord: A light-microscopic and ultrastructural study. J. Comp. Neurol. 371, 589–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Zhou, S., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1998a. Evidence for the interaction of glutamate and NK1 receptors in the periphery. Brain Res. 790, 160–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M, Hargett, G. L., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1998b. Plasticity in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor subunits in the rat dorsal horn following deafferentation. Neurosci. Lett. 242, 21–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Zhou, S., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1999. Peripheral GABAA receptors: Evidence for peripheral primary afferent depolarization. Neuroscience 93, 713–722.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Du, J., Davidson, E., Zhou, S., and Coggeshall, R. E. 2001a. Somatostatin receptors on peripheral primary afferent terminals: Inhibition of sensitized nociceptors. Pain 90, 233–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M., Du, J., Zhou, S., and Coggeshall, R. E. 2001b. Tonic control of peripheral cutaneous nociceptors by somatostatin receptors. J. Neurosci. 21, 4042–4049.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlton, S. M, Hargett, G. L., and Coggeshall, R. E. 2001c. Localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3 on primary afferent axons in the rat. Neuroscience 105, 957–969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M. B. and Sutin, J. 1983. Human Neuroanatomy (8th ed.). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, M. B., Stein, B. M., and Shriver, J. E. 1968. Central projections of spinal dorsal roots in the monkey: II. Lower thoracic, lumbosacral and coccygeal dorsal roots. Am. J. Anat. 123, 75–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carpentier, V., Vaudry, H., Laquerriere, A., Tayot, J., and Leroux, P. 1996. Distribution of somatostatin receptors in the adult human brainstem. Brain Res. 734, 135–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. A., Yamamoto, T., Karmy, G., Baimbridge, K. G., and Nagy, J. I. 1989a. Analysis of parvalbumin and calbindin D28k-immunoreactive neurons in dorsal root ganglia of rat in relation to their cytochrome oxidase and carbonic anhydrase content. Neuroscience 33, 363–371.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. A., Yamamoto, T., Staines, W A., Whittaker, M. E., and Nagy, J. I. 1989b. Quantitative histochemical analysis of cytochrome oxidase in rat dorsal root ganglia and its co-localization with carbonic anhydrase. Neuroscience 33, 351–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. A., Yamamoto, T., Karmy, G., Baimbridge, K. G., and Nagy, J. I. 1989c. Parvalbumin is highly colocalized with calbindin D28k and rarely with calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal root ganglia neurons of rat. Brain Res. 497, 163–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. A., Yamamoto, T., and Nagy, J. I. 1990. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary afferent neurons of rat: Coexistence with fluoride-resisant acid phosphatase and depletion by neonatal capsaicin. Neuroscience 36, 751–760.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carr, P. A., Haftel, V., Alvarez, F. J., Cope, T. C, and Fyffe, R. E. 1998. Effect of sciatic nerve transection or TTX application on enzyme activity in rat spinal cord. NeuroReport 9, 357–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carriedo, S. G., Yin, H.-Z., and Weiss, J. H. 1996. Motor neurons are selectively vulnerable to AMPA/kainate receptor-mediated injury in vitro. J. Neurosci. 16, 4069–4079.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll, P., Lewin, G. R., Koltzenburg, M., Toyka, K. V., and Thoenen, H. 1998. A role for BDNF in mechanosensation. Nature Neurosci. 1, 42–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, T. L., Hodson, N. P., Blank, M. A., Watson, P. F, Mulderry, P. K., Bishop, A. E., Gu, J., Bloom, S. R., and Polak, J. M. 1986. Occurrence, distribution and origin of peptide-containing nerves of guinea-pig and rat male genitalia and the effects of denervation on sperm characteristics. J. Anat. 149, 121–141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, K. L. and Bushnell, M. C. (eds.) 2000. Pain Imaging: Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 18. IASP Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castano, P. and Ventura, R. G. 1978. The Meissner’s corpuscle of the green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops L.): The organization of the nervous component. J. Submicros. Cytol. 10, 327–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro, M. E., Pascual, J., Romon, T., Del Arco, C, del Olmo, E., and Pazos, A. 1997. Differential distribution of [3H] sumatriptan binding sites (5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F receptors) in human brain: Focus on brainstem and spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 36, 535–542.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Lopes, J. M. and Coimbra, A. 1991. Spinal cord projections of the rat main forelimb nerves, studied by transganglionic transport of WGA-HRP and by the disappearance of acid phosphatase. Brain Res. 542, 187–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Lopes, J. M., Tavares, I., Tölle, T. R., Coito, A., and Coimbra, A. 1992. Increase in GABAergic cells and GABA levels in the spinal cord in unilateral inflammation of the hindlimb in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 4, 296–301.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Lopes, J. M., Tavares, I., and Coimbra, A. 1993. GABA decreases in the spinal cord dorsal horn after peripheral neurectomy. Brain Res. 620, 287–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Lopes, J. M., Tavares, I., Tölle, T. R., and Coimbra, A. 1994a. Carrageenan-induced inflammation of the hind foot provokes a rise of GABA-immunoreactive cells in the rat spinal cord that is prevented by peripheral neurectomy or neonatal capsaicin treatment. Pain 56, 193–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Lopes, J. M., Tolle, T. R., Pan, B., and Zieglgansberger, W. 1994b. Expression of GAD mRNA in spinal cord neurons of normal and monoarthritic rats. Mol. Brain Res. 26, 169–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castro-Lopes, J. M., Malcangio, M., Pan, B. H., and Bowery, N. B. 1995. Complex changes of GABAA and GABAB receptor binding in the spinal cord dorsal horn following peripheral inflammation or neurectomy. Brain Res. 679, 289–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caterina, M. J. and Julius, D. 2001. The vanilloid receptor: A molecular gateway to the pain pathway. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 24, 487–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caterina, M. J., Schumacher, M. A., Tominaga, M., Rosen, T. A., Levine, J. D., and Julius, D. 1997. The capsaicin receptor: A heat-activated ion channel in the pain pathway. Nature 389, 816–824.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caterina, M. J., Rosen, T. A., Tominaga, M., Brake, A. J., and Julius, D. 1999. A capsaicin-receptor homologue with a high threshold for noxious heat. Nature 398, 436–441.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caterina, M. J., Leffler, A., Malmberg, A. B., Martin, W. J., Trafton, J., Petersen-Zeitz, K. R., Koltzenburg, M., Basbaum, A. I., and Julius, D. 2000. Impaired nociception and pain sensation in mice lacking the capsaicin receptor. Science 288, 306–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caudle, R. M. and Mannes, A. J. 2000. Dynorphin: Friend or foe? Pain 87, 235–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N. 1956. Nerve supply and nerve endings in Meissner’s corpuscles. Am. J. Anat. 99, 315–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N. and Mannan, G. 1958. The structure of human digital Pacinian corpuscles (corpuscula lamellosa) and its functional significance. J. Anat. 92, 1–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N. and Mannan, G. 1959. Development and postnatal changes of digital Pacinian corpuscles (Corpuscula lamellosa) in the human hand. J. Anat. 93, 271–286.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N. and Naik, N. T. 1963. The distribution of cholinesterases in the sensory ganglia of man and some mammals. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 11, 129–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cauna, N. and Ross, L. L. 1960. The fine structure of Meissner’s touch corpuscles of human fingers. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 8, 467–482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cechetto, D. F. and Saper, C. B. 1988. Neurochemical organization of the hypothalamic projection to the spinal cord in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 272, 579–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celio, M. R. 1990. Calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin in the rat nervous system. Neuroscience 35, 375–475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celio, M. R. and Heizmann, C. W. 1981. Calcium-binding protein parvalbumin as a neuronal marker. Nature 293, 300–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cerne, R. and Randić, M. 1992. Modulation of AMPA and NMDA responses in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons by trans-l-aminocyclopentane-1,3-dicarboxylic acid. Neurosci. Lett. 144, 180–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. 1982a. Noxious intensities of visceral stimulation are required to activate viscero-somatic multire-ceptive neurons in the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 240, 350–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. 1982b. Afferent activity evoked by natural stimulation of the biliary system in the ferret. Pain 13, 137–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. 1983. Somatic and visceral inputs to the thoracic spinal cord of the cat: Effects of noxious stimulation of the biliary system. J. Physiol. 337, 51–67.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. 1994. Sensory innervation of the viscera: Peripheral basis of visceral pain. Physiol. Rev. 74, 95–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Connell, L. A. 1984a. Fine afferent fibers from viscera do not terminate in the substantia gelatinosa of the thoracic spinal cord. Brain Res. 294, 370–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Connell, L. A. 1984b. Distribution of somatic and visceral primary afferent fibres within the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 230, 88–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Iggo, A. 1980. The substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord: A critical review. Brain 103, 717–772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Laird, J. M. A. 1996. Mechanisms of touch-evoked pain (allodynia): A new model. Pain 68, 13–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Laird, J. M. A. 1999. Visceral pain. Lancet. 353, 2145–2148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Sann, H. 1989. Mechanically evoked responses of afferent fibres innervating the guinea-pig’s ureter: An in vitro study. J. Physiol 412, 245–266.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Sharkey, K. A. 1988. An electrophysiological and anatomical study of intestinal afferent fibres in the rat. J. Physiol 401, 381–397.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Tattersall, J. E. H. 1985. Cutaneous receptive fields of somatic and viscerosomatic neurones in the thoracic spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol 237, 325–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Tattersall, J. E. H. 1987. Somatic and visceral inputs to the thoracic spinal cord of the cat: Marginal zone (lamina I) of the dorsal horn. J. Physiol 383, 383–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F. and Wolstencroft, J. H. 1984. A positive feedback loop between spinal cord nociceptive pathways and antinociceptive areas of the cat’s brain stem. Pain 20, 125–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F., Iggo, A., and Ogawa, H. 1976. Nociceptor-driven dorsal horn neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of the cat. Pain 2, 5–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, E, Molony, V., and Iggo, A. 1977b. Extracellular and intracellular recordings from neurons in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. Brain Res. 136, 565–569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F., Iggo, A., and Molony, V. 1979a. An electrophysiological study of neurones in substantia gelatinosa Rolandi of the cat’s spinal cord. Q. J. Exp. Physiol 64, 297–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F., Iggo, A., and Molony, V. 1979b. Ascending projections of nociceptor-driven lamina I neurones in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 35, 135–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F., Molony, V., and Iggo, A. 1979c. Supraspinal linkage of substantia gelatinosa neurons: Effects of descending impulses. Brain Res. 175, 351–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F., Schouenborg, J., Sjölund, B. H., and Waddell, P. J. 1984. Cutaneous inputs to dorsal horn neurones in adult rats treated at birth with capsaicin. Brain Res. 301, 47–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, F., Lumb, B. M., and Tattersall, J. E. H. 1985. Supraspinal loops that mediate visceral inputs to thoracicspinal cord neurons in the cat: Involvement of descending pathways from raphe and reticular formation. Neurosci. Lett. 56, 189–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, E., Handwerker, H. O., and Laird, J. M. A. 1988. Prolonged noxious mechanical stimulation of the rat’s tail: Responses and encoding properties of dorsal horn neurones. J. Physiol. 404, 419–436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, E., Laird, J. M. A., and Pozo, M. A. 1992. Selective changes of receptive field properties of spinal nociceptive neurones induced by noxious visceral stimulation in the cat. Pain 51, 335–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cervero, E., Meyer, R. A., and Campbell, J. N. 1994. A psychophysical study of secondary hyperalgesia: Evidence for increased pain to input from nociceptors. Pain 58, 21–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesare, P., Dekker, L. V., Sardini, A., Parker, P. J., and McNaughton, P. A. 1999. Specific involvement of PKC-α in sensitization of the neuronal response to painful heat. Neuron 23, 617–624.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesselin, F., Montastruc, J. L., Gros, C, Bourgoin, S., and Hamon, M. 1980. Met-enkephalin levels and opiate receptors in the spinal cord of chronic suffering rats. Brain Res. 191, 289–293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesselin, F., Bourgoin, S., Hamon, M., Artaud, E., Testut, M. E, Rascol, A., and Montastruc, J. L. 1984. Normal CSF levels of met-enkephalin-like material in a case of naloxone-reversible congenital insensitivity to pain. Neuropeptides 4, 217–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesselin, F., Le Bars, D., Bourgoin, S., Artaud, E, Gozlan, H., Clot, A. M., Besson, J. M., and Hamon, M. 1985. Spontaneous and evoked release of methionine-enkephalin-like material from the rat spinal cord in vivo. Brain Res. 339, 305–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cesselin, F., Bourgoin, S., Clot, A. M., Hamon, M., and Le Bars, D. 1989. Segmental release of met-enkephalinlike material from the spinal cord of rats, elicited by noxious thermal stimuli. Brain Res. 484, 71–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chambers, M. R., Andres, K. H., Düring, M. von, and Iggo, A. 1972. The structure and function of the slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptor in hairy skin. Q. J. Exp. Physiol 57, 417–445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, P. C, Aicher, S. A., and Drake, C. T. 2000. Kappa opioid receptors in rat spinal cord vary across the estrous cycle. Brain Res. 861, 168–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Changaris, D. G., Keil, L. C, and Severs, W. B. 1978. Angiotensin II immunohistochemistry of the rat brain. Neuroendocrinology 25, 257–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan-Palay, V., and Palay, S. L. 1977a. Ultrastructural identification of substance P cells and their processes in rat sensory ganglia and their terminals in the spinal cord by immunocytochemistry. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4050–4054.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan-Palay, V. and Palay, S. L. 1977b. Immunocytochemical identification of substance P cells and their processes in rat sensory ganglia and their terminals in the spinal cord: Light microscopic studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3597–3601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chan-Palay, V., Jonsson, G., and Palay, S. L. 1978. Serotonin and substance P coexist in neurons of the cat’s central nervous system. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1582–1586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaplan, S. R., Bach, F. W., Shafer, S. L., and Yaksh, T. L. 1995. Prolonged alleviation of tactile allodynia by intravenous lidocaine in neuropathic rats. Anesthesiology 83, 775–785.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V. and Besson, J.-M. 1997. Pharmacological studies of nociceptive systems using the c-Fos immunohistochemical technique: An indicator of noxiously activated spinal neurones. In Handbook of Pharmacology (pp. 235–279). Springer Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V., Dickenson, A. H., and Tjolen, A. 1994. Bi-directional effects of intrathecal NMDA and substance P on rat dorsal horn neuronal responses. Neurosci. Lett. 178, 90–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, V., Diaz, A., and Dickenson, A. H. 1997. Distinct inhibitory effects of spinal endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 on evoked dorsal horn neuronal responses in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 122, 1537–1539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charles, K. J., Evans, M. L., Robbins, M. J., Calver, A. R., Leslie, R. A., and Pangalos, M. N. 2001. Comparative immunohistochemical localization of GABA (Bla), GABA (Blb) and GABA (B2) subunits in rat brain, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. Neuroscience 106, 447–467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, C. G. and Helke, C. J. 1985. Autoradiographic localization and characterization of spinal cord substance P binding sites: High densities in sensory, autonomic, phrenic, and Onuf’s motor nuclei. J. Neurosci. 5, 1653–1661.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charlton, C. G. and Helke, C. J. 1986. Ontogeny of substance P receptors in rat spinal cord: Quantitative changes in receptor number and differential expression in specific loci. Dev. Brain Res. 29, 81–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charnay, Y., Paulin, C, Chayvialle, J. A., and Dubois, P. M. 1983. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the human foetus and infant. Neuroscience 10, 41–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charnay, Y, Paulin, C, Dray, E, and Dubois, P. M. 1984. Distribution of enkephalin in human fetus and infant spinal cord: An immunofluorescence study. J. Comp. Neurol. 223, 415–423.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charnay, Y, Chayvialle, J. A., Pradayrol, L., Bouvier, R., Paulin, C, and Dubois, P. M. 1987. Ontogeny of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the human fetus and infant spinal cord. Dev. Brain Res. 36, 63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Charnay, Y., Leroux, P., Epelbaum, J., Enjalbert, A., Vaudry, H., and Dubois, P. M. 1988. Displaceable somatostatin binding sites in the gray matter and pyramidal paths of the human developing spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 84, 245–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatrian, G. E., Farrell, D. E, Canfield, R. C, and Lettich, E. 1975. Congenital insensitivity to noxious stimuli. Arch. Neurol. 32, 141–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary, P. and Baumann, T. K. 2002. Expression of VPAC2 receptor and PAC1 receptor splice variants in the trigeminal ganglion of the adult rat. Mol. Brain Res. 104, 137–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Checkosky, C. M. and Bolanowski, S. J. 1992. Effects of stimulus duration on the response properties of Pacinian corpuscles: Implications for the neural code. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 3372–3380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Checkosky, C. M. and Bolanowski, S. J. 1994. The effect of stimulus duration on frequency-response functions in the Pacinian (P) channel. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 11, 47–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C.-C, Akopian, A. N., Sivilotti, L., Colquhoun, D., Burnstock, G., and Wood, J. N. 1995. A P2X purinoceptor expressed by a subset of sensory neurons. Nature 377, 428–431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C. C, England, S., Akopian, A. N., and Wood, J. N. 1998. A sensory neuron-specific, proton-gated ion channel. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 10240–10245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. S. and Chen, J. 2000. Secondary heat, but not mechanical, hyperalgesia induced by subcutaneous injection of bee venom in the conscious rat: effect of systemic MK-801, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Eur. J. Pain 4, 389–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. S., Chen, J., and Sun, Y. Y. 2000. Contralateral heat hyperalgesia induced by unilateral intraplantar bee venom injection is produced by central changes: A behavioral study in the conscious rat. Neurosci. Lett. 284, 45–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, H. S., Chen, J., Chen, J., Guo, W. G., and Zheng, M. H. 2001. Establishment of bee venom-induced contralateral heat hyperalgesia in the rat is dependent upon central temporal summation of afferent input from the site of injury. Neurosci. Lett. 298, 57–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J. and Chen, H. S. 2001. Pivotal role of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents in development of both heat and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar bee venom injection. Pain 91, 367–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Luo, C, and Li, H. L. 1998. The contribution of spinal neuronal changes to development of prolonged, tonic nociceptive responses of the cat induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection. Eur. J. Pain 2, 359–376.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Li, H., Luo, C, Li, Z., and Zheng, J. 1999a. Involvement of peripheral NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in development of persistent firing of spinal wide-dynamic-range neurons induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection in the cat. Brain Res. 844, 98–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Luo, C, Li, H., and Chen, H. 1999b. Primary hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli following subcutaneous bee venom injection into the plantar surface of hindpaw in the conscious rat: A comparative study with the formalin test. Pain 83, 67–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, J., Heinke, B., and SandkÜhler, J. 2000. Activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors induces longterm depression at sensory synapses in superficial spinal dorsal horn. J. Neuropharmacol 39, 2231–2243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. R. and Pan, H. L. 2001. Spinal endogenous acetylcholine contributes to the analgesic effect of systemic morphine in rats. Anesthesiology 95, 525–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. T., Tsai, M. S., and Shen, C. L. 1988. Distribution of neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the Formosan monkey. Proc. Natl. Sci. Counc. Repub. China B 12, 163–173.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, S. T., Tsai, M. S., and Shen, C. L. 1989. Distribution of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the Formosan monkey (Macaca cyclopsis). Peptides 10, 825–834.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. and Levine, J. D. 1999. NOS inhibitor antagonism of PGE2-induced mechanical sensitization of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 963–966.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X., Tanner, K., and Levine, J. D. 1999. Mechanical sensitization of cutaneous C-fiber nociceptors by prostaglandin E2 in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 267, 105–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P. Y., Svingos, A. L., Wang, H., Clarke, C. L., Jenab, S., Beczkowska, I. W., Inturrisi, C. E., and Pickel, V. M. 1995a. Ultrastructural immunolabeling shows prominent presynaptic vesicular localization of α-opioid receptor within both enkephalin-and nonekephalin-containing axon terminals in the superficial layers of the rat cervical spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 15, 5976–5988.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P. Y., Moriwaki, A., Wang, J. B., Uhl, G. R., and Pickel, V. M. 1995b. Ultrastructural localization of μ-opioid receptor immunoreactivity and relationship to enkephalin in cervical dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Analgesia 363, 363–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P. Y, Moriwaki, A., Wang, J. B., Uhl, G. R., and Pickel, V. M. 1996. Ultrastructural localization of μ-opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the rat cervical spinal cord: extrasynaptic localization and proximity to Leu5-enkephalin. Brain Res. 731, 141–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, P. Y, Liu-Chen, L.-Y, and Pickel, V. M. 1997. Dual ultrastructural immunocytochemical labeling of mu and delta opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the rat cervical spinal cord. Brain Res. 778, 367–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chéry, N. and De Koninck, Y 1999. Junctional versus extrajunctional glycine and GABA(A) receptor-mediated IPSCs in identified lamina I neurons of the adult rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 19, 7342–7355.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chéry, N. and De Koninck, Y 2000. GABA(B) receptors are the first target of released GABA at lamina I inhibitory synapses in the adult rat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 1006–1011.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chéry N., Yu, X. H., and De Koninck, Y 2000. Visualization of lamina I of the dorsal horn in live adult rat spinal cord slices. J. Neurosci. Methods 96, 133–142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheung, K. K. and Burnstock, G. 2002. Localization of P2X3 receptors and coexpression with P2X2 receptors during rat embryonic neurogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 443, 368–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chi, S. I., Levine, J. D., and Basbaum, A. I. 1993. Peripheral and central contributions to the persistent expression of spinal cord fos-like immunoreactivity produced by sciatic nerve transection in the rat. Brain Res. 617, 225–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiba, T., Masuko, S., and Kawano, H. 1986. Correlation of mitochondrial swelling after capsaicin treatment and substance P and somatostatin immunoreactivity in small neurons of dorsal root ganglion in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 64, 311–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chigr, E, Najimi, M., Leduque, P., Chayvialle, J. A., Bouvier, R., and Kopp, A. 1991. Anatomical distribution of substance P-immunoreactive neurons in human brainstem during the first postnatal year. Brain Res. Bull. 26, 515–523.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Childs, A. M., Evans, R. H., and Watkins, J. C. 1988. The pharmacological selectivity of three NMDA antagonists. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 145, 81–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chizh, B. A. and Headley, P. M. 1994. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced facilitation of spinal neurotransmission: A role for NMDA receptors. Neuropharmacology 33, 15–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chizh, B. A. and Headley, P. M. 1996. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone facilitates spinal nociceptive responses by potentiating NMDA receptor-mediated transmission. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 300, 183–189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ch’ng, J. L. C, Christofides, N. D., Anand, P., Gibson, S. J., Allen, Y S., Su, H. C, Tatemoto, K., et al. 1985. Distribution of galanin immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and the responses of galanin-containing neuronal pathways to injury. Neuroscience 16, 343–354.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, H. J. and Basbaum, A. I. 1988. Increased staining of immunoreactive dynorphin cell bodies in the deafferented spinal cord of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 84, 125–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, H. J. and Basbaum, A. I. 1989. Ultrastructural analysis of dynorphin B-immunoreactive cells and terminals in the superficial dorsal horn of the deafferented spinal cord of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 281, 193–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, J. H., Kim, D. S., Lee, N. H., Kim, J. K., Lee, K. M., Hans, K. S., Kang, Y. N., and Kim, K. J. 1997. Changes in the alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes gene expression in rat dorsal root ganglion in an experimental model of neuropathic pain. NeuroReport 8, 3119–3122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choca, J. I., Green, R. D., and Proudfit, H. K. 1988. Adenosine A1 and A2 receptors of the substantia gelatinosa are located predominantly on intrinsic neurons: An autoradiographic study. J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. 247, 757–764.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Choi, D. W. 1994. Glutamate receptors and the induction of excitotoxic neuronal death. In F. Bloom (ed.), Progress in Brain Research (pp. 47–51). Elsevier Science, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi, Y., Yoon, Y. W., Na, H. S., Kim, S. H., and Chung, J. M. 1994. Behavioral signs of ongoing pain and cold allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Pain 59, 369–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chong, M. S., Reynolds, M. L., Irwin, N., Coggeshall, R. E., Emson, P. C, Benowitz, L. I., and Woolf, C. J. 1994. GAP-43 expression in primary sensory neurons following central axotomy. J. Neurosci. 14, 4375–4384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chou, D. K. H., Dodd, J., Jessell, T. M., Costello, C. E., and Jungalwala, F. B. 1988. Identification of α-galactose (α-fucose)-asialo-Gml glycolipid expressed by subsets of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Biol Chem. 264, 3409–3415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouchkov, C. 1978. Cutaneous receptors. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 54, 1–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouchkov, H. N. 1971. Ultrastructure of Pacinian corpuscles in men and cats. Z Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 83, 17–3

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, B. N. and Perl, E. R. 1970. Spinal neurons specifically excited by noxious or thermal stimuli: Marginal zone of the dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 293–307.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M. D. and Hulsebosch, C. E. 1997a. Chronic central pain after spinal cord injury. J. Neurotrauma 14, 517–537.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M. D. and Hulsebosch, C. E. 1997b. Spinal cord injury and anti-NGF treatment result in changes in CGRP density and distribution in the dorsal horn in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 147, 463–475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, M. D., Everhart, A. W., Pickelman, J. T., and Hulsebosch, C. E. 1996. Mechanical and thermal allodynia in chronic central pain following spinal cord injury. Pain 68, 97–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chronwall, B. M., Olschowka, J. A., and O’Donohue, T. L. 1984. Histochemical localization of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Peptides 5, 569–584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chronwall, B. M., DiMaggio, D. A., Massari, V. J., Pickel, V. M., Ruggiero, D. A., and O’Donohue, T. L. 1985. The anatomy of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15, 1159–1181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J. M., Kenshalo, D. R., Gerhart, K. D., and Willis, W. D. 1979. Excitation of primate spinothalamic neurons by cutaneous C-fiber volleys. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 1354–1369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J. M., Lee, K. H., Endo, K., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1983b. Activation of central neurons by ventral root afferents. Science 222, 934–935.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J. M., Surmeier, D. J., Lee, K. H., Sorkin, L. S., Honda, C. N., Tsong, Y, and Willis, W D. 1986a. Classification of primate spinothalamic and somatosensory thalamic neurons based on cluster analysis. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 308–327.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, J. M., Kim, J., and Shin, H. K. 1986b. Blood pressure response evoked by ventral root afferent fibres in the cat. J. Physiol. 370, 255–265.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K. and Chung, J. M. 2001. Sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglion after spinal nerve ligation: Evidence of regenerative collateral sprouting. Brain Res., 895, 204–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1982. Quantitation of propriospinal fibers in the tract of Lissauer of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol 211, 418–426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1983. Numbers of axons in lateral and ventral funiculi of rat sacral spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 214, 72–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1984. The ratio of dorsal root ganglion cells to dorsal root axons in sacral segments of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol 225, 24–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Langford, L. A., Applebaum, A. E., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1979. Primary afferent fibers in the tract of Lissauer in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 184, 587–598.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Kevetter, G. A., Willis, W. D., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1984. An estimate of the ratio of propriospinal to long tract neurons in the sacral spinal cord of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 44, 173–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Sharma, J., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1985. Numbers of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi of the white matter of the S2 segment of cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 234, 117–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Langford, L. A., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1987. Primary afferent and propriospinal fibers in the rat dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi. J. Comp. Neurol 263, 68–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Lee, W. T, and Carlton, S. M. 1988. The effects of dorsal rhizotomy and spinal cord isolation on calcitonin gene-related peptide containing terminals in the rat lumbar dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 90, 27–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., McNeill, D. L., Hulsebosch, C. E., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1989a. Changes in dorsal horn synaptic disc numbers following unilateral dorsal rhizotomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 283, 568–577.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Lee, W. T., and Westlund, K. N. 1989b. Adrenergic fibers in the spinal cord of the monkey: Light-and electron-microscopic study. J. Auton. Ner. Sys. 28, 203–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Lee, W. T., and Park, M. J. 1993a. Spinal projection of pelvic visceral afferents of the rat: A calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunohistochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 337, 63–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Park, M. J., Sheen, K., and Chung, J. M. 1993b. Neonatal sciatic nerve lesion triggers the sprouting of fibers in the contralateral ventral root of the rat. Brain Res. 632, 80–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Kim, H. J., Na, H. S., Park, M. J., Chung, J. M. 1993c. Abnormalities of sympathetic innervation of the area of injured peripheral nerve in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Lett. 162, 85–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K., Lee, B. H., Yoon, Y. W., and Chung, J. M. 1996. Sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia of the injured peripheral nerve in a rat neuropathic pain model. J. Comp. Neurol. 376, 241–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung, K. J., Yoon, Y. W., and Chung, J. M. 1997. Sprouting sympathetic fibers form synaptic varicosities in the dorsal root ganglion of the rat with neuropathic injury. Brain Res. 751, 275–280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cincotta, M., Beart, P. M., Summers, R. J., and Lodge, D. 1989. Bidirectional transport of NMDA receptor and ionophore in the vagus nerve. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 160, 167–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clabarra, A. M., Sullivan, J. S., Gahn, L. G., Pecht, G., Heinemann, S., and Sevarino, K. A. 1995. Cloning and characterization of x-1: A developmentally regulated member of a novel class of the ionotropic glutamate family. J. Neurosci. 15, 6498–6508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. J. 1975. Information signaled by sensory fibers in medial articular nerve. J. Neurophysiol. 38, 1464–1472.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F. J. and Burgess, P. R. 1975. Slowly adapting receptors in cat knee joint: Can they signal joint angle? J. Neurophysiol. 38, 1448–1463.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. L. 1926. Nissl granules of primary afferent neurones. J. Comp. Neurol. 41, 423–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, S. L. 1931. Innervation of the pia mater of the spinal cord and medulla. J. Comp. Neurol. 53, 129–145.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J. L. 1859. Further researches on the grey substance of the spinal cord. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 149, 437–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clements, J. R. and Beitz, A. J. 1987. A quantitative light microscopic analysis and ultrastructural description of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat. Neuroscience 20, 427–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clifton, G. L., Coggeshall, R. E., Vance, W. H., and Willis, W. D. 1976. Receptive fields of unmyelinated ventral root afferent fibres in the cat. J. Physiol. 256, 573–600.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clowry, G. J., Fallah, Z., and Arnott, G. 1997. Developmental expression of parvalbumin by rat lower cervical spinal cord neurones and the effect of early lesions to the motor cortex. Dev. Brain Res. 102, 197–208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clowry, G. J., Arnott, G. A., Clement-Jones, M., Fallah, Z., Gould, S., and Wright, C. 2000. Changing pattern of expression of parvalbumin immunoreactivity during human fetal spinal cord development. J. Comp. Neurol. 423, 727–735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cockayne, D. A., Hamilton, S. G., Zhu, Q. M., Dunn, P. M, Zhong, Y, Novakovic, S., Malmberg, A. B., Cain, G., Berson, A., Kassotakis, L., Hedley, L., Lachnit, W. G., Burnstock, G., McMahon, S. B., and Ford, A. P. 2000. Urinary bladder hyporeflexia and reduced pain-related behaviour in P2X3-deficient mice. Nature 407, 1011–1015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, T. J. and Melzack, R. 1992a. The contribution of excitatory amino acids to central sensitization and persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury. J. Neurosci. 12, 3665–3670.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, T. J. and Melzack, R. 1992b. The role of NMDA receptor-operated calcium channels in persistent nociception after formalin-induced tissue injury. J. Neurosci. 12, 3671–3675.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, T. J. and Yashpal, K. 1994. Intracellular messengers contributing to persistent nociception and hyperalgesia induced by L-glutamate and substance P in the rat formalin pain model. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 1328–1334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, T. J., Grimes, R. W, and Melzack, R. 1986. Deafferentation and chronic pain in animals: An evaluation of evidence suggesting autotomy is related to pain. Pain 26, 61–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, T. J., Vaccarino, A. L., and Melzack, R. 1990. Central nervous system plasticity in the tonic pain response to subcutaneous formalin injection. Brain Res. 535, 155–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coderre, T. J., Fundytus, M. E., McKenna, J. E., Dalai, S., and Melzack, R. 1993. The formalin test: A validation of the weighted-scores method of behavioural pain rating. Pain 54, 43–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffield, J. A., Miletić, V., Zimmermann, E., Hoffert, M. J., and Brooks, B. R. 1986. Demonstration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone immunoreactivity in neurons of the mouse spinal dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 6, 1194–1197.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E. 1980. Law of separation of function of the spinal roots. Physiol. Rev. 60, 716–755.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E. and Carlton, S. M. 1997. Receptor localization in the mammalian dorsal horn and primary afferent neurons. Brain Res. Rev. 24, 28–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E. and Carlton, S. M. 1998. Ultrastructural analysis of NMDA, AMPA, and kainate receptors on unmyelinated and myelinated axons in the periphery. J. Comp. Neurol. 391, 78–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E. and Ito, H. 1977. Sensory fibres in ventral roots L7 and Si in the cat. J. Physiol. 267, 215–235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E., Coulter, J. D., and Willis, W. D. 1973. Unmyelinated fibers in the ventral root. Brain Res. 57, 229–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E., Coulter, J. D., and Willis W. D., Jr. 1974. Unmyelinated axons in the ventral roots of the cat lumbosacral enlargement. J. Comp. Neurol. 153, 39–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E., Chung, K., Chung, J. M, and Langford, L. A. 1981. Primary afferent axons in the tract of Lissauer in the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 196, 431–442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E., Hong, K. A. P., Langford, L. A., Schaible, H. G., and Schmidt, R. F. 1983. Discharge characteristics of fine medial articular afferents at rest and during passive movements of inflamed knee joints. Brain Res. 272, 185–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E., Zhou, S., and Carlton, S. M. 1997. Opioid receptors on peripheral sensory axons. Brain Res. 764, 126–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coggeshall, R. E., Lekan, H. A., White, F. A., and Woolf, C. J. 2001. A-fiber sensory input induces neuronal cell death in the dorsal horn of the adult rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 435, 276–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, L. A. 1955. Activity of knee joint proprioceptors recorded from the posterior articular nerve. Yale J. Biol. Med. 28, 225–232.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. H. and Perl, E. R. 1990. Contributions of arachidonic acid derivatives and substance P to the sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 64, 457–464.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R. H. and Vierck, C. J. 1993. Population estimates for responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors to a vertically indenting probe on the glabrous skin of monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 94, 105–119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra, A. and Lima, D. 1989. Projections and neurochemical specificity of the different morphological types of marginal cells. In F. Cervero, G. J. Bennett, and P. M. Headley (eds.), Processing of Sensory Information in the Superficial Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord (pp. 199–213). Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra, A., Magalhaes, M. M., and Sodre-Borges, B. P. 1970. Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase in synaptic terminals of the rat substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. Brain Res. 22, 142–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra, A., Sodre-Borges, B. P., and Magalhaes, M. M. 1974. The substantia gelatinosa Rolandi of the rat. Fine structure, cytochemistry (acid phosphatase) and changes after dorsal root section. J. Neurocytol. 3, 199–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coimbra, A., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., and Pignatelli, D. 1984. Effects of dorsal rhizotomy on the several types of primary afferent terminals in laminae I-III of the rat spinal cord. Anat. Embryol. 170, 279–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, G. T., Bahramali, H., Zhang, H. Q., and Rowe, M. J. 2001. Characterization of tactile afferent fibers in the hand of the marmoset monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 85, 1793–1804.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, G. G. S. 1974. The spontaneous and electrically evoked release of 3H-γ-aminobutyric acid (3H-GABA) from spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 47, 64IP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. G. 1983. Neuronal activity recorded from the spinal cord dorsal horn of physiologically intact, awake, drug-free, restrained cats: A preliminary report. Brain Res. 322, 301–304.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. G. 1985. A technique for chronic extracellular recording of neuronal activity in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord in drug-free, physiologically intact cats. J. Neurosci. Meth. 12, 277–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. G. 1987. A descriptive study of spinal dorsal horn neurons in the physiologically intact, awake, drugfree cat. Brain Res. 416, 34–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. G. and Ren, K. 1987. WDR response profiles of spinal dorsal horn neurons may be unmasked by barbiturate anesthesia. Pain 28, 369–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, J. G., Ren, K., Saito, Y., Iwasaki, H., and Tang, J. 1990. Plasticity of some spinal dorsal horn neurons as revealed by pentobarbital-induced disinhibition. Brain Res. 525, 189–197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collo, G., North, R. A., Kawashima, E., Merlo-Pich, E., Neidhart, S., Surprenant, A., and Buell, G. 1996. Cloning of P2X5 and P2X6 receptors and the distribution and properties of an extended family of ATP-gated ion channels. J. Neurosci. 16, 2495–2507.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colmant, H. J. 1959. Aktivitatsschwankungen der sauren Phosphatase im Ruvkenmark und den Spinalganglien der Ratte nach Durchschneidung des Nervus ischiadicus. Arch. f Psych, u. Zeitsch. f. d. ges. Neurologic 199, 60–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colpaert, F. C. 1987. Evidence that adjuvant arthritis in the rat is associated with chronic pain. Pain 28, 210–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Commissiong, J. W. 1983. The development of catecholaminergic nerves in the spinal cord of rat: II. Regional development. Brain Res. 313, 75–92.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conn, P. J. and Pin, J. P. 1997. Pharmacology and functions of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol Toxicol. 37, 205–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conradi, S. 1969. On motoneuron synaptology in adult cats. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 332, 1–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conrath, M., Taquet, H., Pohl, M., and Carayon, A. 1989. Immunocytochemical evidence for calcitonin gene-related peptide-like neurons in the dorsal horn and lateral spinal nucleus of the rat cervical spinal cord. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2, 335–347.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrath-Verrier, M., Dietl, M., Arluison, M., Cesselin, F., Bourgoin, S., and Hamon, M. 1983. Localization of met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity within pain-related nuclei of cervical spinal cord, brainstem and midbrain in the cat. Brain Res. Bull. 11, 587–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Conrath-Verrier, M., Dietl, M., and Tramu, G. 1984. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of the rat: A light and electron micorscopic study. Neuroscience 13, 871–885.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A. J., Woolf, C. J., Wall, P. D., and McMahon, S. B. 1987. Dynamic receptive field plasticity in rat spinal cord dorsal horn following C-primary afferent input. Nature 325, 151–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. P. and McCleskey, E. W. 2002. Cell damage excites nociceptors through release of cytosolic ATP. Pain 95, 41–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, S. P., Vulchanova, L., Hargreaves, K. M., Elde, R., and McCleskey, E. W. 1997. Distinct ATP receptors on pain-sensing and stretch-sensing neurons. Nature 387, 505–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coombs, J. S., Curtis, D. R., and Landgren, S. 1956. Spinal cord potentials generated by impulses in muscle and cutaneous afferent fibres. J. Neurophysiol. 19, 452–467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corey, D. P. and García-Añoveros, J. 1996. Mechanosensation and the DEG/EnaC ion channels. Science 273, 323–324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cornea-Hebert, V., Riad, M., Wu, C, Singh, S. K., and Descarries, L. 1999. Cellular and subcellular distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor in the central nervous system of adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 409, 187–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corness, J., Shi, T. J., Xu, Z. Q., Brulet, P., and Hokfelt, T. 1996. Influence of leukemia inhibitory factor on galanin/GMAP and neuropeptide Y expression in mouse primary sensory neurons after axotomy. Exp. Brain Res. 112, 79–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corness, J., Stevens, B., Fields, R. D., and Hokfelt, T. 1998. NGF and LIF both regulate galanin gene expression in primary DRG cultures. NeuroReport 9, 1533–1536.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cortes, R., Arvidsson, U., Schalling, M., Ceccatelli, S., and Hökfelt, T. 1990. In situ hybridization studies on mRNAs for cholycystokinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and choline acetyl transferase in the lower brian stem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of rat and guinea pig with special reference to motoneurons. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3, 467–485.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Costa, J. J. L., Averill, S., Saavedra, J. P., and Priestley, J. V. 1994. Serotonin innervation of enkephalin containing neurons in the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 168, 167–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotman, C. W., Monaghan, D. T, Ottersen, O. P., and Storm-Mathisen, J. 1987. Anatomical organization of excitatory amino acid receptors and their pathways. Trends Neurosci. 10, 273–280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coupland, R. E. and Holmes, R. L. 1957. The use of cholinesterase techniques for the demonstration of peripheral nerve structures. J. Microscopical Sci. 98, 327–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, K. R. and Fetz, E. E. 1973. Unit responses recorded from cervical spinal cord of awake monkey. Brain Res. 53, 445–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Covenas, R., DeLeon, M., Chadi, G., Cintra, A., Gustafsson, J.-A., Narvaez, J. A., and Fuxe, K. 1994. Adrenalectomy increases the number of substance P and somatostatin immunoreactive nerve cells in the rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res. 640, 352–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coward, K., Aitken, A., Powell, A., Plumpton, C., Birch, R., Tate, S., Bountra, C., and Anand, P. 2001a. Plasticity of TTX-sensitive sodium channels PN1 and brain III in injured human nerves. NeuroReport 12, 495–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coward, K., Mosahebi, A., Plumpton, C., Facer, P., Birch, R., Tate, S., Bountra, C., Terenghi, G., and Anand, P. 2001b. Immunolocalisation of sodium channel NaG in the intact and injured human peripheral nervous system. J. Anat. 198, 175–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coward, K., Jowett, A., Plumpton, C., Powell, A., Birch, R., Tate, S., Bountra, C., and Anand, P. 2001c. Sodium channel betal and beta2 subunits parallel SNS/PN3 alpha-subunit changes in injured human sensory neurons. NeuroReport 12, 483–488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B. M., Mollineaux, C. J., Jacobs, T P., Rosenberger, J. G., and Faden, A. I. 1985. Effects of traumatic injury on dynorphin immunoreactivity in spinal cord. Neuropeptides 5, 571–574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D. and Mense, S. 1983. The distribution of afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in the dorsal horn of the cat, as revealed by the transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neurosci. Lett. 41, 233–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D., Heppelmann, B., and Schaible, H.-G. 1988. Projection of the medal and posterior articular nerves of the cat’s knee to the spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 279–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D., Krout, K., and Andrew, D. 2001. Quantitative response characteristics of thermoreceptive and nociceptive lamina I spinothalamic neurons in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1459–1480.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, A. D., Zhang, E. T., and Blomqvist, A. 2002. Association of spinothalamic lamina I neurons and their ascending axons with calbindin-immunoreactivity in monkey and human. Pain 97, 105–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cranefield, P. F. 1974. The Way in and the Way Out. Futura: Futura Publishing Co., Mount Kisco, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfelt, O. D. 1995. Cortex Cerebri: Performance, Structural and Functional Organization of the Cortex. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Crockett, D. P., Smith, W. K., Proshansky, E., Kauer, J. S., Stewart, W. B., Woodward, D. J., Schusselberg, D. S., and Egger, M. D. 1989. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction of [14C]-2-deoxy-D-glucose metabolism in cat lumbosacral spinal cord following cutaneous stimulation of the hindfoot. J. Comp. Neurol. 288, 326–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cronk, K. M., Wilkinson, G. A., Grimes, R., Wheeler, E. F, Jhaveri, S., Fundin, B. T., Silos-Santiago, I., Tessarollo, L., Reichardt, L. E, and Rice, F. L. 2002. Diverse dependencies of developing Merkel innervation on the trkA and both full-length and truncated isoforms of trkC. Development 129, 3739–3750.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croul, S., Sverstiuk, A., Radzievsky, A., and Murray, M. 1995. Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors following unilateral L1-S2 deafferentation: NK1, NK3 NMDA and 5HTla receptor binding autoradiography. J. Comp. Neurol. 361, 633–644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croul, S., Radzievsky, A., Sverstiuk, A., and Murray, M. 1998. NK1, NMDA, 5HTla, and 5HT2 receptor binding sites in the rat lumbar spinal cord: Modulation following sciatic nerve crush. Exp. Neurol. 154, 66–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley, C, Spencer, S. D., Nishmura, M. C, Chen, K. S., Pitts-Meek, S., Armanini, M. P., Ling, L. H., McMahon, S. B., Shelton, D. I., Levinson, A. D., and Phillips, H. S. 1994. Mice lacking nerve growth factor display perinatal loss of sensory and sympathetic neurons yet develop basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Cell 76, 1001–1011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Croze, S., Duclaux, R., and Kenshalo, D. R. 1976. The thermal sensitivity of the polymodal nociceptors in the monkey. J. Physiol. 263, 539–562.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, F., Lima, D., and Coimbra, A. 1987. Several morphological types of terminal arborizations of primary afferents in laminae I-II of the rat spinal cord, as shown after HRP labeling and Golgi impregnation. J. Comp. Neurol. 261, 221–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, L. and Basbaum, A. I. 1985. Multiple opioid peptides and the modualtion of pain: Immunohistochemical analysis of dynorphin and enkephalin in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 240, 331–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csillik, B. and Knyihar-Csillik, E. 1986. The Protean Gate, structure and plasticity of the primary nociceptive analyser, akademai Kaido, Budapest, pp. 1–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Csillik, B., Schwab, M. E., and Thoenen, H. 1985. Transganglionic regulation of central terminals of dorsal root ganglion cells by nerve growth factor (NGF). Brain Res. 331, 11–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Csillik, B., Knyihar-Csillik, E., and Bezzegh, A. 1986. Comparative electron histochemistry of thiamine monophosphatase and substance P in the upper dorsal horn. Acta Histochem. 80, 125–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuello, A. C, Jessell, T. M., Kanazawa, I., and Iversen, L. L. 1977. Sustance P: localization in synaptic vesicles in rat central nervous system. J. Neurochem. 29, 747–751.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuello, A. C, Del Fiacco, M., and Paxinos, G. 1978. The central and peripheral ends of the substance P-containing sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal system. Brain Res. 152, 499–509.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuello, A. C, Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., Ma, W., De Konink, Y., and Henry, J. L. 1993. Organization of substance P primary sensory neurons: Ultrastructural and physiological correlates. Regul. Pept. 46, 155–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cui, M. and Nicol, G. D. 1995. Cyclic AMP mediates the prostaglandin E2-induced potentiation of bradykinin excitation in rat sensory neurons. Neuroscience 66, 459–466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cumberbatch, M. J., Chizh, B. A., and Headley, P. M. 1995. Modulation of excitatory amino acid responses by tachyknins and selective tachykinin receptor agonists in the rat spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 115, 1005–1012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J. E, de Lahunta, A., Simpson, S. T, and McDonald, J. M. 1984. Reduced substance P-like immunoreactivity in hereditary sensory neuropathy of pointer dogs. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl) 63, 33–40.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, T. R. and Waxman, S. G. 1997. Downregulation of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents and upregulation of a rapidly repriming tetrodotoxin-sensitive sodium current in small spinal sensory neurons after nerve injury. J. Neurosci. 15, 3503–3514.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R. 1962. The depression of spinal inhibition by electrophoretically administered strychnine. Int. J. Neuropharmacol. 1, 239–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R. and Crawford, J. M. 1969. Central synaptic transmission-microelectrophoretic studies. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. 9, 209–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R. and Lodge, D. F. 1982. The depolarization of feline ventral horn group la spinal afferent terminations by GABA. Exp. Brain Res. 46, 215–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R. and Ryall, R. W. 1966. Pharmacological studies upon spinal presynaptic fibres. Exp. Brain Res. 1, 195–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R. and Watkins, J. C. 1960. The excitation and depression of spinal neurones by structurally related amino acids. J. Neurochem. 6, 117–141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R. and Watkins, J. C. 1965. The pharmacology of amino acids related to 7-aminobuyric acid. Pharmacol. Rev. 17, 347–391.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Phillips, J. W., and Watkins, J. C. 1959a. Chemical excitation of spinal neurones. Nature 183, 611–612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Phillis, J. W., and Watkins, J. C. 1959b. The depression of spinal neurones by γ-amino-n-butyric acid and ß-alanine. J. Physiol. 146, 185–203.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Phillis, J. W., and Watkins, J. C. 1960. The chemical excitation of spinal neurones by certain acidic amino acids. J. Physiol. 150, 656–682.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Hösli, L., and Johnston, G. A. R. 1967a. Inhibition of spinal neurons by glycine. Nature 215, 1502–1503.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Hösli, L., Johnston, G. A. R., and Johnston, I. H. 1967b. Glycine and spinal inhibition. Brain Res. 5, 112–114.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Hösli, L., and Johnston, G. A. R. 1968. A pharmacological study of the depression of spinal neurones by glycine and related amino acids. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 1–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W., and Johnston, G. A. R. 1969. Glycine, strychnine, picrotoxin and spinal inhibition. Brain Res. 14, 759–762.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W, Felix, D., and Johnston, G. A. R. 1971a. Bicuculline, an antagonist of GABA and synaptic inhibition in the spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 32, 69–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Duggan, A. W, and Johnston, G. A. R. 1971b. The specificity of strychnine as a glycine antagonist in the mammalian spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res. 12, 547–565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Lodge, D., and Brand, S. J. 1977. GABA and spinal afferent terminal excitability in the cat. Brain Res. 130, 360–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, D. R., Lodge, D., Bornstein, J. C., Peet, M. J., and Leah, J. D. 1982. The dual effects of GABA and related amino acids on the electrical threshold of ventral horn group Ia afferent terminations in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 48, 387–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czaja, K. 2000. Distribution of primary afferent neurons innervating the porcine oviduct and their immunohisto-chemical characterization. Cells Tissues Organs 166, 275–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czarkowska, J., Jankowska, E., and Sybirska, E. 1981. Common interneurones in reflex pathways from group Ia and Ib afferents of knee flexors and extensors in the cat. J. Physiol. 310, 367–380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czéh, G., Kříž, N., and Syková, E. 1981. Extracellular potassium accumulation in the frog spinal cord induced by stimulation of the skin and ventrolateral columns. J. Physiol. 320, 57–72.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czlonkowski, A., Costa, T., Przewlocki, R., Pasi, A. S., and Herz, A. 1983. Opiate receptor binding sites in human spinal cord. Brain Res. 267, 392–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dado, R. J., Law, P. Y., Loh, H. H., and Elde, R. 1993. Immunofluorescent identification of a delta (δ)-opioid receptor on primary afferent nerve terminals. NeuroReport 5, 341–344.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dahlstrom, A. and Fuxe, K. 1965. Evidence for the existence of monoamine neurons in the central nervous system: II. Experimentally induced changes in the intraneuronal amine levels of bulbospinal neuron systems. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64, 7–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dallenbach, K. M. 1927. The temperature spots and end-organs. Am. J. Psychol. 39, 402–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, C. J., Hökfelt, T., Johansson, O., and Elde, R. 1981. Somatostatin immunoreactive cell bodies in the dorsal horn and the parasympathetic intermediolateral nucleus of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 27, 335–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, C. J., Risling, M., and Cuello, C. 1982a. Immunohistochemical localization of substance P in the lumbosacral spinal pia mater and ventral roots of the rat. Brain Res. 246, 168–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, C. J., Vincent, S. R., Hökfelt, T., Lundburg, J. M., Dahlstrom, A., Schultzberg, M., Dockray, G. J., and Cuello, A. C. 1982b. Coexistence of cholecystokinin and substance-P like peptides in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 33, 159–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, C. J., Ygge, J., Vincent, S., Ohrling, M., Dockray, G., and Elde, R. 1984. Peripheral projections and neuropeptide coexistence in a subpopulation of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase reactive spinal primary sensory neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 51, 139–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalsgaard, C. J., Haegerstrand, A., Theodorsson-Norheim, E., Brodin, E., and Hökfelt, T. 1985. Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in rat primary sensory neurons: Coexistence with substance P. Histochemistry 83, 37–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danks, J. A., Rothman, R. B., Cascieri, M. A., Chicchi, G. G., Liang, T., and Herkenham, M. 1986. A comparative autoradiographic study of the distributions of substance P and eledoisin binding sites in rat brain. Brain Res. 385, 273–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I. 1984. The sense of touch: Performance and peripheral neural processes. In J. M. Brookhart and V. B. Mountcastle (eds.), Handbook of Physiology, Section 1: The Nervous System, Vol. III, Sensory Processes, Part 2 pp. 739–788). Am. Physiol. Soc, Bethesda.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I. and Kenins, P. 1980. Innervation density of mechanoreceptive fibers supplying glabrous skin of the monkey’s index finger. J. Physiol 309, 147–155.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I. and Oke, L. E. 1980. Peripheral neural representation of the spatial frequency of a grating moving across the monkey’s finger pad. J. Physiol. 309, 117–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darian-Smith, I., Johnson, K. O., and Dykes, R. 1973. ”Cold” fiber population innervating palmar and digital skin of the monkey: Response to cooling pulses. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 325–346.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darland, T., Heinricher, M. M, and Grandy, D. K. 1998. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin: A role in pain and analgesia, but so much more. Trends Neurosci. 21, 215–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DaSilva, A. R. and Cuello, A. C. 1990. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive profiles are presynaptic to primary sensory fibers in the rat superficial dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 295, 370–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Date, Y., Mondal, M. S., Matsukura, S., and Nakazato, M. 2000. Distribution of orexin-A and orexin-B (hypocretins) in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 288, 87–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daval, G., Vergé, D., Basbaum, A., Bourgoin, S., and Hamon, M. 1987. Autoradiographic evidence of serotonin] binding sites on primary afferent fibres in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 83, 71–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davar, G., Hama, A., Deykin, A., Vos, B., Maciewicz, R. 1991. MK-801 blocks the development of thermal hyperalgesia in a rat model of experimental painful neuropathy. Brain Res. 553, 327–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A. 1972. The effects of bicuculline on the isolated spinal cord of the frog. Exp. Neurol 35, 179–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A. and Hackman, J. C. 1980. Hyperpolarization of frog primary afferent fibres caused by activation of a sodium pump. J. Physiol 302, 297–309.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A., Graham, L. T, Shank, R. P., Werman, R., and Aprison, M. H. 1967. Changes in amino acid concentrations associated with loss of spinal interneurones. J. Neurochem. 14, 1025–1031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A., Aprison, M. H., and Werman, R. 1969. The effects of strychnine on the inhibition of interneurons by glycine and γ-aminobutyric acid. Int. J. Neuropharmacol 8, 191–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A., Grayson, V., and Adair, R. 1973. GABA-transaminase inhibitors and presynaptic inhibition in the amphibian spinal cord. Am. J. Physiol. 224, 1230–1234.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A., Hackman, J. C, and Osorio, I. 1980. Amino acid antagonists do not block the depolarizing effects of potassium ions on frog primary afferents. Neuroscience 5, 117–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidoff, R. A., Hackman, J. C., Holohean, A. M., Vega, J. L., and Zhang, D. X. 1988. Primary afferent activity, putative excitatory transmitters and extracellular potassium levels in frog spinal cord. J. Physiol. 397, 291–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, H. E. and Edgley, S. A. 1994. Inputs to group II-activated midlumbar interneurones from descending motor pathways in the cat. J. Physiol 497, 463–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. and Dray, A. 1978. Pharmacological and electrophysiological studies of morphine and enkephalin on rat supraspinal neurones and cat spinal neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. 63, 87–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. and Dray, A. 1980. Depression and facilitation of synaptic responses in cat dorsal horn by substance P administered into the substantia gelatinosa. Life Sci. 27, 2037–2042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davies, J. and Watkins, J. C. 1983. Role of excitatory amino acid receptors in mono-and polysynaptic excitation in the cat spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res. 49, 280–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. M., Albers, K. ML, Seroogy, K. B., and Katz, D. M. 1994. Overexpression of nerve growth factor in transgenic mice induced novel sympathetic projections to primary sensory neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 349, 464–474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. M., Goodness, T. P., Soria, A., and Albers, K. M. 1998. Over-expression of NGF in skin causes formation of novel sympathetic projections to trkA-positive sensory neurons. NeuroReport 9, 1103–1107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, C. L., Naeem, S. B., Phagoo, S. B., Campbell, E. A., Urban, L., and Burgess, G. M. 1996. Bl bradykinin receptors and sensory neurones. Br. J. Pharmacol. 118, 1469–1476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. B., Gray, J., Gunthorpe, M. J., Hatcher, J. P., Davey, P. T, Overend, P., Harries, M. H., Latcham, J., Clapham, C, Atkinson, K., Hughes, S. A., Rance, K., Grau, E., Harper, A. J., Pugh, P. L., Rogers, D. C., Bingham, S., Randall, A., and Sheardown, S. A. 2000. Vanilloid receptor-1 is essential for inflammatory thermal hyperalgesia. Nature 405, 183–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. D., Treede, R.-D., Raja, S. N., Meyer, R. A., and Campbell, J. N. 1991. Topical application of clonidine relieves hyperalgesia in patients with sympathetically maintained pain. Pain 47, 309–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, K. D., Meyer, R. A., and Campbell, J. N. 1993. Chemosensitivity and sensitization of nociceptive afferents that innervate the hairy skin of monkey. J. Neurophysiol 69, 1071–1081.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawe, G. S. and Maxwell, D. J. 1991. Contacts between group Ia muscle spindle afferent axons and GABA-immunoreactive perikarya in lamina VI of cat spinal cord. Exp. Physiol. 76, 461–464.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, G. D., Merrill, E. G., and Wall, P. D. 1970. Dorsal root potentials produced by stimulation of fine afferents. Science 167, 1385–1387.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dearborn, G. V. N. 1932. A case of congenital pure analgesia. J. Nerv. Merit. Dis. 75, 612–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Biasi, S. and Rustioni, A. 1988. Glutamate and substance P coexist in primary afferent terminals in the superficial laminae of spinal cord. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 7820–7824.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Biasi, S. and Rustioni, A. 1990. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of excitatory amino acids in the somatosensory system. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 38, 1745–1754.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Castro, F., Silos-Santiago, I., deArmentia, M. L., Barbacid, M., and Belmonte, C. 1998. Corneal innervation and sensitivity to noxious stimuli in trkA knockout mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 146–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Ceballos, M. L., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D. 1990. Increased [met]enkephalin and decreased substance P in spinal cord following thermal injury to one limb. Neuroscience 36, 731–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, M. W., Towle, A. C, Bissette, G., Mueller, R. A., Lauder, J. M., and Nemeroff, C. B. 1985. Bombesinlike immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of capsaicin-treated rats: A radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 342, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Decosterd, I., Ji, R. R., Abdi, S., Tate, S., and Woolf, C. J. 2002. The pattern of expression of the voltage-gated sodium channels Na(v)1.8 and Na(v)1.9 does not change in uninjured primary sensory neurons in experimental neuropathic pain models. Pain 96, 269–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Felipe, C, Herrero, J. R, O’Brien, J. A., Palmer, J. A., Doyle, C. A., Smith, A. J., Laird, J. M., Belmonte, C, Cervero, R, and Hunt, S. P. 1998. Altered nociception, analgesia and aggression in mice lacking the receptor for substance P. Nature 392, 394–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Giorgio, R., Barbara, G., Blennerhassett, P., Wang, L., Stanghellini, V., Corinaldesi, R., Collins, S. M., and Tougas, G. 2001. Intestinal inflammation and activation of sensory nerve pathways: A functional and morphological study in the nematode infected rat. Gut 49, 822–827.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeGroat, W. C, Lalley, P. M. and Saum, W. R. 1972. Depolarization of dorsal root ganglia in the cat by GABA and related amino acids: antagonism by picrotoxin and bicuculline. Brain Res. 44, 273–277.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Groat, W C. 1986. Spinal cord projections and neuropeptides in visceral afferent neurons. Prog. Brain Res. 67, 185–187.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Groat, W. C. 1987. Neuropeptides in pelvic afferent pathways. Experientia 43, 801–813.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Groat, W. C., Nadelhaft, I., Morgan, C, and Schauble, T. 1978. Horseradish peroxidase tracing of visceral efferent and primary afferent pathways in the sacral cord of the cat using benzidine processing. Neurosci. Lett. 10, 103–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Groat, W. C, Kawatani, M., Hisamitsu, T, Lowe, L, Morgan, C, Roppolo, J., Booth, A. M., Nadelhaft, I., Kuo, D., and Thor, K. 1983. The role of neuropeptides in the sacral autonomic reflex pathways of the cat. J. Auton. Ner. Sys. 7, 339–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeGroot, J. R, Coggeshall, R. E., and Carlton, S. M. 1997. The reorganization of μ opioid receptors in the rat dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy. Neurosci. Lett. 233, 113–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehen, H., Wilier, J. C, Prier, S., Boureau, R, and Cambier, J. 1978. Congenital insensitivity to pain and the “morphine-like” analgesia system. Pain 5, 351–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeKoninck, Y. and Henry, J. L. 1989. Bombesin, neuromedin B and neuromedin C selectively depress superficial dorsal horn neurones in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 498, 105–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Koninck, Y. and Henry, J. L. 1991. Substance P-mediated slow excitatory postsynaptic potential elicited in dorsal horn neurons in vivo by noxious stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 344–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeKoninck, Y. and Henry, J. L. 1994. Prolonged GABAA-mediated inhibition following single hair afferent input to single spinal dorsal horn neurones in cats. J. Physiol. 476, 89–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Koninck, Y, Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., Henry, J. L., and Cuello, A. C. 1992. Spinal neurons exhibiting a specific nociceptive response receive abundant substance P-containing synaptic contacts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5073–5077.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delander, G. E., Schött, E., Brodin, E., and Fredholm, B. B. 1997. Temporal changes in spinal cord expression of mRNA for substance P, dynorphin and enkephalin in a model of chronic pain. Acta Physiol. Scand. 161, 509–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLanerolle, N. C. and LaMotte, C. C. 1983. Ultrastructure of chemically defined neuron systems in the dorsal horn of the monkey: I. Substance P immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 274, 31–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delay-Goyet, P., Kayser, V., Zajac, J. M., Guilbaud, G., Besson, J. M., and Roques, B. P. 1989. Lack of significant changes in μ, δ opioid binding sites and neutral endopeptidase EC 3.4.24.11 in the brain and spinal cord of arthritic rats. Neuropharmacology 28, 1341–1348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delay-Goyet, P., Satoh, H., and Lundberg, J. M. 1992. Relative involvement of substance P and CGRP mechanisms in antidromic vasodilatation in the rat skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 146, 537–538.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeo, J. A., Coombs, D. W., Willinbring, S., Colburn, R. W., Fromm, C, Wagner, R., and Twitchell, B. B. 1994. Characterization of a neuropathic pain model: Sciatic cryoneurolysis in the rat. Pain 56, 9–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeon, M., Covenas, R., Chadi, G., Narvaez, J. A., Fuxe, K., and Cintra, A. 1994. Subpopulations of primary sensory neurons show coexistence of neuropeptides and glucocorticoid receptors in the rat spinal and trigeminal ganglia. Brain Res. 636, 338–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Del Fiacco, M. and Cuello, A. C. 1980. Substance P-and enkephalin-containing neurones in the rat trigeminal system. Neuroscience 5, 803–815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, Y.-P., Li, X.-S., Zhang, S.-H., and Vacca-Galloway, L.-L. 1996. Changes in receptor levels for thyrotropin releasing hormone, serotonin, and substance P in cervical spinal cord of Wobbler mouse: A quantitative autoradiography study during early and late stages of the motoneuron disease. Brain Res. 725, 49–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, Y. S., Zhong, J. H., and Zhou, X. F. 2000. Effects of endogenous neurotrophins on sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia and allodynia following spinal nerve injury. Exp. Neurol. 164, 344–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denny-Brown, D., Kirk, E. J., and Yanagisawa, N. 1973. The tract of Lissauer in relation to sensory transmission in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 151, 175–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Quidt, M. E. and Emson, P. C. 1986. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system: II. Immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience 18, 545–618.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Derwin, K. A., Glover, R. A., and Wojtys, E. M. 1994. Nociceptive role of substance-P in the knee joint of a patient with congenital insensitivity to pain. J. Pediatr. Orthop. 14, 258–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dery, O., Frobert, Y, Zerari, F., Creminon, C, Grassi, J., Fischer, J., Conrath, M., and Couraud, J. Y 1997. A monoclonal antibody to the ligand-binding domain of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-R) for the neuropeptide substance P. J. Neuroimmunol. 76, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deschenes, M. and Feltz, P. 1976. GABA-induced rise of extracellular potassium in rat dorsal root ganglion: An electrophysiological study in vivo. Brain Res. 118, 494–499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deschenes, M., Feltz, P., and Lamour, Y 1976. A model for an estimate in vivo of the ionic basis of presynaptic inhibition: an intracellular analysis of the GABA-induced depolarization of rat dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res. 118, 486–493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Souza, E. B., Insel, T. R., Perrin, M. H., Rivier, J., Vale, W. W, and Kuhar, M. J. 1985. Corticotropin-releasing factor receptors are widely distributed within the rat central nervous system: An autoradiographic study. J. Neurosci. 5, 3189–3203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desprat, C. and Zajac, J. M. 1994. Ontogeny of neuropeptide FF pharmacology and receptors in mouse brain. Dev. Brain Res. 82, 118–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deuchars, S. A., Atkinson, L., Brooke, R. E., Musa, H., Milligan, C. J., Batten, T. F, Buckley, N. J., Parson, S. H., and Deuchars, J. 2001. Neuronal P2X7 receptors are targeted to presynaptic terminals in the central and peripheral nervous systems. J. Neurosci. 21, 7143–7152.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. 1983. Nerve pathophysiology and mechanism of pain in causalgia. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 7, 371–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. 1993. The pathophysiology of damaged peripheral nerves, In P. D. Wall and R. Melzack (eds.), Textbook of Pain (pp. 79–100). Churchill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. and Claman, D. 1980. Mapping and plasticity of acid phosphatase afferents in the rat dorsal horn. Brain Res. 190, 17–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. and Jänig, W. 1981. Activation of myelinated afferents ending in a neuroma by stimulation of sympathetic supply in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 24, 43–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. and Wall, P. D. 1976. Dorsal horn cells with proximal cutaneous receptive fields. Brain Res. 118, 325–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. and Wall, P. D. 1981a. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on receptive fields of cells in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 199, 277–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M. and Wall, P. D. 1981b. Plasticity in the spinal cord sensory map following peripheral nerve injury in rats. J. Neurosci. 1, 679–684.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M., Wall, P. D., and McMahon, S. B. 1984. Dichotomizing somatic nerve fiber exist in rats but they are rare. Neurosci. Lett. 49, 187–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M., Wall, P. D., and Catalan, N. 1992. Systemic lidocaine silences ectopic neuroma and DRG discharge without blocking nerve conduction. Pain 48, 261–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M., Govrin-Lippman, R., and Angelides, K. 1993. Na+ channel immunolocalization in peripheral mammalian axons and changes following nerve injury and neuroma formation. J. Neurosci. 13, 1976–1992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M., Jänig, W., and Michaelis, M. 1994a. Modulation of activity in dorsal root ganglion neurons by sympathetic activation in nerve-injured rats. J. Neurophysiol 71, 38–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Devor, M., Lomazov, P., and Matzner, O. 1994b. Sodium channel accumulation in injured axons as a substrate for neuropathic pain. In J. Boivie, P. Hansson, and U. Lindblom (eds.), Touch, Temperature, and Pain in Health and Disease: Mechanisms and Assessments (pp. 207–230). IASP Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vos, H., Bricca, G., DeKeyser, J., Bousquet, P., and Vauquelin, G. 1994. Imidazoline receptors, non-adrenergic idazoxan binding sites and α2-adrenoreceptors in the human central nervous system. Neuroscience 59, 589–598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dib-Hajj, S., Black, J. A., Felts, P., and Waxman, S. G. 1996. Down-regulation of transcripts for Na channel alpha-SNS in spinal sensory neurons following axotomy. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 14950–14954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dib-Hajj, S. D., Tyrrell, L., Black, J. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1998a. NaN, a novel voltage-gated Na channel, is expressed preferentially in peripheral sensory neurons and down-regulated after axotomy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 8963–8968.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dib-Hajj, S. D., Black, J. A., Cummins, T. R., Kenney, A. M., Kocsis, J. D., and Waxman, S. G. 1998b. Rescue of alpha-SNS sodium channel expression in small dorsal root ganglion neurons after axotomy by nerve growth factor in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 2668–2676.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiCarlo, V. 1983. Serotoninergic fibers in dorsal roots of the spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 43, 119–125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, A. H. and Aydar, E. 1991. Antagonism at the glycine site on the NMDA receptor reduces spinal nociception in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 121, 263–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, A. H. and Sullivan, A. F. 1987. Subcutaneous formalin-induced activity of dorsal horn neurons in the rat: Differential response to an intrathecal opiate administration pre or post formalin. Pain 30, 349–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, A. H. and Sullivan, A. F. 1990. Differential effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists on dorsal horn nociceptive neurones in the rat. Brain Res. 506, 31–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, A. H., Brewer, C. M., and Hayes, N. A. 1985. Effects of topical baclofen on C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in the rat dorsal horn. Neuroscience 14, 557–562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickenson, A. H., Sullivan, A., Feeney, C, Fournie-Zaluski, M. C., and Roques, B. P. 1986. Evidence that endogenous enkephalins produce delta-opiate receptor mediated neuronal inhibitions in rat dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 72, 179–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, T. and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1999. VIP and PACAP: Very important in pain? Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 20, 324–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, T., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Mitchell, R., and Lutz, E. M. 1997. Evidence for roles of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors in modulating the responses of rat dorsal horn neurons to sensory inputs. Neuropeptides 31, 175–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickinson, T., Mitchell, R., Robberecht, P., and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1999. The role of VIP/PACAP receptor subtypes in spinal somatosensory processing in rats with an experimental peripheral mononeuropathy. Neuropharmacol. 38, 167–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, B., Hoheisel, U., and Mense, S. 1988. Histological and neurophysiological changes induced by carrageenan in skeletal muscle of cat and rat. Agents Actions 25, 210–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, B., Hoheisel, U., and Mense, S. 1993. The influence of mechanical stimuli and of acetylsalicylic acid on the discharges of slowly conducting afferent units from normal and inflamed muscle in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 92, 431–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietl, M., Arluison, M., Mouchet, P., Feuerstein, C., Manier, M., and Thibault, J. 1985. Immunohistochemical demonstration of catecholaminergic cell bodies in the spinal cord of the rat: Preliminary note. Histochemistry 82, 385–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dietl, M. M., Sanchez, M., Probst, A., and Palacios, J. M. 1989. Substance P receptors in the human spinal cord: Decrease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Res. 483, 39–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diez-Guerra, F. J., Zaidi, M., Bevis, P., Maclntrye, I., and Emson, P. C. 1988. Evidence for release of calcitonin gene-related peptide and neurokinin A from sensory nerve endings in vivo. Neuroscience 25, 839–846.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiFiglia, M., Aronin, N., and Leeman, S. E. 1982a. Immunocytochemical study of neurotensin localization in the monkey spinal cord. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 400, 405–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiFiglia, M., Aronin, N., and Leeman, S. E. 1982b. Light microscopic and ultrastructural localization of immunoreactive substance P in the dorsal horn of monkey spinal cord. Neuroscience 7, 1127–1139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiFiglia, M., Aronin, N., and Leeman, S. E. 1984. Ultrastructural localization of immunoreactive neurotensin in the monkey superficial dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 225, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiGiulio, A. M., Tenconi, B., Mannavola, A., Mantegazza, P., Schiavinato, A., and Gorio, A. 1987. Spinal cord interneuron degenerative atrophy caused by peripheral nerve lesions is prevented by serotonin depletion. J. Neurosci. Res. 18, 443–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Di Marzo, V. 1998. ”Endocannabinoids” and other fatty acid derivatives with cannabimimetic properties: Biochemistry and possible physiopathological relevance. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1392, 153–175.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimsdale, J. A. and Kemp, J. M. 1966. Afferent fibres in ventral nerve roots inthe rat. J. Physiol. (Lond.) 187, 25–26P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ding, X. Z. and Bayer, B. M. 1993. Increases of CCK mRNA and peptide in different brain areas following acute and chronic administration of morphine. Brain Res. 625, 139–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y. Q., Nomura, S., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1995a. Co-localization of mu-opioid receptor-like and substance P-like immunoreactivities in axon terminals within the superficial layers of the medullary and spinal dorsal horns of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 198, 45–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y. Q., Takada, ML, Shigemoto, R., and Mizumo, N. 1995b. Spinoparabrachial tract neurons showing substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 674, 336–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y. Q., Shigemoto, R., Takada, M., Ohishi, H., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1996a. Localization of the neuromedin K receptor (NK3) in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 364, 290–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y. Q., Kaneko, T., Nomura, S., and Mizuno, N. 1996b. Immunohistochemical localization of μ-Opioid receptors in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 367, 375–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ding, Y Q., Zheng, H. X., Wang, D. S., Xu, J. Q., Gong, L. W., Lu, Y, Qin B. Z., Shi, J., Li, H. L., Li, J. S., Shigemoto, R., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1999. The distribution of substance P receptor (NK-l)-like immunoreactive neurons in the newborn and adult human spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 266, 133–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dingledine, R., Borges, K., Bowie, D., and Traynelis, S. F. 1999. The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 7–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dipette, D. J., Westlund, K. N., and Holland, O. 1988. Dietary calcium modulates spinal cord content of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 95, 335–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiTirro, F. J., Ho, R. H., and Martin, G. F. 1981. Immunohistochemical localization of substance-P, somatostatin, and methionine-enkephalin in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the North American opossum, Didelphis Virginia. J. Comp. Neurol. 198, 351–363.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiTirro, F. J., Martin, G. F., and Ho, R. H. 1983. A developmental study of substance-P, somatostatin, enkephalin, and serotonin immunoreactive elements in the spianl cord of the North American opossum. J. Comp. Neurol. 213, 241–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, A. D. 1968. Cholinesterase distribution in trigeminal ganglionic neurons. J. Cell Biol. 39, 166A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djouhri, L. and Lawson, S. N. 1999. Changes in somatic action potential shape in guinea-pig nociceptive primary afferent neurones during inflammation in vivo. J. Physiol. 520.2, 565–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Djouhri, L. and Lawson, S. N. 2001. Differences in the size of the somatic action potential overshoot between nociceptive and non-nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurones in the guinea-pig. Neuroscience 108, 479–491.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Djouhri, L., Bleazard, L., and Lawson, S. N. 1998. Association of somatic action potential shape with sensory receptive properties in guinea-pig dorsal root ganglion neurones. J. Physiol. 513, 857–872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dmitrieva, N. and McMahon, S. B. 1996. Sensitization of visceral afferents by nerve growth factor in the adult rat. Pain 66, 87–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, J. and Jessell, T. M. 1985. Lactoseries carbohydrates specify subsets of dorsal root ganglion neurons projecting to the superficial dorsal horn of rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 5, 3278–3294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, J., Jahr, C. E., Hamilton, P. N., Heath, M. J. S., Matthew, W. D., and Jessell, T. M. 1983. Cytochemical and physiological properties of sensory and dorsal horn neurons that transmit cutaneous sensation. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology (pp. 685–695).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodd, J., Solter, D., and Jessell, T. M. 1984. Monoclonal antibodies against carbohydrate differentiation antigens identify subsets of primary sensory neurones. Nature 311, 469–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt, E. 1952. The behaviour of thermoreceptors at low and high temperatures with special reference to Ebbecke’s temperature phenomena. Acta Physiol. Scand. 27, 295–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt, E. and Zotterman, Y 1952a. Mode of action of warm receptors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 26, 345–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dodt, E. and Zotterman, Y 1952b. The discharge of specific cold fibres at high temperatures. Acta Physiol. Scand. 26, 358–365.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S. 1892. Die Nervenendigunden in Meissnerschen Tastköperen. Monthly Int. J. Anal Physiol. 9, 76–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dogiel, A. S. 1908. In Der Bau der spinalganglien des Menschen und der Saugetiere (pp. Gustav Fischer, Jena).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, S. and Nolan, A. M. 2000. Behavioural evidence supporting a differential role for group I and II metabotropic glutamate receptors in spinal nociceptive transmission. Neuropharmacol. 39, 1132–1138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, H. H. 1885. On the temperature sense. Mind 10, 399–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, L. F., Harmar, A. J., McQueen, D. S., and Seckl, J. R. 1992. Increased expression of preprotachykinin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, but not vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA in dorsal root ganglia during the development of adjuvant monoarthritis in the rat. Mol. Brain Res. 16, 143–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, L. E, Seckl, J. R., and McQueen, D. S. 1993. A discrete adjuvant-induced monoarthritis in the rat: Effects of adjuvant dose. J. Neurosci. Meth. 49, 5–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, L. E, McQueen, D. S., and Seckl, J. R. 1994. Local anaesthesia prevents acute inflammatory changes in neuropeptide messenger RNA expression in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 175, 111–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, L. E, McQueen, D. S., and Seckl, J. R. 1995. Neuropeptide gene expression and capsaicin-sensitive primary afferents: Maintenance and spread of adjuvant arthritis in the rat. J. Physiol. 486, 473–482.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnerer, J., Schuligoi, R., and Stein, C. 1992. Increased content and transport of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory nerves innervating inflamed tissue: Evidence for a regulatory function of nerve growth in vivo. Neurosci. 49, 693–698.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnerer, J., Schuligoi, R., Stein, C., and Amann, R. 1993. Upregulation, release and axonal transport of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in adjuvant inflammation and regulatory function of nerve growth factor. Regul. Pept. 46, 150–154.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnerer, J., Amann, R., Schuligoi, R., and Skofitsch, G. 1996. Complete recovery by nerve growth factor of neuropeptide content and function in capsaicin-impaired sensory neurons. Brain Res. 741, 103–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doré, S., Krieger, C, Kar, S., and Quirion, R. 1996. Distribution and levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1 and IGF-II) and insulin receptor binding sites in the spinal cords of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Mol. Brain Res. 41, 128–133.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dorn, T., Schaible, H. G., and Schmidt, R. E 1991. Response properties of thick myelinated group II afferents in the medial articular nerve of normal and inflamed knee joints of the cat. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 8, 127–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doubell, T. P. and Woolf, C. J. 1997. Growth-associated protein 43 immunoreactivity in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord is localized in atrophic C-fiber, and not in sprouted A-fiber, central terminals after peripheral nerve injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 386, 111–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doubell, T. P., Mannion, R. J., and Woolf, C. J. 1997. Intact sciatic myelinated primary afferent terminals collaterally sprout in the adult rat dorsal horn following section of a neighboring peripheral nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 380, 95–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doucet, E., Miquel, M. C., Nosjean, A., Verge, D., Hamon, M., and Emerit, M. B. 2000. Immunolabeling of the rat central nervous system with antibodies partially selective of the short form of the 5-HT3 receptor. Neuroscience 95, 881–892.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M. and Willis, W. D. 1991a. Modification of the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to mechanical stimulation by excitatory amino acids and an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist. Brain Res. 542, 15–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M. and Willis, W. D. 1991b. Enhancement of spinothalamic neuron responses to chemical and mechanical stimuli following combined microiontophoretic application of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid and substance P. Pain 47, 85–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M. and Willis, W. D. 1992. Enhanced responses of spinothalamic tract neurons to excitatory amino acids accompany capsaicin-induced sensitization in the monkey. J. Neurosci. 12, 883–894.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M., Paleck, J., Paleckova, V., Sorkin, L. S., and Willis, W D. 1992a. The role of NMDA and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in the excitation of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by mechanical, chemical, thermal and electrical stimuli. J. Neurosci. 12, 3025–3041.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M., Sluka, K. A., Sorkin, L. S., Westlund, K. N., and Willis, W D. 1992b. Neural changes in acute arthritis in monkeys: I. Parallel enhancement of responses of spinothalamic tract neurons to mechanical stimulation and excitatory amino acids. Brain Res. Rev. 17, 1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M., Palecek, J., Zorn, S., and Willis, W. D. 1993. Combined application of excitatory amino acids and substance P produces long-lasting changes in responses of primate spinothalamic tract neurons. Brain Res. Rev. 18, 227–246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M., Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., and Willis, W D. 1994. Neurokinin 1 and 2 antagonists attenuate the responses and NK1 antagonists prevent the sensitization of primate spinothalamic tract neurons after intradermal capsaicin. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 1464–1475.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dougherty, P. M., Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., and Willis, W. D. 1995. Infusion of substance P or neurokinin A by microdialysis alters responses of primate spinothalamic tract neurons to cutaneous stimuli and to iontophoretically released excitatory amino acids. Pain 61, 411–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doughty, S. E., Atkinson, M. E., and Shehab, S. A. 1991. A quantitative study of neuropeptide immunoreactive cell bodies of primary afferent sensory neurons following rat sciatic nerve peripheral axotomy. Regul Pept. 35, 59–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, W W and Ritchie, J. M. 1957. Non-medullated fibres in the saphenous nerve which signal touch. J. Physiol. 139, 385–399.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doupe, J., Cullen, C. H., and Chance, G. Q. 1944. Post-traumatic pain and the causalgic syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 7, 323–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C. A. and Hunt, S. P. 1997. Reduced nuclear factor κB 65 expression in rat primary sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury. NeuroReport 8, 2937–2942.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C. A. and Maxwell, D. J. 1991a. Ultrastructural analysis of noradrenergic nerve terminals in the cat lumbosacral spinal dorsal horn: A dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunocytochemical study. Brain Res. 563, 329–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C. A. and Maxwell, D. J. 1991b. Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal dorsal horn: A correlated light-and electron-microscopic analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibres in the cat. Neuroscience 45, 161–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C. A. and Maxwell, D. J. 1993a. Direct catecholaminergic innervation of spinal dorsal horn neurons with axons ascending the dorsal columns in cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 331, 434–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C. A. and Maxwell, D. J. 1993b. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive terminals form axo-axonic synaptic arrangements in the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) of the cat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 603, 157–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, C. A. and Maxwell, D. J. 1994. Light-and electron-microscopic analysis of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive profiles in the cat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 61, 107–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draisci, G. and Iadarola, M. J. 1989. Temporal analysis of increases in c-fos, preprodynorphin and pre-proenkephalin mRNAs in rat spinal cord. Mol. Brain Res. 6, 31–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draisci, G., Kajander, K. C, Dubner, R., Bennett, G. J., and Iadarola, M. J. 1991. Up-regulation of opioid gene expression in spinal cord evoked by experimental nerve injuries and inflammation. Brain Res. 560, 186–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dray, A., Bettaney, J., Forster, P., and Perkins, M. N. 1988. Bradykinin-induced stimulation of afferent fibres is mediated through protein kinase C. Neurosci. Lett. 91, 301–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dray, A., Bettaney, J., and Forster, P. 1990. Actions of capsaicin on peripheral nociceptors of the neonatal rat spinal cord-tail in vitro: Dependence of extracellular ions and independence of second messengers. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101, 727–733.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drew, J. P., Westrum, L. E., and Ho, R. H. 1986. Mapping of the normal distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 93, 168–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Droz, B. and Kazimierczak, J. 1987. Carbonic anhydrase in primary sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia. J. Biochem. Physiol. 88B, 713–717.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, H. A., Price, M. P., Welsh, M. J., and Abboud, F. M. 1998. A molecular component of the arterial baroreceptor mechanotransducer. Neuron 21, 1435–1441.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, H. A., Abboud, F. M., and Welsh, M. J. 2000. Localization of ß and γ subunits of ENaC in sensory nerve endings in the rat foot pad. Brain Res. 884, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, P. D. 1995. Noradrenaline increases hyperalgesia to heat in skin sensitized by capsaicin. Pain 60, 311–315.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drummond, P. D., Skipworth, S., and Finch, P. M. 1996. αradrenoreceptors in normal and hyperalgesic human skin. Clin. Sci. 91, 73–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du, J., Koltzenburg, M., and Carlton, S. M. 2001. Glutamate-induced excitation and sensitization of nociceptors in rat glabrous skin. Pain 89, 187–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte, I. D. G., dos Santos, I. R., Lorenzetti, B. B., and Ferreira, S. H. 1992. Analgesia by direct antagonism of nociceptor sensitization involves the arginine-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 217, 225–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubner, R. 1991. Neuronal plasticity and pain following peripheral tissue inflammation or nerve injury. In J. E. Charlton and C. J. Woolf (eds.), Proceedings of the Vth World Congress on Pain (pp. 263–276). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubner, R. and Ruda, M. A. 1992. Activity-dependent neuronal plasticity following tissue injury and inflammation. TINS 15, 96–103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubois, A., Savasta, M., Curet, O., and Scatton, B. 1986. Autoradiographic distribution of the Di agonist [3H]SKF 38393 in the rat brain and spinal cord. Comparison with the distribution of D2 dopamine receptors. Neuroscience 19, 125–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubovy, P. and Bednarova, J. 1999. The extracellular matrix of rat Pacinian corpuscles: An analysis of its fine structure. Anat. Embryol. Berl.) 200, 615–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubuisson, D. and Dennis, S. G. 1977. The formalin test: A quantitative study of the analgesic effects of morphine, meperidine, and brain stimulation in rats and cats. Pain 4, 161–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dubuisson, D., Fitzgerald, M., and Wall, P. D. 1979. Ameboid receptive fields of cells in laminae 1,2 and 3. Brain Res. 177, 376–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Due, C., Barakat-Walter, I., and Droz, B. 1993. Innervation of putative rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors by calbindin-and calretinin-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 264–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duce, I. R. and Keen, P. 1977. An ultrastructural classification of the neuronal cell bodies of rat dorsal root ganglion using zinc iodine-osmium impregnation. Cell Tis. Res. 185, 263–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duclaux, R. and Kenshalo, D. R. 1972. The temperature sensitivity of the type I slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in cats and monkeys. J. Physiol. 224, 647–664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duclaux, R. and Kenshalo, D. R. 1980. Response characteristics of cutaneous warm receptors in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 43, 1–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W. 1974. The differential sensitivity to L-glutamate and L-aspartate of spinal interneurones and Renshaw cells. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 522–528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W. and Hendry, I. A. 1986. Laminar localization of the sites of release of immunoreactive substance P in the dorsal horn with antibody-coated microelectrodes. Neurosci. Lett. 68, 134–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W. and Johnston, G. A. R. 1970. Glutamate and related amino acids in cat spinal roots, dorsal root ganglia, and peripheral nerves. J. Neurochem. 17, 1205–1208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W. and North, R. A. 1984. Electrophysiology of opioids. Pharmacol. Rev. 35, 219–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Hall, J. G., and Headley, P. M. 1976. Morphine, enkephalin and the substantia gelatinosa. Nature 264, 456–458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Hall, J. G., and Headley, P. M. 1977. Enkephalins and dorsal horn neurones of the cat: Effects on responses to noxious and innocuous skin stimuli. Br. J. Pharmacol. 61, 399–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Griersmith, B. T, Headley, P. M, and Hall, J. G. 1979. Lack of effect by substance P at sites in the substantia gelatinosa where met-enkephalin reduces the transmission of nociceptive impulses. Neurosci. Lett. 12, 313–317.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Johnson, S. M., and Morton, C. R. 1981. Differing distributions of receptors for morphine and met5-enkephalinamide in the dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res. 229, 379–387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Morton, C. R., Zhao, Z. Q., and Hendry, I. A. 1987. Noxious heating of the skin releases immunoreactive substance P in the substantia gelatinosa of the cat: A study with antibody microprobes. Brain Res. 403, 345–349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Hendry, I. A., Green, J. L., Morton, C. R., and Hutchison, W. D. 1988a. The preparation and use of antibody microprobes. J. Neurosci. Meth. 23, 241–247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Hendry, I. A., Morton, C. R., Hutchison, W. D., and Zhao, Z. Q. 1988b. Cutaneous stimuli releasing immunoreactive substance P in the dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res. 451, 261–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Morton, C. R., Hutchison, W. D., and Hendry, I. A. 1988c. Absence of tonic supraspinal control of substance P release in the substantia gelatinosa of the anaesthetized cat. Exp. Brain Res. 71, 597–602.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W., Hope, P. J., Jarrott, B., Schaible, H. G., and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1990. Release, spread and persistence of immunoreactive neurokinin A in the dorsal horn of the cat following noxious cutaneous stimulation: Studies with antibody microprobes. Neuroscience 35, 195–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W, Schaible H. G., Hope, P. J., and Lang, C. W. 1992. Effect of peptidase inhibition on the pattern of intraspinally released immunoreactive substance P detected with antibody microprobes. Brain Res. 579, 261–269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, A. W, Riley R. C., Mark, M. A., MacMillan, S. J., and Schaible, H. G. 1995. Afferent volley patterns and the spinal release of immunoreactive substance P in the dorsal horn of the anaesthetized spinal cat. Neuroscience 65, 849–859.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dumoulin, F. L., Raivich, G., Streit, W J., and Kreutzberg, G. W. 1990. Differential regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in regenerating rat facial nucleus and dorsal root ganglion. Eur. J. Neurosci. 3, 338–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dun, E. C., Huang, R. L., Dun, S. L., and Dun, N. L. 1996. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-immunoreactivity in human spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res. 721, 233–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dun, N. J., Dun, S. L., Forstermann, U., and Tseng, L. F. 1992. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 147, 217–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dun, N. J., Dun, S. L., Wu, S. Y, Forstermann, U., Schmidt, H. H., and Tseng, L. F. 1993. Nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the rat, mouse, cat and squirrel monkey spinal cord. Neuroscience 54, 845–857.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dun, N. J., Miyazaki, T, Tang, H., and Dun, E. C. 1996. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord and medulla: Implication of sensory and autonomic functions. Neuroscience. 73, 677–686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dun, N. J., Dun, S. L., Lin, H. H., Hwang, L. L., Sana, A., and Fischer-Colbrie, R. 1997. Secretonneurin-like immunoreactivity in rat sympathetic, enteric and sensory ganglia. Brain Res. 760, 8–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dun, N. J., Dun, S. L., Wu, S. Y, Williams, C. A., and Kwok, E. H. 2000. Endomorphins: Localization, release and action on rat dorsal horn neurons. J. Biomed. Sci. 7, 213–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, D. and Keyser, L. L. 1936. Some determinations of the ratio of nerve fibers to nerve cells in thoracic dorsal roots and ganglion of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 64, 303–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, D. and Morales, R. 1973. Location of large cored synaptic vesicles in the dorsal grey matter of the cat and dog spinal cord. Am. J. Anat. 136, 123–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, D. and Morales, R. 1978. Relative numbers of several types of synaptic connections in the substantia gelatinosa of the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 182, 601–610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durkin, M. M., Gunwaldsen, C. A., Borowsky, B., Jones, K. A., and Branchek, T. A. 1999. An in situ hybridization study of the distribution of the GABA(B2) protein mRNA in the rat CNS. Brain Res. Mol Brain Res. 71, 185–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck, P. J., Kawamura, Y, Low, P. A., Shimono, M., and Solovy, J. S. 1978. The number and sizes of reconstructed peripheral autonomic, sensory and motor neurons in a case of dysautonomia. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 37, 741–754.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck, P. J., Jedrzejowska, H., Karnes, J., Kawamura, Y, Low, P. A., O’Brien, P. C., Offord, K., Ohnishi, A., Ohta, M., Pollock, M., and Stevens, J. C. 1979. Reconstruction of motor, sensory, and autonomic neurons based on morphometric study of sampled levels. Muscle Nerve 2, 399–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dyck, P. J., Mellinger, J. E, Reagan, T. J., Horowitz, S. J., McDonald, J. W., Litchy, W. J., Daube, J. R., Fealey, R. D., Go, V. L., Kao, P. C, Brimijoin, W. S., and Lambert, E. H. 1983. Not “indifference to pain” but varieties of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy. Brain 106(Pt.2, 373–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dykes, R. W. 1975. Coding of steady and transient temperatures by cutaneous “cold” fibers serving the hand of monkeys. Brain Res. 98, 485–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dymshitz, J. and Vasco, M. R. 1994. Nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate do not alter neuropeptide release from rat sensory neurons grown in culture. Neuroscience 62, 1279–1286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Earle, K. M. 1952. The tract of Lissauer and its possible relation to the pain pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 96, 93–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, M. J., Plunkett, J. A., Karmally, S., Martinez, M. A., and Montanez, K. 1998. Changes in GAD-and GABA-immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury and promotion of recovery by lumbar transplant of immortalized serotonergic precursors. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 16, 57–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebersberger, A., Charbel Issa, P, Vanegas, H., and Schaible, H. G. 2000. Differential effects of calcitonin generelated peptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide 8-37 upon responses to N-methyl-D-asparate or (R,S)alpha, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate in spinal nociceptive neurons with knee joint input in the rat. Neuroscience 99, 171–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C. 1964. The Physiology of Synapses. Springer, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C. and Krnjevic, K. 1959. Potential changes recorded inside primary afferent fibres within the spinal cord. J. Physiol. 149, 250–273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Fatt, P., Landgren, S., and Winsbury, G. J. 1954. Spinal cord potentials generated by volleys in the large muscle afferents. J. Physiol. 125, 590–606.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Fatt, P., and Landgren, S. 1956. Central pathway for direct inhibitory action of impulses in largest afferent nerve fibres to muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 19, 75–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Eccles, R. M., and Lundberg, A. 1960. Types of neurone in and around the intermediate nucleus of the lumbosacral cord. J. Physiol. 154, 89–114.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Kozak, W., and Magni, F. 1961. Dorsal root reflexes of muscle group I afferent fibres. J. Physiol. 159, 128–146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Kostyuk, P. G., and Schmidt, R. F. 1962a. Central pathways responsible for depolarization of primary afferent fibres. J. physiol. 161, 237–257.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Magni, F, and Willis, W. D. 1962b. Depolarization of central terminals of group I afferent fibres from muscle. J. Physiol. 160, 62–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Schmidt, R. F, and Willis, W. D. 1963a. Depolarization of the central terminals of cutaneous afferent fibres. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 646–661.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Schmidt, R. F, and Willis, W D. 1963b. Pharmacological studies on presynaptic inhibition. J. Physiol. 168, 500–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. C, Schmidt, R. F, and Willis, W. D. 1963c. The location and the mode of action of the presynaptic inhibitory pathways on to group Ia afferent fibers from muscle. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 506–522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, R. M. 1965. Interneurones activated by higher threshold group I muscle afferents. In D. R. Curtis and A. K. McIntyre (eds.), Studies in Physiology (pp. 59–64). Springer, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, R. M. and Lundberg, A. 1959. Supraspinal control of interneurones mediating spinal reflexes. J. Physiol 147, 565–584.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, A., VonBanchet, G. S., Sopper, S., and Petersen, M. 1999. Spatio-temporal pattern of induction of bradykinin receptors and inflammation in rat dorsal root ganglia after unilateral nerve ligation. Pain 83, 487–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edgley, S. A. and Jankowska, E. 1987. An interneuronal relay for group I and II muscle afferents in the midlumbar segments of the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol 389, 675–690.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edin, B. B. and Abbs, J. H. 1991. Finger movement responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the dorsal skin of the human hand. J. Neurophysiol 65, 657–670.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards-Lee, T. A., Cornford, M. E., and Yu, K. T. 1997. Congenital insensitivity to pain and anhidrosis with mitochondrial and axonal abnormalities. Pediatr. Neurol 17, 356–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Egger, M. D., Freeman, N. C. G., Jacquin, M., Proshansky, E., and Semba, K. 1986. Dorsal horn cells in the cat responding to stimulation of the plantar cushion. Brain Res. 383, 68–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenach, J. C. 1999. Muscarinic-mediated analgesia. Life Sci. 64, 549–554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, G. and Skoglund, S. 1960. On the specificity of the Ruffini-like joint receptors. Acta Physiol Scand. 49, 184–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Bohy, A. and LaMotte, C. C. 1993. Deafferentation-induced changes in neuropeptides of the adult rat dorsal horn following pronase injection of the sciatic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol 336, 545–554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elcock, C, Boissonade, F. M, and Robinson, P. P. 2001a. Changes in neuropeptide expression in the trigeminal ganglion following inferior alveolar nerve section in the ferret. Neuroscience 102, 655–667.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elcock, C., Boissonade, F. M., and Robinson, P. P. 2001b. Neuropeptide expression in the ferret trigeminal ganglion following ligation of the inferior alveolar nerve. Arch. Oral Biol. 46, 729–743.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elde, R., Hokfelt, T., Johansson, O., and Terenius, L. 1976. Immunohistochemical studies using antibodies to leucine-enkephalin: Initial observations on the nervous system of the rat. Neuroscience 1, 349–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elde, R., Schalling, M., Ceccatelli, S., Nakanishi, S., and Hökfelt, T. 1990. Localization of neuropeptide receptor mRNA in rat brain: Initial observations using probes for neurotensin and substance P receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 120, 134–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elde, R., Arvidsson, U., Riedi, M., Vulchanova, L., Lee, J.-H., Dado, R., Nakano, A., Chakrabarti, S., Zhang, X., Loh, H. H., Law, P. Y., Hökfelt, T., and Wessendorf, M. 1995. Distribution of neuropeptide receptors: New views of peptidergic neurotransmission made possible by antibodies to opioid receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 751, 390–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eldred, E., Yellin, H., DeSantis, M., and Smith, C. M. 1977. Supplement to bibliography on muscle receptors: Their morphology, pathology, physiology, and pharmacology. Exp. Neurol. 55 (No. 3, part 2), 1–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elhassan, A. M., Lindgren, J. U., Hultenby, K., Bergstrom, J., and Adem, A. 1998. Methionine-enkephalin in bone and joint tissues. J. Bone Miner. Res. 13, 88–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott, A. A. and Elliott, J. R. 1993. Characterization of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant sodium currents in small cells from adult rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Physiol. 463, 39–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emery, D. G., Ito, H., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1977. Unmyelinated axons in thoracic ventral roots of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 172, 37–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emson, P. C. 1979. Peptides as neurotranmsitter candidates in the mammalian CNS. Prog. Neurobiol 13, 61–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emson, P. C., Goedert, M., Williams, B., Ninkovic, M., and Hunt, S. P. 1982. Neurotensin: Regional distribution, characterization, and inactivation. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 400, 198–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endo, K., Kang, Y, Kayano, F, Kojima, H., and Hori, Y 1985. Synaptic actions of the ventral root afferents on cat hindlimb motoneurons. Neurosci. Lett. 58, 201–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enfìejian, H. J., Chiaia, N. L., MacDonald, G. J., and Rhoades, R. W. 1989. Neonatal transection alters the percentage of substance-P-positive trigeminal ganglion cells that contribute axons to the regenerate infraorbital nerve. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 6, 537–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, I. and Thaller, A. 1970. On the interaction of picrotoxin with GABA and glycine in the spinal cord. Brain Res. 19, 151–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelman, H. S., Allen, T. B., and MacDermott, A. B. 1999. The distribution of neurons expressing calciumpermeable AMPA receptors in the superficial laminae of the spinal cord dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 19, 2081–2089.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • England, J. D., Gamboni, F., Ferguson, M. A., and Levinson, S. R. 1994. Sodium channels accumulate at the tips of injured axons. Muscle Nerve 17, 593–598.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • England, J. D., Happel, L. T, Kline, D. G., Gamboni, F, Thouron, C. L., Liu, Z. P., and Levinson, S. R. 1996. Sodium channel accumulation in humans with painful neuromas. Neurology 47, 272–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • England, S., Bevan, S., and Docherty, R. J. 1996. PGE2 modulates the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current in neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurones via the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A cascade. J. Physiol 495, 429–440.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • English, K. B. 1977. The ultrastructure of cutaneous type I mechanoreceptors (Haarscheiben) in cats following denervation. J. Comp. Neurol. 172, 137–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • English, K. B., Harper, S., Stayner, N., Wang, Z. M., and Davies, A. M. 1994. Localization of nerve growth factor (NGF) and low-affinity NGF receptors in touch domes and quantification of NGF mRNA in keratinocytes of adult rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 344, 470–480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, J., Bongenhielm, U., Kidd, E., Matthews, B., and Fried, K. 1998. Distribution of P2X3 receptors in the rat trigeminal ganglion after inferior alveolar nerve injury. Neurosci. Lett. 254, 37–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, N. P., Aldskogius, H., Grant, G., Lindsay, R. M., and Rivero-Melian, C. 1997. Effects of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 on the laminar distribution of transganglionically transported choleragenoid in the spinal cord dorsal horn following transection of the sciatic nerve in the adult rat. Neuroscìence 78, 863–872.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erlanger, J. and Gasser, H. S. 1937. Electrical Signs of Nervous Activity. University Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. H. 1980. Evidence supporting the indirect depolarization of primary afferent terminals in the frog by excitatory amino acids. J. Physiol. 298, 25–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. H. 1989. Pharmacology of segmental transmission in the spinal cord. Prog. Neurobiol. 33, 255–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, R. H. and Long, S. K. 1989. Primary afferent depolarization in the rat spinal cord is mediated by pathways utilizing NMDA and non-NMDA receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 100, 231–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fabri, M. and Conti, F 1990. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive neurons and fibers in the cat dorsal column nuclei. Neuroscience 35, 167–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faccini, E., Uzumaki, H., Govoni, S., Missale, C., Spano, P. E, Covelli, V., and Trabucchi, M. 1984. Afferent fibers mediate the increase of met-enkephalin elicited in rat spinal cord by localized pain. Pain 18, 25–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faden, A. I. 1990. Opioid and nonopioid mechanisms may contribute to dynorphin’s pathophysiological actions in spinal cord injury. Ann. Neurol. 27, 67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faden, A. I., Molineaux, C. J., Rosenberger, J. G., Jacobs, T. P., and Cox, B. M. 1985a. Increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in spinal cord after traumatic injury. Regul Pept. 11, 35–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faden, A. I., Molineaux, C. J., Rosenberger, J. G., Jacobs, T. P., and Cox, B. M. 1985b. Endogenous opioid immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord following traumatic injury. Ann. Neurol. 17, 386–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fagg, G. E. and Foster, A. C. 1983. Amino acid neurotransmitters and their pathways in the mammalian central nervous system. Neuroscìence 9, 701–719.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, L., Wu, J., Lin, Q., and Willis, W. D. 2002. Calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II contributes to spinal cord central sensitization. J. Neurosci. 22, 4196–4204.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, X., Djouhri, L., Black, J. A., Dib-Hajj, S. D., Waxman, S. G., and Lawson, S. N. 2002. The presence and role of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel Na(v)1.9 (NaN) in nociceptive primary afferent neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 7425–7433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, X. B. 1987. The population of the dorsal root ganglion cells which have central processes in ventral root and their immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 402, 393–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas-Szallasi, T, Bennett, G. J., Blumberg, P. M., Hökfelt, T, Lundberg, J. M., and Szallasi, A. 1996. Vanilloid receptor loss is independent of the messenger plasticity that follows systemic resiniferatoxin administration. Brain Res. 719, 213–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farkas-Szallasi, T, Lundberg, J. M., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Hokfelt, T., and Szallasi, A. 1995. Increased levels of GMAP, VIP and nitric oxide synthase, and their mRNAs, in lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the rat following systemic resiniferatoxin treatment. NeuroReport 6, 2230–2234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farquhar-Smith, W. P., Egertova, M., Bradbury, E. J., McMahon, S. B., Rice, A. S., and Elphick, M. R. 2000. Cannabinoid CB(1) receptor expression in rat spinal cord. Mol. Cell Neurosci. 15, 510–521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faull, R. L. M. and Villiger, J. W. 1986. Benzodiazepine receptors in the human spinal cord: A detailed anatomical and pharmacology study. Neuroscìence 17, 791–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faull, R. L. M. and Villiger, J. W 1987. myelin and Nissl staining. Neuroscìence 20, 395–407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Faull, R. L. M., Villiger, J. W., and Dragunow, M. 1989. Neurotensin receptors in the human spinal cord: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscìence 29, 603–613.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldblum, S., Dumoulin, A., Anoal, M., Sandillon, F., and Privat, A. 1995. Comparative distribution of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs and proteins in the rat spinal cord supports a differential regulation of these two glutamate decarboxylases in vivo. J. Neurosci. Res. 42, 742–757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, A. G. and Latash, M. L. 1982. Afferent and efferent components of joint position sense: Interpretation of kinaesthetic illusion. Biol. Cybern. 42, 205–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felipe, C. D., Gonzalez, G. G., Gallar, J., and Belmonte, C. 1999. Quantification and immunocytochemical characteristics of trigeminal ganglion neurons projecting to the cornea: Effect of corneal wounding. Eur. J. Pain 3, 31–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felts, P. A., Black, J. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1995. Expression of sodium channel alpha-and beta-subunits in the nervous system of the myelin-deficient rat. J. Neurocytol 24, 654–666.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Felts, P. A., Yokoyama, S., Dib-Hajj, S., Black, J. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1997. Sodium channel α-subunit mRNAs I, II, III, NaG, Na6, and hNE(PNl): Different expression patterns in developing rat nervous system. Mol. Brain Res. 45, 71–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez de Molina, A. and Gray, J. A. B. 1957. Activity in the dorsal spinal grey matter after stimulation of cutaneous nerves. J. Physiol. 137, 126–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrarese, C., Iadarola, M. J., Yang, H. Y, and Costa, E. 1986. Peripheral and central origin of Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-amide immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord. Regul. Pept. 13, 245–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira, S. H. and Lorenzetti, B. B. 1994. Glutamate spinal retrograde sensitization of primary sensory neurons associated with nociception. Neuropharmacology 33, 1479–1485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, W. R. 1980. The adequacy of stretch receptors in the cat knee joint for signalling joint angle throughout a full range of movement. J. Physiol. 299, 85–99.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, W. R. and Craske, B. 1992. Contribution of joint and muscle afferents to position sense at the human proximal interphalangeal joint. Exp. Physiol. 77, 331–342.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, W. R. and Russell, N. J. 1985. Plasma extravasation in the cat knee-joint induced by antidromic articular nerve stimulation. Pßuegers Arch. 404, 91–93.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, W. R. and Russell, N. J. 1986. Extravasation in the knee induced by antidromic stimulation of articular C fibre afferents of the anaesthetized cat. J. Physiol. 379, 407–416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrell, W. R., Nade, S. D., and Newbold, P. I. 1986. The interrelation of neural discharge, intra-articular pressure, and joint angle in the knee of the dog. J. Physiol. 373, 353–365.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferri, G. L., Sabani, A., Abelli, L., Polak, J. M., Dahl, D., and Portier, M. M. 1990. Neuronal intermediate filaments in rat dorsal root ganglia: Differential distribution of peripherin and neurofilament protein immunoreactivity and effect of capsaicin. Brain Res. 515, 331–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrington, D. G., Rowe, M. J., and Tarvin, R. P. C. 1987a. Actions of single sensory fibres on cat dorsal column nuclei neurones: Vibratory signaling in a one-to-one linkage. J. Physiol. 386, 292–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrington, D. G., Sorkin, L. S., and Willis, W. D. 1987b. Responses of spinothalamic tract cells in the superficial dorsal horn of the primate lumbar spinal cord. J. Physiol. 388, 681–703.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fetz, E. R. 1968. Pyramidal tract effects on interneurons in the cat lumbar dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 69–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiallos-Estrada, C. E., Kummer, W., Mayer, B., Bravo, R., Zimmerman, M., and Herdegen, T. 1993. Long-lasting increase of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity, NDPH-diaphorase reaction and c-JUN co-expression in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons following sciatic nerve transection. Neurosci. Lett. 150, 169–173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, H. L., Meyer, G. A., and Partridge, L. D. 1970a. Convergence of visceral and somatic input onto spinal neurons. Exp. Neurol. 26, 36–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, H. L., Partridge, L. D., and Winter, D. L. 1970b. Somatic and visceral receptive field properties of fibers in ventral quadrant white matter of the cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 827–837.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, H. L., Clanton, C. H., and Anderson, S. D. 1977. Somatosensory properties of spinoreticular neurons in the cat. Brain Res. 120, 49–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fields, H. L., Emson, P. C, Leigh, B. K., Gilbert, R. F. T., and Iverssen, L. L. 1980. Multiple opiate receptor sites on primary afferent fibres. Nature 284, 351–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finley, J. C. W, Maderdrut, J. L., Roger, L. J., and Petrusz, P. 1981a. The immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin-containing neurons in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 6, 2173–2192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finley, J. C. W, Maderdrut, J. L., and Petrusz, P. 1981b. The immunocytochemical localization of enkephalin in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 198, 541–565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fischette, C. T., Nock, B., and Renner, K. 1987. Effects of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine on serotoninα and serotonin2 receptors throughout the rat central nervous system using quantitative autoradiography. Brain Res. 421, 263–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, K. and Coderre, T. J. 1996a. The contribution of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) to formalininduced nociception. Pain 68, 255–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, K. and Coderre, T. J. 1996b. Comparison of nociceptive effects produced by intrathecal administration of mGluR agonists. NeuroReport 7, 2743–2747.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, E. M., Okuse, K., Wood, J. N., Dolphin, A. C., and Moss, S. J. 1999. cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of the tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-dependent sodium channel SNS. J. Physiol. 516, 433–446.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. 1981. A study of the cutaneous afferent input to substantia gelatinosa. Neuroscience 6, 2229–2237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. 1983. Influences of contralateral nerve and skin stimulation on neurones in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 36, 139–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. 1989. The course and termination of primary afferent fibers. In P. D. Wall and R. Melzack (eds.), Textbook of Pain pp. 46–62). Churchhill Livingstone, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. and Lynn, B. 1977. The sensitization of high threshold mechanoreceptors with myelinated axons by repeated heating. J. Physiol. 265, 549–563.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. and Vrbova, G. 1985. Plasticity of acid phosphatase (FRAP) afferent terminal fields and of dorsal horn cell growth in the neonatal rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 240, 414–422.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. and Wall, P. D. 1980. The laminar organization of dorsal horn cells responding to peripheral C fibre stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 41, 36–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M. and Woolf, C. J. 1981. Effects of cutaneous nerve and intraspinal conditioning on C-fibre afferent terminal excitability in decerebrate rats. J. Physiol. 318, 25–39.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M., Wall, P. D., Goedert, M., and Emson, C. 1985. Nerve growth factor counteracts the neurophysiological and neurochemical effects of chronic sciatic nerve section. Brain Res. 332, 131–141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, M., Woolf, C. J., and Shortland, P. 1990. Collateral sprouting of the central terminals of cutaneous primary afferent neurons in the rat spinal cord: Pattern, morphology and influence of targets. J. Comp. Neurol. 300, 370–385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fjällbrandt, N. and Iggo, A. 1961. The effect of histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine on cutaneous afferent fibres. J. Physiol. 156, 578–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjell, J., Cummins, T. R., Dib-Hajj, S. D., Fried, K., Black, J. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1999a. Differential role of GDNF and NGF in the maintenance of two TTX-resistant sodium channels in adult DRG neurons. Mol Brain Res. 67, 267–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fjell, J., Cummins, T. R., Fried, K., Black, J. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1999b. In vivo NGF deprivation reduces SNS expression and TTX-R sodium currents in IB4-negative DRG neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 803–810.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fjell, J., Cummins, T. R., Davis, B. M., Albers, K. M., Fried, K., Waxman, S. G., and Black, J. A. 1999c. Sodium channel expression in NGF-overexpressing transgenic mice. J. Neurosci. Res. 57, 39–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fjell, J., Hjelmström, P., Hormuzdiar, W., Milenkovic, M., Aglieco, F., Tyrrell, L., Dib-Hajj, S., Waxman, S. G., and Black, J. A. 2000. Localization of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel NaN in nociceptors. NeuroReport 11, 199–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Hope, P. J., Mitchell, R., El-Yassir, N., and Molony, V. 1988. The influence of opioid receptor subtypes on the processing of nociceptive inputs in the spinal dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res. 451, 213–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Mitchell, R., Hope, P. J., El-Yassir, N., Molony, V., and Bladon, C. M. 1990. The involvement of neurokinin receptor subtypes in somatosensory processing in the superficial dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res. 519, 169–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Mitchell, R., Hope, P. J., El-Yassir, N., Molony, V., and Bladon, C. M. 1992. The involvement of neurokinin receptor subtypes in somatosensory processing in the superficial dorsal horn of the cat. Brain Res. 519, 169–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Parker, R. M., Munro, F. E., Young, M. R., Hope, P. J., and Mitchell, R. 1993. Evidence for a role of tachykinin NK2 receptors in mediating brief nociceptive inputs to rat dorsal horn (laminae III-V) neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 242, 173–181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleischer, E., Handwerker, H. O., and Joukhadar, S. 1983. Unmyelinated nociceptive units in two skin areas of the rat. Brain Res. 267, 81–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, A. A. and Todd, A. J. 1994. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-and GABA-like immunoreactivity coexist in neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 638, 347–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, S. and Barnes, N. M. 1999. Autoradiographic localization of the [3H]-(S)-zacopride labelled 5-HT3 receptor in porcine brain. Neurosci. Lett. 269, 91–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florence, S. L., Wall, J. T, and Kaas, J. H. 1988. The somatotopic pattern of afferent projections from the digits to the spinal cord and cuneate nucleus in macaque monkeys. Brain Res. 452, 388–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, C. M., DeCamp, R. M., Kilo, S., Roger, S. W., and Hargreaves, K. M. 1996. Neuronal nicotinic receptor expression in sensory neurons of the rat trigeminal ganglion: Demonstration of α3ß4, a novel subtype in the mammalian nervous system. J. Neurosci. 16, 7892–7901.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Florin, S., Meunier, J., and Costentin, J. 2000. Autoradiographic localization of [3H]nociceptin binding sites in the rat brain. Brain Res. 880, 11–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, K. and Morrison, J. F. B. 1974. Splanchnic mechanoreceptors in the dog. Quart. J. Exp. Physiol. 59, 361–366.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, K., Hick, V. E., and Morrison, J. F. B. 1976. Mechanosensitive afferent units in the hypogastric nerve of the cat. J. Physiol. 259, 457–471.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, K., Hick, V. E., Koley, J., and Morrison, J. F. B. 1977. The effects of bradykinin on afferent units in intraabdominal sympathetic nerve trunks. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 62, 19–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fock, S. and Mense, S. 1976. Excitatory effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and potassium ions on muscular group IV afferent units: A comparison with bradykinin. Brain Res. 105, 459–469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca, M. I., Ni, Y. G., Dunning, D. D., and Miledi, R. 2001. Distribution of serotonin 2A, 2C and 3 receptor mRNA in spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 89, 11–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foote, S. L. and Cha, C. I. 1988. Distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in brainstem of two monkey species (Saimiri sciureus and Macaca fascicularis): An immunocytochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 239–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, R. D. 1977. Viscerosomatic convergence onto spinal neurons responding to afferent fibers located in the inferior cardiac nerve. Brain Res. 137, 164–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, R. D. and Ohata, C. A. 1980. Effects of coronary artery occlusion on thoracic spinal neurons receiving viscerosomatic inputs. Am. J. Physiol. 238, H667–H674.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foreman, R. D., Kenshalo, D. R., Schmidt, R. F, and Willis, W. D. 1979. Field potentials and excitation of primate spinothalamic neurons in response to volleys in muscle afferents. J. Physiol. 286, 197–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, V., Ince, R, Leitch, M., Marshall, E. F., and Shaw, R J. 1996. Serotonergic neurotransmission in the spinal cord and motor cortex of patients with motor neuron disease and controls: Quantitative autoradiography for 5-HTla and 5-HT2 receptors. J. Neurol. Sci. Suppl. 139, 83–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forssmann, W. G. 1978. A new somatostatinergic system in the mammalian spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 10, 293–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forssmann, W. G., Burnweit, C, Shehab, T., and Triepel, J. 1979. Somatostatin-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and fibers in the medulla oblongata et spinalis. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 27, 1391–1393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Forster, C., Greiner, T., Nischik, M., Schmelz, M., and Handwerker, H. O. 1995. Neurogenic flare responses are heterogeneous in superficial and deep layers of human skin. Neurosci. Lett. 185, 33–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, G. A. and Johansson, O. 1985. Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurones in the rat central nervous system after labelling with colloidal gold. Brain Res. 342, 117–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, J. A. and Phelps, R E. 2000a. Neurons expressing NADPH-diaphorase in the developing human spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 427, 417–427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster, J. A. and Phelps, P. E. 2000b. NADPH-diaphorase reveals presumptive sympathetic primary afferents in the developing human spinal cord. Auton. Neurosci. 84, 111–117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fotuhi, M., Sharp, A. H., Glatt, C. E., Hwang, P. M., vonKrosigk, M., Snyder, S. H., and Dawson, T. M. 1993. Differential localization of phosphoinositide-linked metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRl) and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 13, 2001–2012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fournet, N., Garcia-Segura, L. M., Norman, A. W., and Orci, L. 1986. Selective localization of calcium-binding protein in human brainstem, cerebellum and spinal cord. Brain Res. 399, 310–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franco-Cereceda, A., Henke, H., Lundberg, J. M., Peterman, J. B., Hökfelt, T., and Fisher, J. A. 1986. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in capsaicin-sensitive substance P-immunoreactive sensory neurons in animals and man: Distribution and release by capsaicin. Peptides 8, 399–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, K. and Fuortes, M. G. J. 1955. Potentials recorded from the spinal cord with microelectrodes. J. Physiol. 130, 625–654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frank, K. and Fuortes, M. G. F. 1956. Unitary activity of spinal interneurones of cats. 7. Physiol. 131, 425–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenhaeuser, B. 1949. Impulses from a cutaneous receptor with slow adaptation and low mechanical threshold. Acta Physiol. Scand. 18, 68–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, M. and Iggo, A. 1968. Dorsal root potentials and ventral root reflexes evoked by nonmyelinated fibers. Science 162, 1140–1142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, M. and Mense, S. 1975. Muscle receptors with group IV afferent fibres responding to application of bradykinin. Brain Res. 92, 369–383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frederickson, R. C. A. and Geary, L. E. 1982. Endogenous opioid peptides: Review of physiological, pharmacological and clinical aspects. Prog. Neurobiol. 19, 19–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, A. W. and Johnson, K. O. 1982a. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors in macaque monkey: Temporal discharge patterns evoked by vibration, and a receptor model. J. Physiol. 323, 21–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, A. W. and Johnson, K. O. 1982b. A model accounting for effects of vibratory amplitude on responses of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in macaque monkey. J. Physiol. 323, 43–64.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, M. A. R. and Wyke, B. 1967. The innervation of the knee joint: An anatomical and histological study in the cat. J. Anat. 101, 502–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fried, K., Risling, M., Arvidsson, U., and Paulie, S. 1990. Nerve growth factor receptor-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers in the spinal and medullary dorsal horn of the adult monkey and cat: Correlation with calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 536, 321–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frisen, J., Risling, M., Theodorsson, E., and Fried, K. 1992. NPY-like immunoreactivity in sensory nerve fibers in rat sciatic neuroma. Brain Res. 577, 142–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost White, W., O’Gorman, S., and Roe, A. W. 1990. Three-dimensional autoradiographic localization of quench-corrected glycine receptor specific activity in the mouse brain using 3H-strychnine as the ligand. J. Neurosci. 10, 795–813.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frostholm, A. and Rotter, A. 1985. Glycine receptor distribution in mouse CNS: Autoradiographic localization of [3H]strychnine binding sites. Brain Res. Bull. 15, 473–486.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fruhstorfer, H., Zenz, M., Nolte, H., and Hensel, H. 1974. Dissociated loss of cold and warm sensibility during regional anaesthesia. Pfluegers Arch. 349, 73–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frykholm, R. 1951. Cervical nerve root compression resulting from disc degeneration and root-sleeve fibrosis: A clinical investigation. Acta Chirurgica Scand. 160, 1–149.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frykholm, R., Hyde, J., Norlen, G., and Skoglund, C. R. 1953. On pain sensations produced by stimulation of ventral roots in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29, 455–469.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fu, L. W. and Longhurst, J. C. 1998. Role of 5-HT3 receptors in activation of abdominal sympathetic C fibre afferents during ischaemia in cats. J. Physiol. 509, 729–740.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, L. W. and Longhurst, J. C. 1999. Interleukin-lß sensitizes abdominal visceral afferents of cats to ischaemia and histamine. J. Physiol. 521, 249–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu, L. W., Pan, H. L., and Longhurst, J. C. 1997. Endogenous histamine stimulates ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents through H1 receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 273, H2726–H2737.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuji, K., Senba, E., Ueda, Y., and Tohyama, M. 1983. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-containing neurons in the spinal cord of the rat and their projections. Neurosci. Lett. 37, 51–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuji, K., Senba, E., Fujii, S., Nomura, I., Wu, J. Y., Ueda, Y, and Tohyama, M. 1985. Distribution, ontogeny and projections of cholecystokinin-8, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and γ-aminobutyrate-containing neuron systems in the rat spinal cord: An immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience 14, 881–894.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, M, Sato, K., Sato, M., Inoue, T, Kozuka, T., and Tohyama, M. 1991. Regional distribution of the cells expressing glycine receptor ß subunit mRNA in the rat brain. Brain Res. 560, 23–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukuoka, T, Tokunaga, A., Kondo, E., Miki, K., Tachibana, T, and Noguchi, K. 1998. Change in mRNAs for neuropeptides and the GABAA receptor in dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat experimental neuropathic pain model. Pain 78, 13–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fukushima, K. and Kato, M. 1975. Spinal interneurons responding to group II muscle afferent fibers in the cat. Brain Res. 90, 307–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, J. H. and Schlag, J. D. 1976. Determination of antidromic excitation by the collision test: Problems of interpetation. Brain Res. 112, 283–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fundin, B. T., Silos-Santiago, I., Ernfors, P., Fagan, A. M., Aldskogius, H., DeChiara, T. M., Phillips, H. S., Barbacid, M., Yancopoulos, G. D., and Rice, F. L. 1997. Differential dependency of cutaneous mechanoreceptors on neurotrophins, trk receptors, and P75 LNGFR. Dev. Biol. 190, 94–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fundytus, M. E., Fisher, K., Dray, A., Henry, J. L., and Coderre, T. J. 1998. In vivo antinociceptive activity of anti-rat mGluRl and mGLuR5 antibodies in rats. NeuroReport 9, 731–735.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fundytus, M. E., Yashpal, K., Chabot, J. G., Osborne, M. G., Lefebvre, C. D., Dray, A., Henry, J. L., and Coderre, T. J. 2001. Knockdown of spinal metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR(l)) alleviates pain and restores opioid efficacy after nerve injury in rats. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132, 354–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furuta, A., Rothstein, J. D., and Martin, L. J. 1997. Glutamate transporter protein subtypes are expressed differentially during rat CNS development. J. Neurosci. 17, 8363–8375.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furuyama, T., Sato, M., Sato, K., Araki, T., Inagaki, S., Takagi, H., and Tohyama, M. 1992. Co-expression of glycine receptor beta subunit and GABAA receptor gamma subunit mRNA in the rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 12, 335–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Furuyama, T., Kiyama, H., Sato, K., Park, H. T, Maeno, H., Takagi, H., and Tohyama, M. 1993. Region-specific expression of subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors (AMPA-type, KA-type and NMDA receptors) in the rat spinal cord with special reference to nociception. Mol. Brain Res. 18, 141–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K. 1965. The distribution of monoamine terminals in the central nervous system. Acta Physiol. Scand. 64, 37–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K., Ganten, D., Hökfelt, T, and Bolme, P. 1976. Immunohistochemical evidence for the existence of angiotensin II-containing nerve terminals in the brain and spinal cord in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 2, 229–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxe, K., Agnati, L. F., McDonald, T., Locatelli, V., Hökfelt, T., Dalsgaard, C. J., Battistini, N., Yanaihara, N., Mutt, V., and Cuello, A. C. 1983. Immunohistochemical indications of gastrin releasing peptide bombesinlike immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the rat: Codistribution with substance P-like immunoreac-tive terminal systems and coexistence with substance P-like immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. Neurosci. Lett. 37, 17–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fyffe, R. E. W. 1984. Afferent fibers. In R. A. Davidoff (ed.), Handbook of the Spinal Cord (pp. 79–136). Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fyffe, R. E. W. and Light, A. R. 1984. The ultrastructure of group la afferent fiber synapses in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 300, 201–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fyffe, R. E. W. and Perl, E. R. 1984. Is ATP a central synaptic mediator for certain primary afferent fibers from mammalian skin? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 6890–6893.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gage, H. D., Gage, J. C., Tobin, J. R., Chiari, A., Tong, C., Xu, Z., Mach, R. H., Efange, S. M., Ehrenkaufer, R. L., and Eisenach, J. C. 2001. Morphine-induced spinal cholinergic activation: In vivo imaging with positron emission tomography. Pain 91, 139–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galan, A., Lopes-Garcia, J. A., Cervero, F, and Laird, J. M. 2002. Activation of spinal extracellular signalingregulated kinase-1 and-2 by intraplantar carrageenan in rodents. Neurosci. Lett. 322, 37–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galeazza, M. T., Stucky, C. L., and Seybold, V. S. 1992. Changes in [125I]hCGRP binding in rat spinal cord in an experimental model of acute, peripheral inflammation. Brain Res. 591, 198–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galeazza, M. T., Garry, M. G., Yost, H. J., Strait, K. A., Hargreaves, K. M., and Seybold, V. S. 1995. Plasticity in the synthesis and storage of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary afferent neurons during peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience 66, 443–458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galhardo, V. and Lima, D. 1999. Structural characterization of marginal (lamina I) spinal cord neurons in the cat: A Golgi study. J. Comp. Neurol. 414, 315–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, J. P., Higashi, H., and Nishi, S. 1978. Characterization and ionic basis of GABA-induced depolarizations recorded in vitro from cat primary afferent neurones. J. Physiol. 275, 263–282.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallego, R. and Eyzaguirre, C. 1978. Membrane and action potential characteristics of A and C nodose ganglion cells studies in whole ganglia and in tissue slices. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1217–1232.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamboa-Esteves, F. O., Kaye, J. C, McWilliam, P. N., Lima, D., and Batten, T. F. 2001a. Immunohistochemical profiles of spinal lamina I neurones retrogradely labelled from the nucleus tractus solitarii in rat suggest excitatory projections. Neuroscience 104, 523–538.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamboa-Esteves, F. O., Lima, D., and Batten, T. F. 2001b. Neurochemistry of superficial spinal neurones projecting to nucleus of the solitary tract that express c-fos on chemical somatic and visceral nociceptive input in the rat. Metab Brain Dis. 16, 151–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Game, C. J. A. and Lodge, D. 1975. The pharmacology of the inhibition of dorsal horn neurones by impulses in myelinated cutaneous afferents in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 23, 75–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gammon, G. D. and Bronk, D. M. 1935. The discharge of impulses from Pacinian corpuscles in the mesentery and its relation to vascular changes. Am. J. Physiol. 114, 77–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gammon, G. D. and Starr, I. 1941. Studies on the relief of pain by counterirritation. J. Clin. Invest. 20, 13–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamse, R. and Saria, A. 1986. Nociceptive behavior after intrathecal injections of substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 70, 143–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamse, R. and Saria, A. 1987. Antidromic vasodilation in the rat hindpaw measured by laser Doppler flowmetry: Pharmacological modulation. J. Auton. Nerv. System 19, 105–111.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gamse, R., Molnar, A., and Lembeck, F. 1979. Substance P release from spinal cord slices by capsaicin. Life Sci. 25, 629–636.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandevia, S. C. 1985. Illusory movements produced by electrical stimulation of low-threshold muscle afferents from the hand. Brain 108, 965–981.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandevia, S. C., Hall, L. A., McCloskey, D. I., and Potter, E. K. 1983. Proprioceptive sensation at the terminal joint of the middle finger. J. Physiol. 335, 507–517.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandevia, S. C., McCloskey, D. I., and Burke, D. 1992. Kinaesthetic signals and muscle contraction. Trends Neurosci. 15, 62–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangula, P. R., Lanlua, P., Wimalawansa, S., Supowit, S., DiPette, D., and Yallampalli, C. 2000. Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in dorsal root ganglia of rats by female sex steroid hormones. Biol Reprod. 62, 1033–1039.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Añoveros, J. and Corey, D. P. 1997. The molecules of mechanosensation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 20, 567–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Añoveros, J., Derfler, B., Neville-Golden, J., Hyman, B. T., and Corey, D. P. 1997. BnaCl and BnaC2 constitute a new family of human neuronal sodium channels related to degenerins and epithelial sodium channels. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 94, 1459–1464.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • García-Añoveros, J., Samad, T. A., žuvela-Jelaska, L., Woolf, C. J., and Corey, D. P. 2001. Transport and localization of the DEG/EnaC ion channel BNaClα to peripheral mechanosensory terminals of dorsal root ganglia neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 2678–2686.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Segura, L. M, Baetens, D., Roth, J., Norman, A. W., and Orci, L. 1984. Immunohistochemical mapping of calcium-binding protein immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 296, 75–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, E. 1944. The distribution and termination of nerves in the knee joint of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 80, 11–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, E. 1948. Conduction rates and dorsal root inflow of sensory fibers from the knee joint of the cat. Am. J. Physiol. 152, 436–445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garraway, S. M. and Hochman, S. 2001. Modulatory actions of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine in spinal cord deep dorsal horn neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 2183–2194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrett, N. E., Kidd, B. L., Cruwys, S. C, and Tomlinson, D. R. 1995. Changes in preprotachykinin mRNA expression and substance P levels in dorsal root ganglia of monoarthritic rats: Comparison with changes in synovial substance P levels. Brain Res. 675, 203–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garrison, C. J., Dougherty, P. M., and Carlton, S. M. 1993. Quantitative analysis of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunohistochemical staining in the dorsal horn of neuropathic MK-801-treated rats. Brain Res. 607, 205–214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garry, M. G., Miller, K. E., and Seybold, V. S. 1989. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia of the cat: A quantitative study of peptide immunoreactivity and cell size. J. Comp. Neurol. 284, 36–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garry, M. G., Kajander, K. C, Bennett, G. J., and Seybold, V. S. 1991. Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of [125I]-human CGRP binding sites in the dorsal horn of rat following chronic constriction injury or dorsal rhizotomy. Peptides 12, 1365–1373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garry, M. G., Richardson, J. D., and Hargreaves, K. M. 1994. Sodium nitroprusside evokes the release of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P from dorsal horn slices via nitric oxide-dependent and nitric oxide-indepedent mechanisms. J. Neurosci. 14, 4329–4337.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garry, M. G., Walton, L. P., and Davis, M. A. 2000. Capsaicin-evoked release of immunoractive calcitonin gene-related peptide from the spinal cord is mediated by nitric oxide but not by cyclic GMP. Brain Res. 861, 208–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser, H. S. 1941. The classification of nerve fibers. Ohio J. Sci. 41, 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gasser, H. S. 1950. Unmedullated fibers originating in dorsal root ganglia. J. Gen. Physiol. 3, 651–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gasser, H. S. and Graham, H. T. 1933. Potentials produced in the spinal cord by stimulation of dorsal roots. Am. J. Physiol. 103, 303–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gazelius, B., Edwall, B., Olgart, Lundberg, J. M., Hökfelt, T., and Fisher, J. A. 1987. Vasodilatory effects and coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P in sensory nerves of cat dental pulp. Acta Physiol. Scand. 130, 33–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gebhart, G. F. 1996. Visceral polymodal receptors. In The Polymodal Receptor: A Gateway to Pathological Pain, Progr. Brain Res. 113, 101–112. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gebre-Medhin, S., Mulder, H., Zhang, Y., Sundler, E, and Betsholtz, C. 1998. Reduced nociceptive behavior in islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) knockout mice. Mol. Brain Res. 63, 180–183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gehlert, D. R., Gackenheimer, S. L., Wong, D. T, and Robertson, D. W. 1991. Localization of 5-HT3 receptors in the rat brain using [3H]LY278584. Brain Res. 553, 149–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gehlert, D. R., Speth, R. C, and Wamsley, J. K. 1986. Distribution of [125]angiotensin II binding sites in the rat brain: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 18, 837–856.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geiger, J. D. and Nagy, J. I. 1985. Localization of [3H] nitrobenzylthioinosine binding sites in rat spinal cord and primary afferent neurons. Brain Res. 347, 321–327.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geldard, F. A. 1953. The Human Senses. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genzen, J. R., Cleve, W van, McGehee, D. S. 2001. Dorsal root ganglion neurons express multiple nicotinic acteylcholine receptor subtypes. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 1773–1782.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • George, A., Marziniak, M., Schafers, M., Toyka, K. V., and Sommer, C. 2000. Thalidomide treatment in chronic constrictive neuropathy decreases endoneurial tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increases interleukin-10 and has long-term effects on spinal cord dorsal horn met-enkephalin. Pain 88, 267–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgopoulos, A. P. 1976. Functional properties of primary afferent units probably related to pain mechanisms in primate glabrous skin. J. Neurophysiol. 39, 71–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgopoulos, A. P. 1977. Stimulus-response relations in high-threshold mechanothermal fibers innervating primate glabrous skin. Brain Res. 128, 547–552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Geppetti, P. and Holzer, P. (eds.) 1996. Neurogenic Inflammation, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, G. and Randic, M. 1989a. Excitatory amino acid-mediated components of synaptically evoked input from dorsal roots to deep dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord slice. Neurosci. Lett. 106, 211–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, G. and Randic, M. 1989b. Participation of excitatory amino acid receptors in the slow excitatory synaptic transmission in the rat dorsal horn in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 106, 220–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber, G., Youn, D. H., Hsu, C. H., Isaev, D., and Randic, M. 2000. Spinal dorsal horn synaptic plasticity: Involvement of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Prog. Brain Res. 129, 115–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerebtzoff, M. A. 1959. Cholinesterases-modern trends in physical science, In International Monographs on Pure and Applied Biological Science pp. 1–105). Pergamon Press, London, NY, LA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerebtzoff, M. A. and Maeda, T. 1968. Caractères et localisation histochimique fun isoenzyme fluororésistant de la phosphatase acide dans la moelle épinière du rat. Comp. Rend. 162, 2032–2035.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gernandt, B. and Zotterman, Y. 1946. Intestinal pain: An electrophysiological investigation on mesenteric nerves. Acta Physiol. Scand. 12, 56–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., and Bartolini, A. 2000. Loss of muscarinic antinociception by antisense inhibition of M-1 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 129, 1633–1640.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghilardi, J. R., Allen, C. J., Vigna, S. R., McVrey, D. C., and Mantyh, P. W. 1992. Trigeminal and dorsal root ganglion neurons express CCK receptor binding sites in the rat, rabbit, and monkey: Possible site of opiate-CCK analgesic interactions. J. Neurosci. 12, 4854–4866.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giacobini, E. and Kerpel-Fronius, S. 1970. Histochemical and biochemical correlations of monoamine oxidase activity in autonomic and sensory ganglia of the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 78, 522–528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giacobini, E. and Norre, B. 1971. Dopa-decarboxylase in autonomic and sensory ganglia of the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 82, 209–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giamberardino, M. A., Valente, R., de Bigontina, P., and Vecchiet, L. 1995. Artificial ureteral calculosis in rats: behavioural charactertization of visceral pain episodes and their relationship with referred lumbar muscle hyperalgesia. Pain 61, 459–469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbins, I. L., Furness, J. B., Costa, M., Maclntyre, I., Hillyard, C. J., and Girgis, S. 1985. Co-localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity with substance P in cutaneous, vascular and visceral sensory neurons of guinea pigs. Neurosci. Lett. 57, 125–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbins, I. L., Wattchow, D., and Coventry, B. 1987a. Immunohistochemically identified population of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) axons in human skin. Brain Res. 414, 143–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbins, I. L., Furness, J. B., and Costa, M. 1987b. Pathway-specific patterns of the co-existence of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin and dynorphin in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig. Cell Tissue Res. 248, 417–437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Bloom, S. R., and Wall, P. D. 1981. The distribution of nine peptides in rat spinal cord with special emphasis on the substantia gelatinosa and on the area around the central canal (lamina X). J. Comp. Neurol. 201, 65–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., McGregor, G., Bloom, S. R., Polak, J. M., and Wall, P. D. 1982. Local application of capsaicin to one sciatic nerve of the adult rat induces a marked depletion in the peptide content of the lumbar dorsal horn. Neuroscience 7, 3153–3162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Allen, J. M., Adrian, T. E., Kelly, J. S., and Bloom, S. R. 1984a. The distribution and origin of a novel brain peptide, neuropeptide Y, in the spinal cord of several mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 227, 78–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Bloom, S. R., Sabate, I. M., Mulderry, P. M., Ghatei, M. A., McGregor, G. P., Morrison, J. F, Kelly, J. S., Evans, R. M., and Rosenfeld, M. G. 1984b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of man and eight other species. J. Neurosci. 4, 3101–3111.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Anand, P., Blank, M. A., Morrison, J. F. B., Kelly, J. S., and Bloom, S. R. 1984c. The distribution and origin of VIP in the spinal cord of six mammalian species. Peptides 5, 201–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Giaid, A., Hamid, Q. A., Kar, S., Jones, P. M., Denny, P., Legon, S., Amara, S. G., Craig, R. K., et al. 1988. Calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA is expressed in sensory neurones of the dorsal root ganglia and also in spinal motoneurones in man and rat. Neurosci. Lett. 91, 283–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giesler, G. J., Cannon, J. T., Urea, G., and Liebeskind, J. C. 1978. Long ascending projections from substantia gelatinosa Rolandi and the subjacent dorsal horn in the rat. Science 202, 984–986.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillardon, E, Morano, I., and Zimmermann, M. 1991. Ultraviolet irradiation of the skin attenuates calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA expression in rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Neurosci. Lett. 124, 144–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, P. G. and Aquilonius, S.-M. 1985. Cholinergic, opioid and glycine receptor binding sites localized in human spinal cord by in vitro autoradiography: Changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol. Scand. 72, 299–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, P. G. and Askmark, H. 1991. Changes in cholinergic and opioid receptors in the rat spinal cord, dorsal root and sciatic nerve after ventral and dorsal root lesion. J. Neural. Trans. 85, 31–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, P. G. and Wiksten, B. 1986. Effects of spinal cord lesions and rhizotomies on cholinergic and opiate receptor binding sites in rat spinal cord. Acta Physiol. Scand. 126, 575–582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, P. G., Nordberg, A., and Aquilonius, S. M. 1984. Muscarinic binding sites in small homogenates and in autoradiographic sections from rat and human spinal cord. Brain Res. 300, 327–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillberg, P. G., d’Argy, R., and Aquilonius, S. M. 1988. Autoradiographic distribution of [3H] acetylcholine binding sites in the cervical spinal cord of man and some other species. Neurosci. Lett. 90, 197–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giroux, N., Rossignol, S., and Reader, T. A. 1999. Autoradiographic study of α1 and α2-noradrenergic and serotonin 1A receptors in the spinal cord of normal and chronically transected cats. J. Comp. Neurol. 406, 402–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giuffrida, R. and Rustioni, A. 1992. Dorsal root ganglion neuons projecting to the dorsal column nuclei of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 316, 206–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gladfelter, W. E., Millecchia, R. J., Pubols, L. M., Sonty, R. V., Ritz, L. A., Covalt-Dunning, D., Culberson, J., and Brown, P. B. 1993. Crossed receptive field components and crossed dentrites in cat sacrocaudal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 336, 96–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, M., Faull, R. L., and Dragunow, M. 1996. Localisation of the adenosine uptake site in the human brain: A comparison with the distribution of adenosine A1 receptors. Brain Res. 710, 79–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glass, M., Dragunow, M., and Faull, R. L. 1997. Cannabinoid receptors in the human brain: A detailed anatomical and quantitative autoradiographic study in the fetal, neonatal and adult human brain. Neuroscience 11, 299–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glauser, L. and Walter, I. B. 1997. Differential distribution of thyroid hormone receptor isoform in rat dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve in vivo and in vitro. J. Neuroendocrin. 9, 217–227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, E. J. and Basbaum, A. I. 1981. Immunohistochemical localization of leucine-enkephalin in the spinal cord of the cat: Enkephalin-containing marginal neurons and pain modulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 196, 377–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, E. J. and Basbaum, A. I. 1982. Opioid neurons and pain modulation: An ultrastructural analysis of enkephalin in cat superficial dorsal horn. Neuroscience 10, 357–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, E. J. and Basbaum, A. I. 1984. Axons which take up [3H] serotonin are presynaptic to enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in cat dorsal horn. Brain Res. 298, 386–391.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gmelin, G. and Cerletti, A. 1976. Electrophoretic studies on presynaptic inhibition in the mammalian spinal cord. Experientia 32, 756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Go, V. L. W. and Yaksh, T. L. 1987. Release of substance P from the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol. 391, 141–167.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1974. Synaptic organization of the substantia gelatinosa glomeruli in the spinal trigemial nucleus of the adult cat. J. Neurocytol. 3, 219–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1975. Golgi studies of the substantia gelatinosa neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the adult cat. Brain Res. 83, 333–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1976. Dendroaxonic synapse in the substantia gelatinosa glomeruli of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 167, 165–175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1978a. Golgi studies of the neurons in layer I of the dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis). J. Comp. Neurol. 180, 375–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1978b. Golgi studies of the neurons in layer II of the dorsal horn of the medulla (trigeminal nucleus caudalis). J. Comp. Neurol. 180, 395–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1979. Neural circuitry in the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando: Anatomical insights. Advances in Pain Research and Therapy 3, 175–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. 1984. An electron microscopic analysis of the transynaptic effects of peripheral nerve injury subsequent to tooth pulp extirpations on neurons in laminae I and II of the medullary dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 4, 2281–2290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. and Binck, J. M. 1977. Degenerative changes in primary trigeminal axons and in neurons in nucleus caudalis following tooth pulp extirpations in the cat. Brain Res. 132, 347–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S. and Falls, W. M. 1979. Anatomical observations of horseradish peroxidase-filled terminal primary axonal arborizations in layer II of the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando. Brain Res. 175, 335–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S., Falls, W. M., and Hockfield, S. 1977. The division of the dorsal and ventral horns of the mammalian caudal medulla into eight layers using anatomical criteria. In D. J. Anderson and B. Matthews (eds.), Pain in the Trigeminal Region (pp. 443–453). Elsevier Press, North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S., Falls, W., Bennett, G. J., Abdelmoumene, M., Hayashi, H., and Humphrey, E. 1980. An EM analysis of the synaptic connections of horseradish peroxidase-filled stalked cells and islet cells in the substantia gelatinosa of adult cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 194, 781–807.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gobel, S., Falls, W. M., and Humphrey, E. 1981. Morphology and synaptic connections of ultrafine primary axons in lamina I of the spinal dorsal horn: Candidates for the terminal axonal arbors of primary neurons with unmyelinated (C) axons. J. Neurosci. 1, 1163–1179.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goehler, L. E. and Sternini, C. 1996. Calcitonin gene-related peptide innervation of the rat hepatobiliary system. Peptides 17, 209–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goff, J. R., Burkey, A. R., Goff, D. J., and Jasmin, L. 1998. Reorganization of the spinal dorsal horn in models of chronic pain: Correlation with behaviour. Neuroscience 82, 559–574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gokin, A. P., Kostyuk, P. G., and Preobrazhensky, N. N. 1977. Neuronal mechanisms of interactions of highthreshold visceral and somatic afferent influences in spinal cord and medulla. J. Physiol, Paris, 73, 319–333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., White, D. M., Ahlgren, S. C., Guo, M, and Levine, J. D. 1994. Catecholamine-induced mechanical sensitization of cutaneous nociceptors in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 175, 166–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Shuster, M. J., and Levine, J. D. 1996a. Characterization of six voltage-gated K+ currents in adult rat sensory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 2629–2646.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Reichling, D. B., Schuster, M. J., and Levine, J. D. 1996b. Hyperalgesic agents increase a tetrodotoxin-resistant Na+ current in nociceptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 1108–1112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Dastmalchi, S., and Levine, J. D. 1996c. Co-expression of nociceptor properties in dorsal root ganglion neurons from the adult rat in vitro. Neuroscience 71, 265–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Dastmalchi, S., and Levine, J. D. 1997. α2-adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat dorsal root and superior cervical ganglion neurons. Pain 69, 179–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gold, M. S., Levine, J. D., and Correa, A. M. 1998. Modulation of TTX-R INa by PKC and PKA and their role in PGE2-induced sensitization of rat sensory neurons in vitro. J. Neurosci. 18, 10345–10355.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger, M. and Murray, M. 1974. Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in cat spinal cord: The deafferented animal. J. Comp. Neurol. 158, 37–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberger, M. and Murray, M. 1982. Lack of sprouting and its presence after lesions of the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 241, 227–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldin, A. L., Barchi, R. L., Caldwell, J. H., Hofmann, F., Howe, J. R., Hunter, J. C, Kallen, R. G., Mandel, G., Meisler, M. H., Netter, Y. B., Noda, M., Tamkun, M. M., Waxman, S. G., Wood, J. N., and Catterall, W A. 2000. Nomenclature of voltage-gated sodium channels. Neuron 28, 365–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldscheider, A. 1884. The specific energy of the sensory nerves of the skin. Transl. from German by Biederman-Thorsen in H. O. Handwerker and K. Brune (eds.) 1987. Classical German Contributions to Pain Research (pp. 47–67). Vth World Congress on Pain, Hamburg. Original German: 3. Die Specifische Energie der GefÜhlsnerven der Haut. Monatschefte fü r practische Dermatologie. III Band. Nr. 9 und 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. E., House, S. B., and Gainer, H. 1991. NF-L and peripherin immunoreactivities define distinct classes of rat sensory ganglion cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 30, 92–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, M. E., Grant, P., House, S. B., Henken, D. B., and Gainer, H. 1996. Developmental regulation of two distinct neuronal phenotypes in rat dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 71, 243–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Barrena, E., Martinez-Moreno, E. and Munuera, L. 1996. Segmental sensory innervation of the anterior cruciate ligament and the patellar tendon of the cat’s knee. Acta Orthop. Scand. 67, 545–552.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, J., Strong, J. A., Zhang, S., Yue, X., DeHaven, R. N., Daubert, J. D., Cassel, J. A., Yu, G., Mansson, E., and Yu, L. 1998. Endomorphins fully activate a cloned human mu opioid receptor. FASEB Lett. 439, 152–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gong, L.-W, Ding, Y.-Q., Wang, D., Zheng, H.-X., Qin, B.-Z., Li, J.-S., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1997. GABAergic synapses on μ-opioid receptor-expressing neurons in the superficial dorsal horn and electronmicroscope study in the cat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 227, 33–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, D. L., Fuchs, J. L., and Droge, M. H. 1993. Distribution of NMDA receptor binding in developing mouse spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 151, 134–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzales-Lima, E. 1986. Activation of substantia gelatinosa by midbrain reticular formation stimulation demonstrated with 2-deoxyglucose in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 65, 326–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. R. and Snyder, S. H. 1982. Autoradiographic localization of adenosine receptors in rat brain using [3H] cyclohexyladenosine. J. Neurosci. 2, 1230–1241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, R. R., Snyder, S. H., Kuhar, M. J., and Young, W S. 1980. Differentiation of delta and mu opiate receptor localizations by light-microscopic autoradiography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77, 6239–6243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, A. W. and Morley, J. W. 1987a. Sinusoidal movement of a grating across the monkey’s fingerpad: Representation of grating and movement features in afferent fiber responses. J. Neurosci. 7, 2168–2180.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, A. W. and Morley, J. W. 1987b. Sinusoidal movement of a grating across the monkey’s fingerpad: Effect of contact angle and force of the grating on afferent fiber responses. J. Neurosci. 7, 2192–2202.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, G. M., McCloskey, D. I., and Matthews, P. B. C. 1972a. The persistence of appreciable kinesthesia after paralyzing joint afferents but preserving muscle afferents. Brain Res. 37, 326–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, G. M., McCloskey, D. I., and Matthews, P. B. C. 1972b. The contribution of muscle afferents to kinaesthesia shown by vibration induced illusions of movement and by the effects of paralyzing joint afferents. Brain 95, 705–748.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, C. J. and Heath, J. E. 1986. Integration and central processing in temperature regulation. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 48, 595–612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, G. (ed.) 1978. Active Touch. The Mechanism of Recognition of Objects by Manipulation: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorio, A., Vergani, L., Ferro, L., Prino, G., and Di Giulio, A. M. 1996. Glycosaminoglycans in nerve injury: II. Effects on transganglionic degeneration and on the expression of neurotrophic factors. J. Neurosci. Res. 46, 572–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottschaldt, K. M., Iggo, A., and Young, D. W. 1973. Functional characteristics of mechanoreceptors in sinus hair follicles of the cat. J. Physiol. 235, 287–315.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C. V. and Cros, J. 1984. Opiate binding sites in different levels of rat spinal cord. Neuropeptides 5, 113–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C., Cros, J., and Quirion, R. 1985. Autoradiographic localization of mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor binding sites in rat and guinea-pig spinal cord. Neuropeptides 6, 331–342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C., Kopp, N., Cros, J., and Quirion, R. 1986. Kappa opioid receptors in human lumbo-sacral spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull. 16, 355–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C, Beaudet, A., Zajac, J.-M., Cros, J., and Quirion, R. 1991. High resolution radioautographic localizations of [125I]FK-33-824-labelled mu opioid receptors in the spinal cord of normal and deafferented rats. Neuroscience 43, 197–209.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C, Jhamandas, K., Cridland, R., Cros, J., Quirion, R., and Zajac, J. M. 1993a. Opioid and substance P receptor adaptations in the rat spinal cord following sub-chronic intrathecal treatment with morphine and naloxone. Neuroscience 54, 799–807.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C, Tellez, S., Tafani, J. A. M., and Zajac, J.-M. 1993b. Quantitative auroradiographic mapping of delta-opioid receptors in the rat central nervous system using [125I][D.Ala2]deltorphin-I}. Synapse 13, 231–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C, Kar, S., and Zajac, J.-M. 1996. Presence of neuropeptide FF receptors on primary afferent fibres of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 74, 21–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C, Tafani, J. A. M., Mazaguil, H., and Zajac, J.-M. 1997. Autoradiographic characterization of rat spinal neuropeptide FF receptors by using [125I][D.Tyr1, (NMe)Phe3]NPFF. Brain Res. Bull. 42, 231–238.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C, Tafani, J. A., Meunier, J. C, Jhamandas, K., and Zajak, J. M. 1999. Nociceptin receptors in the rat spinal cord during morphine tolerance. Brain Res. 838, 85–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gouardéres, C., Roumy, M., Advokat, C., Jhamandas, K., and Zajac, J. M. 2000. Dual localization of neuropeptide FF receptors in the rat dorsal horn. Synapse 35, 45–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gougis, S., Pruihomme, M. J., and Rampin, O. 2002. Presence of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid Rl glutamatergic receptor subunit in the lumbosacral spinal cord of male rats. Neurosci Lett. 323, 224–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, H. J., III, England, J. D., Liu, Z. P., and Levinson, S. R. 1998. Rapid sodium channel augmentation in response to inflammation induced by complete Freunis adjuvant. Brain Res. 802, 69–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, H. J., III, Gould, T. N., Paul, D., England, J. D., Liu, Z. P., Reeb, S. C, and Levinson, S. R. 1999. Development of inflammatory hypersensitivity and augmentation of sodium channels in rat dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res. 824, 296–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gozlan, H., Ponchant, M., Daval, G., Verge, D., Menard, F, Vanhove, M. A., Beaucourt, J. P., and Hamon, M. 1988.125I-bolton-hunter-8-methoxy-2-[N-propyl-N-propylamino]tetralin has a new selective radioligand of 5-HT1A sites in the rat brain: In vitro binding and autoradiographic studies. J. Pharm. Exp. Then 244, 751–759.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gracely, R. H., Lynch, S. A., and Bennett, G. J. 1992. Painful neuropathy: Altered central processing maintained dynamically by peripheral input. Pain 51, 175–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. T. and Aprison, M. H. 1969. Distribution of some enzymes associated with the metabolism of glutamate, aspartate, gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamine in cat spinal cord. J. Neurochem. 16, 559–566.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, L. T., Shank, R. P., Werman, R. and Aprison, M. H. 1967. Distribution of some synaptic transmitter suspects in cat spinal cord: Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glycine, and glutamine. J Neurochem. 14, 465–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grandori, F. and Pedotti, A. 1982. A mathematical model of the Pacinian corpuscle. Biol. Cybern. 46, 7–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grant, G. and Ygge, J. 1981. Somatotopic organization of the thoracic spinal nerve in the dorsal horn demonstrated with transganglionic degeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 202, 357–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, E. G. 1963. Electron microscopy of presynaptic organelles of the spinal cord. J. Anat. 97, 101–106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greco, A., Villa, R., and Pierotti, M. A. 1996. Genomic organization of the human NTRK1 gene. Oncogene 13, 2463–2466.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greco, A., Villa, R., Fusetti, L., Orlandi, R., and Pierotti, M. A. 2000. The Gly571Arg mutation, associated with the autonomic and sensory disorder congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis, causes the inactivation of the NTRKl/nerve growth factor receptor. J. Cell Physiol. 182, 127–133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T. and Dockray, G. J. 1987. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in afferents to the upper gastrointestinal tract in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 76, 151–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, T. and Dockray, G. J. 1988. Characterization of the peptidergic afferent innervation of the stomach in the rat, mouse and guinea-pig. Neuroscience 25, 181–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenamyre, T., Young, A. B., and Penney, J. B. 1984. Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of L-[3H] glutamate-binding sites in rat central nervous system. J. Neurosci. 4, 2133–2144.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greenstein, J., Kavanagh, P., and Rowe, M. J. 1987. Phase coherence in vibration-induced responses of tactile fibres associated with Pacinian corpuscle receptors in the cat. J. Physiol. 386, 263–275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, M. and Zimmermann, M. 1972. Characteristics of spinal neurones responding to cutaneous myelinated and unmyelinated fibres. J. Physiol. 221, 555–576.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregor, M. and Zimmermann, M. 1973. Dorsal root potentials produced by afferent volleys in cutaneous group III fibres. J. Physiol. 232, 413–425.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, J. E., McIntyre, A. K., and Proske, U. 1989. Tendon organ afferents in the knee joint nerve of the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 103, 287–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Greves, P. L., Nyberg, F., Terenius, L., and Hökfelt, T. 1985. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is a potent inhibitor of substance P degradation. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 115, 309–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P. 1975. Mechanical factors influencing response of joint afferent neurons from cat knee. J. Neurophysiol. 38, 1473–1484.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P. 1976. Response of joint afferent neurons in cat medial articular nerve to active and passive movements of the knee. Brain Res. 118, 482–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P. and Greenspan, B. J. 1977. Response of primate joint afferent neurons to mechanical stimulation of knee joint. J. Neurophysiol. 40, 1–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P. and Hoffman, A. H. 1982. Properties of Ruffini afferents revealed by stress analysis of isolated sections of cat knee capsule. J. Neurophysiol. 47, 41–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P. and Hoffman, S. H. 1984. Ruffini mechanoreceptors in isolated joint capsule: Responses correlated with strain energy density. Somatosens. Res. 2, 149–162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P. and Hoffman, A. H. 1996. Stretch-sensitive afferent neurons in cat knee joint capsule: Sensitivity to axial and compression stresses and strains. J. Neurophysiol. 75, 1871–1877.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P., Hoffman, A. H., and Fogarty, K. E. 1982. Properties of Golgi-Mazzoni afferents in cat knee joint capsule, as revealed by mechanical studies of isolated joint capsule J. Neurophysiol. 47, 31–40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grigg, P., Schaible, H. G., and Schmidt, R. F. 1986. Mechanical sensitivity of group III and IV afferents from posterior articular nerve in normal and inflamed cat knee. J. Neurophysiol. 55, 635–643.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grill, S. E. and Hallett, M. 1995. Velocity sensitivity of human muscle spindle afferents and slowly adapting type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors. J. Physiol. 489, 593–602.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, S. D., Wolfe, B. B., Yasuda, R. P., and Wrathall, J. R. 1999. Alterations in AMPA receptor subunit expression after experimental spinal cord contusion injury. J. Neurosci. 19, 5711–5720.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, S. D., Wolfe, B. B., Yasuda, R. P., and Wrathall, J. R. 2000. Changes in NMDA receptor subunit expression in response to contusive spinal cord injury. J. Neurochem. 75, 174–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, M. J., Martinian, L., An, S. F., and Scaravilli, F. 1999. Expression of three oligosaccharide conjugates by neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion neurons: Comparison with CGRP and GAP43 immunoreactivity. J. Anat. 195, 271–280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, B. D., Stiller, R. U., and Schaible, H.-G. 1993. Dynamic changes in the receptive field properties of spinal cord neurons with ankle input in rats with unilateral inflammation in the ankle region. Exp. Brain Res. 92, 441–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, J., Polak, J. M., Tapia, F. J., Marangos, P. J., and Pearse, A. G. 1981. Neuron-specific enolase in the Merkel cells of mammalian skin: The use of specific antibody as a simple and reliable histologic marker. Am. J. Pathol. 104, 63–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guan, Z. L., Ding, Y. Q., Li, J. L., and Lu, B. Z. 1998. Substance P receptor-expressing neurons in the medullary and spinal dorsal horns projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the rat. Neurosci. Res. 30, 213–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guenther, S., Reeh, P. W, and Kress, M. 1999. Rises in [Ca2+]i mediate capsaicin-and proton-induced heat sensitization of rat primary nociceptor neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3143–3150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilbaud, G., Benelli, G., and Besson, J. M. 1977. Responses of thoracic dorsal horn interneurons to cutaneous stimulation and to the administration of algogenic substances into the mesenteric artery in the spinal cat. Brain Res. 124, 437–448.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guilford, J. P. and Lovewell, E. M. 1936. The touch spots and the intensity of the stimulus. J. Gen. Psychol. 15, 149–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guinard, D., Usson, Y, Guillermet, C, and Saxod, R. 1998. Merkel complexes of human digital skin: Three-dimensional imaging with confocal laser microscopy and double immunofluorescence. J. Comp. Neurol. 398, 98–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gulbenkian, S., Merighi, A., Wharton, J., Varndell, I. M., and Polak, J. M. 1986. Ultrastructural evidence for the coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in secretory vesicles of peripheral nerves in the guinea pig. J. Neurocytol 154, 535–542.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gundlach, A. L., Largent, B. L., and Snyder, S. H. 1986. Autoradiographic localization of sigma receptor binding sites in guinea pig and rat central nervous system with (+)3-H3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-(l-propyl)piperidine. J. Neurosci. 6, 1757–1770.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, A., Vulchanova, L., Wang, J., Li, X., and Elde, R. 1999. Immunocytochemical localization of the vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1): Relationship to neuropeptides, the P2X3 purinoceptor and IB4 binding sites. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 946–958.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, A., Simone, D. A., Stone, L. S., Fairbanks, C. A., Wang, J., and Elde, R. 2001. Developmental shift of vanilloid receptor 1 (VR1) terminals into deeper regions of the superficial dorsal horn: Correlation with a shift from TrkA to Ret expression by dorsal root ganglion neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci 14, 293–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, W, Zou, S., Guan, Y., Ikeda, T., Tal, M., Dubner, R., and Ren, K. 2002. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor in the spinal cord during the development and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia. J. Neurosci. 22, 6208–6217.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Z. L. and Longhurst, J. C. 2000. Role of cAMP in activation of ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents. Amer. J. Physiol. 278, H843–H852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Z. L., Fu, L. W, Symons, J. D., and Longhurst, J. C. 1998. Signal transduction in activation of ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents: Role of PKC. Am. J. Physiol. 275, H1024–H1031.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guo, Z. L., Symons, J. D., and Longhurst, J. C. 1999. Activation of visceral afferents by bradykinin and ischemia: Independent roles of PKC and prostaglandins. Am. J.Physiol. 276, H1884–H1891

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, E. L., Durkin, M. M, Bard, J. A., Zgombick, J., and Branchek, T. A. 1996a. A receptor autoradiographic and in situ hybridization analysis of the distribution of the 5-HT7 receptor in rat brain. Br. J. Pharm. 117, 657–666.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, E. L., Smith, K. E., Durkin, M. M., Gerald, C, and Branchek, T. A. 1996b. Distribution of a rat galanin receptor mRNA in rat brain. NeuroReport 7, 953–957.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, E. L., Smith, K. E., Durkin, M. M., Walker, M. W, Gerald, C, Weinshank, R., and Branchek, T. A. 1997. Distribution of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor mRNA in rat central nervous system. Mol. Brain Res. 46, 223–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., deAraujo, Lucas, G., Scott, E., Stiller, C. O., Alster, P., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Brodin, E. 1999. Measurement of cholecystokinin release in vivo in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. Protoc. 4, 192–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez, A., Khan, Z. U., and De Blas, A. L. 1996. Immunocytochemical localization of the α6 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor in the rat nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 365, 504–510.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutstein, H. B., Bronstein, D. M., and Akil, H. 1992. Beta-endorphin processing and cellular origins in rat spinal cord. Pain 51, 241–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gwyn, D. G. and Flumerfelt, B. A. 1971. Acetylcholinesterase in non-cholinergic neurons-a histochemical study of dorsal root ganlgion cells in the rat. Brain Res. 34, 193–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gybels, J. M. and Sweet, W. H. 1989. Neurosurgical Treatment of Persistent Pain. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gynther, B. D., Vickery, R. M., and Rowe, M. J. 1995. Transmission characteristics for the 1:1 linkage between slowly adapting type II fibers and their cuneate target neurons in cat. Exp. Brain Res. 105, 67–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haapanen, L., Kolmodin, G. M, and Skoglund, C. R. 1958. Membrane and action potentials of spinal interneurons in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 43, 315–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habelt, C., Kessler, F., Distler, C, Kress, M., and Reeh, P. W. 2000. Interactions of inflammatory mediators and low pH not influenced by capsazepine in rat cutaneous nociceptors. NeuroReport 11, 973–976.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haber, S. and Elde, R. 1982a. The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in the monkey brain: Preliminary observations. Neurosci. Lett. 32, 247–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haber, S. and Elde, R. 1982b. The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive fibers and terminals in the monkey central nervous system: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 7, 1049–1095.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haberberger, R. V. and Bodenbenner, M. 2000. Immunohistochemical localization of muscarinic receptors (M2) in the rat skin. Cell Tissue Res. 300, 389–396.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haberberger, R., Henrich, M., Couraud, J. Y. and Kummer, W. 1999. Muscarinic M2-receptors in rat thoracic dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 266, 177–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haberberger, R., Scholz, A., Kummer, W, and Kress, M. 2000. M2-receptor subtype does not mediate muscarine-induced increases in [Ca2+]i in nociceptive neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 1934–1941.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., and Koltzenburg, M. 1987. Activation of unmyelinated afferents in chronically lesioned nerves by adrenaline and excitation of sympathetic efferents in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 82, 35–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., and Koltzenburg, M. 1988a. Dichotomizing unmyelinated afferents supplying pelvic viscera and perineum are rare in the sacral segments of the cat. Neurosci Lett. 94, 119–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., and Koltzenburg, M. 1988b. A novel type of unmyelinated chemosensitive nociceptor in the acutely inflamed urinary bladder. Agents Actions 25, 219–221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., Koltzenburg, M., and McMahon, S. B. 1990a. A quantitative study of the central projection patterns of unmyelinated ventral root afferents in the cat. J. Physiol. 422, 265–287.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., and Koltzenburg, M. 1990b. Activation of unmyelinated afferent fibres by mechanical stimuli and inflammation of the urinary bladder in the cat. J. Physiol. 425, 545–562.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., and Koltzenburg, M. 1993a. Myelinated primary afferents of the sacral spinal cord responding to slow filling and distension of the cat urinary bladder. J. Physiol. 463, 449–460.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Häbler, H. J., Jänig, W., and Koltzenburg, M. 1993b. Receptive properties of myelinated primary afferents innervating the inflamed urinary bladder of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 395–405.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hackman, J. C, Auslander, D., Grayson, V., and Davidoff, R. A. 1982. GABA’ desensitization’ of frog primary afferent fibers. Brain Res. 253, 143–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiconstantinou, M., Panula, R, Lackovic, Z., and Neff, N. H. 1984. Spinal cord serotonin: A biochemical and immunohistochemical study following transection. Brain Res. 322, 245–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K. E. and Vallbo, A. B. 1967. Mechanoreceptor activity recorded percutaneously with semimicroelectrodes in human peripheral nerves. Acta Physiol. Scand. 69, 121–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagbarth, K. E., Hongell, A., Hallin, R. G., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1970. Afferent impulses in median nerve fascicles evoked by tactile stimuli of the human hand. Brain Res. 24, 423–442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagihira, S., Senba, E., Yoshida, S., Tohyama, M., and Yoshiya, I. 1990. Fine structure of noradrenergic terminals and their synapses in the rat spinal dorsal horn: An immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 526, 73–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, J. F. and Wall, J. T. 1975. Frequency responses of down-and guard-hair receptors in the cat. Am. J. Physiol. 229, 23–27.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z. 1975. The mechanoreceptors of mammalian skin: Ultrastructure and morphological classification. Adv. Anat. Embryol. Cell Biol. 50, 4–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z. 1977. The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the articular capsule of the knee joint of the domestic cat (Ruffini corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles). J. Anat. 124, 717–729.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z. 1993. Sensory innervation of the hairy skin (light-and electron-microscopic study). J. Invest. Dermatol. 101, 75S–81S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z. and Munger, B. L. 1980. Sensory nerve endings in rhesus monkey sinus hairs. J. Comp. Neurol. 192, 645–663.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z. and Munger, B. L. 1981. Identification of the Ruffini corpuscle in human hairy skin. Cell Tissue Res. 219, 437–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z., Badalamente, M. A., Dee, R., and Propper, M. 1984. Ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in monkey (Macaca fascicularis) knee joint capsule. J. Orthopedic Res. 2, 169–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halata, Z., Rettig, T., and Schulze, W. 1985. The ultrastructure of sensory nerve endings in the human knee joint capsule. Anat. Enbryol. 172, 265–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, A. K., Ai, X., Hickman, G. E., MacPhedran, S. E., Nduaguba, C. O., and Robertson, C. P. 1997. The generation of neuronal heterogeneity in a rat sensory ganglion. J. Neurosci. 17, 2775–2784.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallbeck, M., Hermanson, O., and Blomqvist, A. 1996. Preprovasopressin mRNA is not present in dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 209, 125–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hallin, R. G. and Torebjörk, H. E. 1976. Studies on cutaneous A and C fibre afferents, skin nerve blocks and perception. In Y. Zotterman (ed.), Sensory Functions of the Skin in Primates, with Special Reference to Man. pp. 137–148). Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallin, R. G., Torebjörk, H. E., and Wiesenfeld, Z. 1981. Nociceptors and warm receptors innervated by C fibres in human skin. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 44, 313–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallin, R. G., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Duranti, R. 1986. Percutaneous microneurography in man does not cause pressure block of almost all axons in the impaled nerve fascicle. Neurosci. Lett. 68, 356–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hama, A. T. and Sagen, J. 1994. Induction of spinal NADPH-diaphorase by nerve injury is attenuated by adrenal medullary transplants. Brain Res. 640, 345–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hama, A. T., Unnerstall, J. R., Siegan, J. B., and Sagen, J. 1995. Modulation of NMDA receptor expression in the rat spinal cord by peripheral nerve injury and adrenal medullary grafting. Brain Res. 687, 103–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hämäläinen, H. and Pertovaara, A. 1984. Vibrotactile thresholds in mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the foot pad of the cat: The importance of stimulus frequency and duration. Acta Physiol. Scand. 120, 321–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamano, K., Mannen, H., and Ishizuka, N. 1978. Reconstruction of trajectory of primary afferent collaterals in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord, using Golgi-stained serial sections. J. Comp. Neurol. 181, 1–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamill, O. P. and Martinac, B. 2001. Molecular basis of mechanotransduction in living cells. Physiol. Rev. 81, 685–740.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammerstad, J. P., Murray, J. E., and Cutler, R. W. P. 1971. Efflux of amino acid neurotransmitters from rat spinal cord slices: II. Factors influencing the electrically induced efflux of [14C]glycine and 3H-GABA. Brain Res. 35, 357–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, D. L. and Ruda, M. A. 1991. Developmental alterations in nociceptive threshold, immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase in neonatally capsaicin-treated rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 312, 436–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, D. L., Presley, R., Gogas, K. R., and Basbaum, A. I. 1992. Morphine or U-50,488 suppresses Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and nucleus tractus solitarii evoked by a noxious visceral stimulus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 315, 244–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamon, M., Gallissot, M. C, Menard, E, Gozlan, H., Bourgoin, S., and Verge, D. 1989. 5-HT3 receptor binding sites are on capsaicin-sensitive fibres in the rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharm. 164, 315–322.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han, H. C, Lee, D. H., and Chung, J. M. 2000. Characteristics of ectopic discharges in a rat neuropathic pain model. Pain 84, 253–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, Z. S., Zhang, E. T., and Craig, A. D. 1998. Nociceptive and thermoreceptive lamina I neurons are anatomically distinct. Nature Neurosci. 1, 218–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hancock, M. B., Rigamonti, D. D. and Bryan, R. N. 1973. Convergence in the lumbar spinal cord of pathways activated by splanchnic nerve and hind limb cutaneous nerve stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 38, 337–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerker, H. O. 1996. Sixty years of C-fiber recordings from animal and human skin nerves: Historical notes. In T. Kumazawa, L. K. Kruger, and K. Mizumura (eds.), The Polymodal Receptor-A Gateway to Pathological Pain. Prog. Brain Res., 113, 39–51. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerker, H. O. and Neher, K. D. 1976. Characteristics of C-fibre receptors in the cat’s foot responding to stepwise increase of skin temperature to noxious levels. Pfluegers Arch. 365, 221–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerker, H. O., Iggo, A., and Zimmermann, M. 1975. Segmental and supraspinal actions on dorsal horn neurons responding to noxious and non-noxious skin stimuli. Pain 1, 147–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerker, H. O., Anton, F., and Reeh, P. W. 1987. Discharge pattern of afferent cutaneous nerve fibers from the rat’s tail during prolonged noxious mechanical stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 65, 493–504.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Handwerker, H. O., Kilo, S., and Reeh, P. W. 1991. Unresponsive afferent nerve fibres in the sural nerve of the rat. J. Physiol. 435, 229–242.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanesch, U., Heppelmann, B., and Schmidt, R. E 1991. Substance P-and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in primary afferent neurons of the cat’s knee joint. Neuroscience 45, 185–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanesch, U., Heppelmann, B., and Schmidt, R. E 1992. Neurokinin A-like immunoreactivity in articular afferents of the cat. Brain Res. 586, 332–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanesch, U., Pfrommer, U., Grubb, B. D., Heppelmann, B., and Schaible, H. G. 1993. The proportion of CGRP-immunoreactive and SP-mRNA containing dorsal root ganglion cells is increased by a unilateral inflammation of the ankle joint of the rat. Regul. Pept. 46, 202–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanesch, U., Heppelmann, B., and Schmidt, R. E 1995. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in primary afferents of the medial articular nerve and colocalization with substance P in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 354, 345–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanesch, U., Heppelmann, B., and Schmidt, R. E 1997. Quantification of cat’s articular afferents containing calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P innervating normal and acutely inflamed knee joints. Neurosci. Lett. 233, 105–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanker, J. S. and Peach, R. 1976. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of primary sensory neurons in mice with dystonia musculorum: I. Acetylcholinesterase and lysosomal hydrolases. Neuropath, and App. Neurobiol. 2, 79–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanker, J. S., Kusyk, C. J., Bloom, E E., and Pearse, A. G. E. 1973. The demonstration of dehydrogenases and monoamine oxidase by the formation of osmium blacks at the sites of Hatchetis brown. Histochemie 33, 205–230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanko, J., Hardebo, J. E., Kahrstrom, J., Owman, C., and Sundler, F. 1986. Existence and coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P in cerebrovascular nerves and trigeminal ganglion cells. Acta Physiol. Scand. 552, 29–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, L. A., Alexander, N., Hogan, M. E., Sundberg, J. P., Dlugosz, A., Threadgill, D. W., Magnuson, T, and Yuspa, S. H. 1997. Genetically null mice reveal a central role for epidermal growth factor receptor in the differentiation of the hair follicle and normal hair development. Am. J. Pathol. 150, 1959–1975.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., Aldskogius, H., Seiger, Å and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1991a. Allodynia-like effects in rat after ischaemic spinal cord injury photochemically induced by laser irradiation. Pain 45, 175–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., Yu, Y. X., Seiger, Å and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1991b. Hypersensitivity of dorsal horn wide dynamic range neurons to cutaneous mechanical stimuli after transient spinal cord ischaemia in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 128, 105–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., Aldskogius, H., Seiger, Å and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1992a. Photochemically induced transient spinal ischemia induces behavioral hypersensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli, but not to noxiousheat stimuli, in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 118, 1876–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., Yu, Y. X., Seiger, Å and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1992b. Transient spinal cord ischemia induces temporary hypersensitivity of dorsal horn wide dynamic range neurons to myelinated, but not unmyelinated, fiber input. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 384–391.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hao, J. X., Shi, T. J., Xu, I. S., Kaupilla, T., Xu, X. J., Hökfelt, T., Bartfai, T., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1999. Intrathecal galanin alleviates allodynia-like behaviour in rats after partial peripheral nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 427–432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, J. D., Wolff, H. G., and Goodell, H. 1952. Pain Sensations and Reactions. Williams & Wilkins, New York (reprinted in 1967 by Hafner Publishing Co., New York).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harkness, D. H. and Brownfield, M. S. 1986. A thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-containing system in the rat dorsal horn separate from setotonin. Brain Res. 384, 323–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmann, P. A., Carlton, S. M., and Willis, W. D. 1988a. Collaterals of spinothalamic tract cells to the periaqueductal gray: A fluorescent double-labeling study in the rat. Brain Res. 441, 87–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmann, P. A., Chung, K., Briner, R. P., Westlund, K. N., and Carlton, S. M. 1988b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the human spinal cord: A light-and electron-microscopic analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 269, 371–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, A. A. and Lawson, S. N. 1985a. Conduction velocity is related to morphological cell type in rat dorsal root ganglion neurones. J. Physiol. 359, 31–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harper, A. A. and Lawson, S. N. 1985b. Electrical properties of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones with different peripheral nerve conduction velocities. J. Physiol. 359, 47–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, T. and Merzenich, M. M. 1970. Neural coding in the sense of touch: Human sensations of skin indentation compared with the responses of slowly adapting mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the hairy skin of monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 10, 251–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, C. H., Fagan, E. L., Shew, R. L., Kammerlocher, T. C, and McNeill, D. L. 1990. MK-801-induced sprouting by CGRP immunoreactive primary afferent fibers in the dorsal spinal cord of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 115, 24–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. A., Corsi, M., Quartarolli, M., Arban, R., and Bentivoglio, M. 1996. Upregulation of spinal glutamate receptors in chronic pain. Neurosci. 74, 7–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. J. and Jankowska, E. 1985a. Sources of input to interneurones mediating group I non-reciprocal inhibition and motoneurones in the cat. J. Physiol. 361, 379–401.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. J. and Jankowska, E. 1985b. Organization of input to the interneurones mediating group I non-reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones in cat. J. Physiol. 361, 403–418.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartschuh, W and Weihe, E. 1980. Fine structural analysis of the synaptic junction of Merkel cell-axon-complexes. J. Invest. Dermatol. 75, 159–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartschuh, W., Weihe, E., Yanaihara, N., and Reinecke, M. 1983. Immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in Merkel cells of various mammals: Evidence for a neuromodulator function of the Merkel cell. J. Invest. Dermatol. 81, 361–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, A. H. S., Pzewlocki, R., Herz, A., and Stein, C. 1992. Dynorphin, a preferential ligand for K-opioid receptors, is present in nerve fibers and immune cells within inflamed tissue of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 85–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan, A. H. S., Ableitner, A., Stein, C, and Herz, A. 1993. Inflammation of the rat paw enhances axonal transport of opioid receptors in the sciatic nerve and increases their density in inflamed tissue. Neuroscience 55, 185–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haupt, P., Jänig, W., and Kohler, W 1983. Response pattern of visceral afferent fibres, supplying the colon, upon chemical and mechanical stimuli. Pfluegers Arch. 398, 41–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, H. 1985. Morphology of terminations of small and large myelinated trigeminal primary afferent fibers in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 240, 71–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, E. S. and Carlton, S. M. 1992. Primary afferent interactions: Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptideimmunoreactive terminals in contact with unlabeled and GABA-immunoreactive profiles in the monkey dorsal horn. Neuroscience 47, 873–896.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, L. W, Smyth, D. G., and Zakarian, S. 1982. Immunocytochemical localization of beta-endorphin (lipotropin C-fragment) in the developing rat spinal cord and hypothalamus. Brain Res. 232, 115–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • He, X., Schepelmann, K., Schaible, H. G., and Schmidt, R. F. 1990. Capsaicin inhibits responses of fine afferents from the knee joint of the cat to mechanical and chemical stimuli. Brain Res. 530, 147–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Head, H. 1920. Studies in Neurology (Vol. 1, pp. 55–65 and 225-329). Oxford University Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heath, D. D., Coggeshall, R. E., and Hulsebosch, C. E. 1986. Axon and neuron numbers after forelimb amputation in neonatal rats. Exp. Neurol. 92, 220–233.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M. J., Womack, M. D., and MacDermott, A. B. 1994. Substance P elevates intracellular calcium in both neurons and glial cells from the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 1192–1198.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heath, M. J., Lints, T. J., Lee, C. J., and Dodd, J. 1995. Functional expression of the tachykinin NK1 receptor by floor plate cells in the embryonic rat spinal cord and brainstem. J. Physiol. 486, 139–148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heavner, J. E. and DeJong, R. H. 1973. Spinal cord neuron response to natural stimuli: A microelectrode study. Exp. Neurol. 39, 293–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heimer, L. and Wall, P. D. 1968. The dorsal root distribution to the substantia gelatinosa of the rat with a note on the distribution in the cat. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 89–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heinbecker, P., Bishop, G. H. and O’Leary, J. L. 1933. Pain and touch fibers in peripheral nerves. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 29, 771–789.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinbecker, P., Bishop, G. H., and O’Leary, J. L. 1934. Analysis of sensation in terms of the nerve impulse. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 31, 34–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helboe, L. and Moller, M. 2000. Localization of somatostatin receptors at the light-and electron-microscopical level by using antibodies raised against fusion proteins. Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 35, 3–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helgren, M. E., Wolfe, M., Arsenault, K., Kapadia, S. E., and LaMotte, C. C. 1999a. Changes in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide binding in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord following pronase-induced deafferentation Somatosens. Mot. Res. 16, 31–3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helgren, M. E., Arsenault, K., Kapadia, S. E., and LaMotte, C. C. 1999b. Deafferentation-induced regulation of AMPA receptors in the spinal cord of the adult rat. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 16, 39–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helke, C. J., Charlton, C. G., and Wiley, R. G. 1986. Studies on the cellular localization of spinal cord substance P receptors. Neuroscience 19, 523–533.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Helke, C. J., Krause, J. E., Mantyh, P. W, Couture, R., and Bannon, M. J. 1990. Diversity in mammalian tachykinin peptidergic neurons: Multiple peptides, receptors, and regulatory mechanisms. FASEB 4, 1606–1615.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Helliwell, R. J. A., McLatchie, L. M., Clarke, M., Winter, J., Bevan, S., and McIntyre, P. 1998. Capsaicin sensitivity is associated with the expression of the vanilloid (capsaicin) receptor (VR1) mRNA in adult rat sensory ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 250, 177–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hellon, R. F. and Misra, N. K. 1973. Neurones in the dorsal horn responding to scrotal skin temperature changes. J., Physiol. 232, 375–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellon, R. F, Hensel, H., and Schaefer, K. 1975. Thermal receptors in the scrotum of the rat. J. Physiol. 248, 349–357.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henken, D. B. and Martin, J. R. 1992a. Herpes simplex virus infection induces a selective increase in the proportion of galanin-positive neurons in mouse sensory ganglia. Exp. Neurol 118, 195–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henken, D. B. and Martin, J. R. 1992b. The proportion of galanin-immunoreactive neurons in mouse trigeminal ganglia is transiently increased following corneal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type-1. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 177–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henken, D. B., Tessler, A., Chesselet, M.-F, Hudson, A., Baldino, F, and Murray, M. 1988. In situ hybridization of mRNA for beta-preprotachykinin and preprosomatostatin in adult rat dorsal ganglia: Comparison with immunocytochemical localization. J. Neurocytol. 17, 671–681.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henken, D. B., Battisti, W P., Chesselet, M. F., Murray, M., and Tessler, A. 1990. Expression of beta-preprotachykinin mRNA and tachykinins in rat dorsal root ganglion cells following peripheral or central axotomy. Neuroscience 39, 733–742.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henle, J. and Kolliker, A. 1845. On the Pacinian corpuscles in the nerves of men and mammalia. Br. Foreign Med. Rev. 19, 78–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, J. M., Jenkins, R., and Hunt, S. P. 1993. Localization of glutamate receptor binding sites and mRNAs to the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 32, 37–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. L. 1976. Effects of substance P on functionally identified units in cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 114, 439–451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. L. 1982. Effects of intravenously administered enantiomers of baclofen on functionally identified units in lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cat. Neuropharmacology 21, 1073–1083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. L., Krnjevic, K. and Morris, M. E. 1975. Substance P and spinal neurones. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 53, 423–432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. 1973. Cutaneous thermoreceptors. In A. Iggo (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. II, Somatosensory System pp. 79–110). Springer, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. 1974. Thermoreceptors. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 36, 233–249.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. and Boman, K. K. A. 1960. Afferent impulses in cutaneous sensory nerves in human subjects. J. Neurophysiol 23, 564–578.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. and Iggo, A. 1971. Analysis of cutaneous warm and cold fibres in primates. Pfluegers Arch. 329, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. and Zotterman, Y. 1951a. The response of the cold receptors to constant cooling. Acta Physiol Scand. 22, 96–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H. and Zotterman, Y 1951b. The effect of menthol on the thermoreceptors. Acta Physiol. Scand. 24, 27–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Iggo, A., and Witt, I. 1960. A quantitative study of sensitive cutaneous thermoreceptors with C afferent fibres. J. Physiol. 153, 113–126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hensel, H., Andres, K. H., and von Düring, M. 1974. Structure and function of cold receptors. Pfluegers Arch. 352, 1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hentall, I. 1977. A novel class of unit in substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cat. Exp. Neurol. 57, 792–806.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hentall, I. D. and Fields, H. L. 1979. Segmental and descending influences on intraspinal thresholds of single C-fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 1527–1537.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B. and Emson, P. C. 1993. Distribution of calretinin mRNA in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia: A study using non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry. Brain Res. 624, 312–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B. and Pawlak, M. 1997a. Sensitisation of articular afferents in normal and inflamed knee joints by substance P in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 223, 97–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B. and Pawlak, M. 1997b. Inhibitory effect of somatostatin on the mechanosensivity of articular afferents in normal and inflamed knee joints of the rat. Pain 73, 377–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B. and Pawlak, M. 1999. Peripheral application of cyclo-somatostatin, a somatostatin antagonist, increases the mechanosensivity of rat knee joint afferents. Neurosci. Lett. 259, 62–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B., Heuss, C, and Schmidt, R. F. 1988. Fiber size distribution of myelinated and unmyelinated axons in the medial and posterior articular nerves of the cat’s knee joint. Somatosens. Res. 5, 273–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B., Messlinger, K., Neiss, W. R, and Schmidt, R. F. 1990. Ultrastructural three-dimensional reconstruction of group HI and group IV sensory nerve endings (“free nerve endings”) in the knee joint capsule of the cat: Evidence for multiple receptive sites. J. Comp. Neurol. 292, 103–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B., Messlinger, K., Neiss, W. F., and Schmidt, R. F. 1995. Fine sensory innervation of the knee joint capsule by group III and group IV nerve fibers in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 351, 415–428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppelmann, B., Shahbazian, Z., and Hanesch, U. 1997. Quantitative examination of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive nerve fibres in the cat knee joint capsule. Anat. Embryol. 195, 525–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppenstall, P. A. and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1997a. The glycine site of the NMDA receptor contributes to neurokinin 1 receptor agonist facilitation of NMDA receptor agonist-evoked activity in rat dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 744, 235–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heppenstall, P. A. and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1997b. Glycine receptor regulation of neurokinin] receptor function in rat dorsal horn neurones. NeuroReport 8, 3109–3112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, M. K. and Schmidt, R. F. 1992. Activation of normal and inflamed fine articular afferent units by serotonin. Pain 50, 79–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herdegen, T. and Leah, J. D. 1998. Inducible and constitutive transcription factors in the mammalian nervous system: Control of gene expression by Jun, Fos and Krox, and CREB/ATF proteins. Brain Res. Rev. 28, 370–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herdegen, T, Rudiger, S., Mayer, B., Bravo, R., and Zimmermann, M. 1994. Expression of nitric oxide synthase and colocalisation with jun, fos and krox transcription factors in spinal cord neurons following noxious stimulation of the rat hindpaw. Mol. Brain Res. 22, 245–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herkenham, M. and Pert, C. B. 1982. Light microscopic localization of brain opiate receptors: A general autoradiographic method which preserves tissue quality. J. Neurosci. 2, 1129–1149.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herkenham, M., Lynn, A. B., Johnson, M. R., Melvin, L. S., deCosta, B. R., and Rice, K. C. 1991. Characterization and localization of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain: A quantitative in vitro autoradiographic study. J. Neurosci. 11, 563–583.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hertel, H. C, Howaldt, B., and Mense, S. 1976. Responses of group IV and III muscle afferents to thermal stimuli. Brain Res. 113, 201–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer, H., Ehrchen, J., Bauer, K., and Schafer, M. K. 1998. Region-specific expression of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone-degrading ectoenzyme in the rat central nervous system and pituitary gland. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1465–1478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer, H., Schafer, M. K. H., O’Donnell D., Walker, P., and Bauer, K. 2000. Expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 (TRH-R2) in the central nervous system of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 428, 319–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heym, C., Braun, B., Klimaschewski, L., and Kummer, W. 1995a. Chemical codes of sensory neurons innervating the guinea-pig adrenal gland. Cell Tissue Res. 279, 169–181.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heym, C, Braun, B., Shuyi, Y., Klimaschewski, L., and Colombo-Benkmann, M. 1995b. Immunohistochemical correlation of human adrenal nerve fibres and thoracic dorsal root neurons with special reference to substance P. Histochem. Cell Biol. 104, 233–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrand, C, Oqvist, G., Brax, L., and Tuisku, F. 1991. Anatomy of the rat knee joint and fibre composition of a major articular nerve. Anat. Rec. 229, 545–555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. E., Gould, D. J., Strigas, J., Burcher, E., and Vidovic, M. 1996. Sensory nerves play an efferent role in the function of the arterioles, but not the dilator muscle, of the rat iris. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 58, 89–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, D. R., Shaw, T. M., and Woodruff, G. N. 1988. Binding sites for 125I-cholecystokinin in primate spinal cord are of the CCK-A subclass. Neurosci. Lett. 89, 133–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, P. and Wall, P. D. 1969. Inhibitory and excitatory factors influencing the receptive fields of lamina 5 spinal cord cells. Exp. Brain Res. 9, 284–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himes, B. T. and Tessler, A. 1989. Death of some dorsal root ganglion cells and plasticity of others following sciatic nerve section in adult and neonatal rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 284, 215–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hines, A. E., Birn, H., Teglbjaerg, P. S., and Sinkjaer, T. 1996. Fiber type composition of articular branches of the tibial nerve at the knee joint in man. Anat. Rec. 246, 573–578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa, M. and Kawata, M. 1992a. Changes of chemoarchitectural organization of the rat spinal cord following ventral and dorsal root transection. J. Comp. Neurol. 320, 339–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirakawa, M. and Kawata, M. 1992b. Influence of spinal cord hemisection on the configurational changes in motor and primary afferent neurons and the chemical messenger alterations in the rat lumbar segments. J Hirnforsch. 33, 419–428.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirata, T., Kasugai, T., Hirota, S., Nomura, S., Fujisawa, J. and Kitamura, Y. 1995. Characterization of c-kit-positive neurons in the dorsal root ganglion of mouse. Dev. Brain Res. 85, 201–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirota, N., Kuraishi, Y, Hino, Y, Sato, Y, Satoh, M., and Takagi, H. 1985. Met-enkephalin and morphine but not dynorphin inhibit noxious stimulation-induced release of substance P from rabbit dorsal horn in situ. Neuropharmacology 24, 567–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirst, R. A., Lambert, D. G., and Notcutt, W. G. 1998. Pharmacology and potential therapeutic uses of cannabis. Br. J. Anaesth. 81, 77–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiss, E. and Mense, S. 1976. Evidence for the existence of different receptor sites for algesic agents at the endings of muscular group IV afferent units. Pfluegers Arch. 362, 141–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura, A. 1982. Do the dorsal efferent and ventral afferent fibers exist in the L6 spinal nerve roots in the rat. Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 28, 77–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura, A., Ishizuka, H., and Villalobos, E. L. 1991. GABAergic neurons in the mouse superficial dorsal horn with special emphasis on their relation to primary afferent central terminals. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 54, 195–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura, A., Nasu, E, Kuwahara, M., and Ishizuka, H. 1997. Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP)-positive afferent terminals make synaptic contact with interneuronal soma in the substantia gelatinosa of the mouse spinal dorsal horn. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 74, 109–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hiura, A., Nasu, F., and Ishizuka, H. 1999. FRAP-positive and capsaicin-sensitive terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the mouse spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 76, 33–40.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hní K, P., Hudlická, O., Kucera, J., and Payne, R. 1969. Activation of muscle afferents by nonproprioceptive stimuli. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 1451–1458.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, R. H. 1983. Widespread distribution of substance P-and somatostatin-immunoreactive elements in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat. Cell Tissue Res. 232, 471–486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, R. H. 1988. Somatostatin immunoreactive structures in the developing rat spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull. 21, 105–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, R. H. and Berelowitz, M. 1984. Somatostatin 28 1-14 immunoreactivity in primary afferent neurons of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 46, 161–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hochman, S., Garraway, S. M, and Pockett, S. 1997. Membrane properties of deep dorsal horn neurons from neonatal rat spinal cord in vitro. Brain Res. 767, 214–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, C. J. 1972. Potential changes inside central afferent terminals secondary to stimulation of large-and small-diameter peripheral nerve fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 30–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffert, M. J., Miletic, V., Ruda, M. A., and Dubner, R. 1983. Immunocytochemical identification of serotonin axonal contacts on characterized neurons in laminae I and II of the cat dorsal horn. Brain Res. 267, 361–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Höglund, A. U. and Baghdoyan, H. A. 1997. M2, M3, and M4, but not Ml, muscarinic receptor subtypes are present in rat spinal cord. J. Pharm. Exp. Ther. 281, 470–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel U. and Mense S. 1985. Morphological features of dorsal root ganglion cells with groups III and IV afferent fibers. Neurosci Lett. Suppl. 22 S29

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel, U. and Mense, S. 1986. Non-myelinated afferent fibres do not originate exclusively from the smallest dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 72, 153–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel, U. and Mense, S. 1989. Long-term changes in discharge behaviour of cat dorsal horn neurones following noxious stimulation of deep tissues. Pain 36, 239–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel, U. and Mense, S. 2000. The role of spinal nitric oxide in the control of spontaneous pain following nociceptive input. Prog. Brain Res. 129, 163–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel, U., Reinert, A., and Mense, S. 1995. Changes in NADPH-diaphorase activity in the rat dorsal horn following an acute experimental myositis. Histochemistry 103, 459–462.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel, U., Kaske, A., Reinert, A., and Mense, S. 1997. Frequency-dependent expression of diaphorase staining and nNOS-immunoreactivity in rat dorsal horn neurones following C-fibre stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 227, 181–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoheisel, U., Kaske, A., and Mense, S. 1998. Relationship between neuronal activity and substance P-immunore-activity in the rat spinal cord during acute and persistent myositis. Neurosci. Lett. 257, 21–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohenfellner, M., Nunes, L., Schmidt, R. A., Lampel, A., Thuroff, J. W., and Tanagho, E. A. 1992. Interstitial cystitis: Increased sympathetic innervation and related neuropeptide synthesis. J. Urol. 147, 587–591.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohmann, A. G. and Herkenham, M. 1998. Regulation of cannabinoid and mu opioid receptor in rat lumbar spinal cord following neonatal capsaicin treatment. Neurosci. Lett. 252, 13–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohmann, A. G. and Herkenham, M. 1999a. Localization of central cannabinoid CB1 receptor messenger RNA in neuronal subpopulations of rat dorsal root ganglia: A double-label in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience 90, 923–931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohmann, A. G. and Herkenham, M. 1999b. Cannabinoid receptors undergo axonal flow in sensory nerves. Neuroscience 92, 1171–1175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hohmann, A. G., Briley, E. M., and Herkenham, M. 1999. Pre-and postsynaptic distribution of cannabinoid and mu opioid receptors in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 822, 17–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T. and Ljungdahl, A. 1971. Light-and electron-microscopic autoradiography on spinal cord slices after incubation with labeled glycine. Brain Res. 32, 189–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Elde, R., Johansson, O., Luft, R., and Arimura, A. 1975a. Immunohistochemical evidence for the presence of somatostatin, a powerful inhibitory peptide, in some primary sensory neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 1, 231–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Kellerth, J. O., Nilsson, C. and Pernow, B. 1975b. Experimental immunohistochemical studies on the localization and distribution of substance P in cat primary sensory neurons. Brain Res. 100, 235–252.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Kellerth, J. O., Nilsson, G., and Pernow, B. 1975c. Substance P: localization in the central nervous system and in some primary sensory neurons. Science 190, 889–890.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Elde, R., Johansson, O., Luft, R., Nilsson, G., and Arimura, A. 1976. Immunohistochemical evidence for separate populations of somatostatin-containing and substance P-containing primary afferent neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 1, 131–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Elde, K., Johansson, O., Terenius, L., and Stein, L. 1977a. The distribution of enkephalin immunoreactive cell bodies in the rat central nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 5, 25–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T, Ljungdahl, Å Terenius, L., Elde, R., and Nilsson, G. 1977b. Immunohistochemical analysis of peptide pathways possibly related to pain and analgesia: Enkephalin and substance P. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74, 3081–3085.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T, Ljungdahl, Å Steinbusch, H., Verhofstad, A., Nilsson, G., Brodin, E., Oernow, B., and Goldstein, M. 1978. Immunohistochemical evidence of substance P-like immunoreactivity in some 5-hydroxytryptaminecontaining neurons in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 3, 517–538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T, Terenius, L., Kuypers, H. G., and Dann, O. 1979. Evidence for enkephalin immunoreactive neurons in the medulla oblongata projecting to the spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 14, 55–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T, Lundberg, J. M., Terenius, L., Jancso, G., and Kimmel, J. 1981. Avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP) immunoreactive neurons in the spinal cord and spinal trigeminal nucleus. Peptides 2, 81–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T, Lundberg, J. M., Tatemoto, K., Mutt, V., Terenius, L., Polak, J., Bloom, S., Sasek, C, Elde, R., and Goldstein, M. 1983. Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-and FMRFamide neuropeptide-like immunoreactivities in catecholamine neurons of the rat medulla oblongata. Acta Physiol. Scand. 117, 315–318.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Johansson, O., and Goldstein, M. 1984. Central catecholamine neurons as revealed by immunohistochemistry with special reference to adrenaline neurons. In A. Björklund and T. Hökfelt (eds.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (pp. 157–276). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Villar, M., and Melander, T. 1987. Increase of galanin-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglion cells after peripheral axotomy. Neurosci. Lett. 83, 217–220.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Cortesk, R., Schalling, M., Ceccatelli, M., Pelto-Huikko, M., Persson, H., and Villar, M. J. 1991. Distribution patterns of CCK and CCk mRNA in some neuronal and non-neuronal tissues. Neuropeptides 199, 31–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Arvidsson, U., Ceccatelli, S., Cortes, R., Cullheim, S., Dagerlind, A., Johnson, H., Orazzo, C, Piehl, F., Pieribone, V., Schalling, M., Terenius, L., Ulfhake, B., Verge, V. M., Villar, M., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Xu, X.-J., and Xu, Z. 1992. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in the brain, spinal cord, and some peripheral systems. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657, 119–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Ceccatelli, S., Gustafsson, L., Hulting, A. L., Verge, V, Villar, M., Xu, X. J., Xu, Z. Q., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Zhang, X. 1994a. Plasticity of NO synthase expression in the nervous and endocrine systems. Neuropharmacology 33, 1221–1227.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Morino, P., Verge, V, Castel, M.-N., Broberger, C, Zhang, X., Herrera-Marschitz, M., Meana, J. J., Understedt, U., Xu, Z.-J., Hao, J.-X., Puke, M. J. C, Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. S., Seiger, A., Hughes, J., Varro, A., and Dockray, G. 1994b. CCK in cerebral cortex and the spinal level. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 157–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Zhang, X., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1994c. Messenger plasticity in primary sensory neurons following axotomy and its functional implications. TINS 17, 22–30.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Broberger, C, Zhang, X., Diez, M., Kopp, J., Xu, Z.-Q., Landry, M., Bao, L., Schalling, M., Koistinaho, J., DeArmond, S. J., Prusiner, S., Gong, J., and Walsh, J. H. 1998. Neuropeptide Y: Some viewpoints on a multifaceted peptide in the normal and diseased nervous system. Brain Res. Rev. 26, 154–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hökfelt, T., Holmberg, K., Shi, T. J., and Broberger, C. 2001. CCK-ergic mechanisms in sensory systems. Scand. J. Clin. Lab Invest. Suppl. 234, 69–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holets, V. R., Hokfelt, T., Rokaeus, A., Terenius, L., and Goldstein, M. 1988. Locus coeruleus neurons in the rat containing neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase or galanin and their efferent projections to the spinal cord, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. Neuroscience 24, 893–906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holford, L. C., Case, P., and Lawson, S. N. 1994. Substance P, neurofilament, peripherin and SSEA4 immunocytochemistry of human dorsal root ganglion neurons obtained from post-mortem tissue: A quantitative morphometric analysis. J. Neurocytol. 23, 577–589.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, L. N. and Goldstein, B. D. 1990. Changes of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn are associated with the “phasic” behavioral response to a formalin stimulus. Brain Res. 537, 287–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hollman, M. and Heinemann, S. 1994. Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 31–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, S., Feniuk, W., Kidd, E. J., and Humphrey, P. P. 1996. A quantitative autoradiographical study on the distribution of somatostatin sst2 receptors in the rat central nervous system using [125I]-BIM-23027. Neuro-pharmacology. 35, 1109–1120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollt, V, Haarmann, I., Millan, M. J., and Herz, A. 1987. Prodynorphin gene expression is enhanced in the spinal cord of chronic arthritic rats. Neurosci. Lett. 73, 90–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmberg, K., Shi, T. J., Albers, K. M., Davis, B. M., and Hokfelt, T. 2001. Effect of peripheral nerve lesion and lumbar sympathectomy on peptide regulation in dorsal root ganglia in the NGF-overexpressing mouse. Exp. Neurol. 167, 290–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holmes, A. 1982. Do the dorsal efferent and ventral afferent fibers exist in the L6 spinal nerve roots in the rat? Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 28, 77–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holstege, J. C, van Dijken, H., Buijs, R. M., Goedknegt, H., Gosens, T., and Bongers, C. M. H. 1996. Distribution of dopamine immunoreactivity in the rat, cat, and monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 376, 631–652.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holtman, J. R. 1989. Localization of substance P immunoreactivity in phrenic primary afferent neurons. Peptides 10, 53–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, P. 1988. Local effector functions of capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerve endings: Involvement of tachykinins, calcitonin gene-related peptide and other neuropeptides. Neuroscience 24, 739–768.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, P. 1991. Capsaicin: Cellular targets, mechanisms of action, selectivity for thin sensory neurons. Pharmacol. Rev. 43, 143–201.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, P. and Maggi, C. A. 1998. Dissociation of dorsal root ganglion neurons into afferent and efferent-like neurons. Neuroscience. 86, 389–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer-Petsche, U., Rinner, L, and Lembeck, E 1986. Distribution of choline acetyltransferase activity in rat spinal cord: Influence of primary afferents? J. Neural. Trans. 66, 85–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hölzl, R., Erasmus, L. P., and Möltner, A. 1996. Detection, discrimination and sensation of visceral stimuli. Biol. Psychol. 42, 199–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homor, G. and Kasa, P. 1978. Acetylcholinesterase resynthesis after DFP poisoning: Histochemical and biochemical study. Acta Histochem. 62, 293–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, C. N. 1985. Visceral and somatic afferent convergence onto neurons near the central canal in the sacral spinal cord of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 53, 1059–1078.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, C. N. 1995. Differential distribution of calbindin-D28k and parvalbumin in somatic and visceral sensory neurons. Neuroscience 68, 883–892.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, C. N. and Arvidsson, U. 1995. Immunohistochemical localization of delta-and mu-opioid receptors in primate spinal cord. NeuroReport 6, 1025–1028.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, C. N. and Perl, E. R. 1985. Functional and morphological features of neurons in the midline region of the caudal spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 340, 285–295.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, C. N., Réthelyi, M., and Petrusz, P. 1983. Preferential immunohistochemical localization of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) in the sacral spinal cord of the cat: Light-and electron-microscopic observations. J. Neurosci. 3, 2183–2196.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hongo, T., Jankowska, E., and Lundberg, A. 1966. Convergence of excitatory and inhibitory action on interneurones in the lumbosacral cord. Exp. Brain Res. 1, 338–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hongo, T., Kitazawa, S., Ohki, Y., Sasaki, M., and Xi, M. C. 1989a. A physiological and morphological study of premotor interneurones in the cutaneous reflex pathways in cats. Brain Res. 505, 163–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hongo, T., Kitazawa, S., Ohki, Y., and Xi, M. C. 1989b. Functional identification of last-order interneurones of skin reflex pathways in the cat forelimb segments. Brain Res. 505, 167–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honore, P., Menning, P. M., Rogers, S. D., Nichols, M. L., Basbaum, A. I., Besson, J. M., and Mantyh, P. W. 1999. Spinal substance P receptor expression and internalization in acute, short-term, and long-term inflammatory pain states. J. Neurosci. 19, 7670–7678.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, P. J., Lang, C. W., and Duggan, A. W. 1990a. Persistence of immunoreactive neurokinins in the dorsal horn of barbiturate anaesthetized and spinal cats, following release by tibial nerve stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 118, 25–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, P. J., Jarrott, B., Schaible, H.-G., Clarke, R. W., and Duggan, A. W. 1990b. Release and spread of immunoreactive neurokinin A in the cat spinal cord in a model of acute arthritis. Brain Res. 533, 292–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hope, P. J., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., and Mitchell, R. 1990c. Distinct antinociceptive actions mediated by different opioid receptors in the region of lamina I and laminae III-V of the dorsal horn of the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 101, 477–483.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkin, J. M. and Neal, M. J. 1970. The release of [14C]glycine from electrically stimulated rat spinal cord slices. Br. J. Pharmacol. 40, 136-138 P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horch, K. W. and Burgess, P. R. 1975. Effect of activation and adaptation on the sensitivity of slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Brain Res. 98, 109–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horch, K. W. and Burgess, P. R. 1976. Responses to threshold and suprathreshold stimuli by slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the cat. J. Comp. Physiol. 110, 307–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horch, K. W. and Lisney, S. J. W. 1981. Changes in primary afferent depolarization of sensory neurones during peripheral nerve regeneration in the cat. J. Physiol. 313, 287–299.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horch, K. W., Whitehorn, D., and Burgess, P. R. 1974. Impulse generation in type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 37, 267–281.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horch, K. W., Tuckett, R. P., and Burgess, P. R. 1977. A key to the classification of cutaneous mechanoreceptors. J. Invest. Dermatol. 69, 75–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hori, Y. and Endo, K. 1992. Miniature postsynaptic currents recorded from identified rat spinal dorsal horn projection neurons in thin-slice preparations. Neurosci. Lett. 142, 191–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hösli, L., Hösli, E., Zehntner, C, and Landolt, H. 1981. Effects of substance P on neurones and glial cells in cultured rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 24, 165–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hosoi, J., Murphy, G. F, Lerner, E. A., Grabbe, S., and Granstein, R. D. 1993. Regulation of Langerhans cell function by nerves containing calcitonin gene-related peptide. Nature 363, 159–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hou, M., Kanje, M., Longmore, J., Tajti, J., Uddman, R., and Edvinsson, L. 2001. 5-HT(lB) and 5-HT(lD) receptors in the human trigeminal ganglion: Co-localization with calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and nitric oxide synthase. Brain Res. 909, 112–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houk, J. and Henneman, E. 1967. Responses of Golgi tendon organs to active contractions of the soleus muscle of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 30, 466–481.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houlden, H., King, R. H., Hashemi-Nejad, A., Wood, N. W, Mathias, C. J., Reilly, M., and Thomas, P. K. 2001. A novel TRK A (NTRK1) mutation associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V. Ann. Neurol 49, 521–525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houle, J. D. and Reier, P. J. 1989. Regrowth of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactive axons from the chronically injured rat spinal cord into fetal spinal cord tissue transplants. Neurosci. Lett. 103, 253–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houser, C. R., Crowford, G. D., Barber, R. P., Salvaterra, P. M., and Vaughn, J. E. 1983. Organization and morphological characteristics of cholinergic neurons: An immunocytochemical study with a monoclonal antibody to choline acetyltransferase. Brain Res. 266, 97–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houtani, T., Nishi, M., Takeshima, H., Nukada, T., and Sugimoto, T. 1996. Structure and regional distribution of nociceptin/orphanin FQ precursor. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 219, 714–719.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houtani, T., Nishi, M., Takeshima, H., Sato, K., Sakuma, S., Kakimoto, S., Ueyama, T., Noda, T., and Sugimoto, T. 2000. Distribution of nociceptin/orphanin FQ precursor protein and receptor in brain and spinal cord: A study using in situ hybridization and X-gal histochemistry in receptor-deficient mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 424, 489–508.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howe, J. R., Yaksh, T. L., and Go, V. L. W. 1987. The effect of unilateral dorsal root ganglionectomies or ventral rhizotomies on α2-adrenoceptor binding to, and the substance P, enkephalin, and neurotensin content of, the cat lumbar spinal cord. Neuroscience 21, 385–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howland, B., Lettvin, J. Y., McCulloch, W. S., Pitts, W., and Wall, P. D. 1955. Reflex inhibition by dorsal root interaction. J. Neurophysiol 18, 1–17.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howlett, A. C. 1995. Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptors. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 35, 607–634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh, S. T, Choi, S., Lin, W. M, Chang, Y. C, McArthur, J. C, and Griffin, J. W. 1996. Epidermal denervation and its effects on keratinocytes and Langerhans cells. J. Neurocytol. 25, 513–524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, P. and McLachlan, E. M. 2000. Distinct sprouting responses of sympathetic and peptidergic sensory axons proximal to a sciatic nerve transection in guinea pigs and rats. Neurosci. Lett. 295, 59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, P. and McLachlan, E. M. 2001. Long-term changes in the distribution of galanin in dorsal root ganglia after sciatic or spinal nerve transection in rats. Neuroscience 103, 1059–1071.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hua, X. Y, Chen, P., Polgar, E., Nagy, I., Marsala, M., Phillips, E., Wollaston, L., Urban, L., Yaksh, T. L., and Webb, M. 1998. Spinal neurokinin NK1 receptor down-regulation and antinociception: Effects of spinal NK1 receptor antisense oligonucleotides and NK1 receptor occupancy. J Neurochem. 70, 688–698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, L. Y M. 1987. Electrical properties of acutely isolated, identified rat spinal dorsal horn projection neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 82, 267–272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, L. Y M., Carlton, S. M., and Willis, W D. 1985. Identification of spinothalamic tract cells in fresh, unfixed rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Methods 14, 91–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y-L., Ding, M., and Hansson, H.-A. 1998. Dorsal root ganglion cells transiently express increased immunoreactivity of the calcium-binding protein S-100ß after sciatic nerve transection. Brain Res. 785, 351–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, Y., Stamer, W. D., Anthony, T. L., Kumar, D. V., St John, P. A., and Regan, J. W. 2002. Expression of alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor subtypes in prenatal rat spinal cord. Dev. Brain Res. 133, 93–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubbard, S. J. 1958. A study of rapid mechanical events in a mechanoreceptor. J. Physiol. 141, 198–218.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudson, P. M., Semenenko, F. M., and Lumb, B. M. 2000. Inhibitory effects evoked from the rostral ventrolateral medulla are selective for the nociceptive responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons. Neuroscience 99, 541–547.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hugel, S. and Schlichter, R. 2000. Presynaptic P2X receptors facilitate inhibitory GABAergic transmission between cultured rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. J. Neurosci. 20, 2121–2130.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. and Gasser, H. S. 1934a. Some properties of the cord potentials evoked by a single afferent volley. Am. J. Physiol. 108, 295–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, J. and Gasser, H. S. 1934b. The response of the spinal cord to two afferent volleys, Am. J. Physiol. 108, 307–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, S., Lowrie, M. B., and Smith, M. E. 1998. Evidence for two populations of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in neonatal rat spinal cord: The effect of peripheral nerve axotomy. Dev. Brain Res. 105, 209–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hulliger, M., Nordh, E., Thelin, A. E., and Vallbo, A. B. 1979. The responses of afferent fibres from the glabrous skin of the hand during voluntary finger movements in man. J. Physiol. 291, 233–249.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hulsebosch, C. E. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1981. Sprouting of dorsal root axons. Brain Res. 224, 170–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hulsebosch, C. E., Xu, G. Y, Perez-Polo, J. R. 2000. Rodent model of chronic pain after spinal cord contusion injury and effects of gabapentin. J. Neurotrauma 17, 1205–1217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hultborn, H., Illert, M., and Santini, M. 1976a. Convergence on interneurones mediating the reciprocal Ia inhibition of motoneurones: I. Disynaptic Ia inhibition of Ia inhibitory interneurones. Acta Physiol. Scand. 96, 193–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hultborn, H., Illert, M., and Santini, M. 1976b. Convergence on interneurones mediating the reciprocal Ia inhibition of motoneurones: II. Effects from segmental flexor reflex pathways. Acta Physiol. Scand. 96, 351–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hundle, B., McMahon, J., Dadger, J., Messing, R. O. 1995. Overexpression of epsilon-protein kinase C enhances nerve growth factor-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and neurite outgrowth. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 30134–30140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C. 1954. Relation of function to diameter in afferent fibers of muscle nerves. J. Gen. Physiol. 38, 117–131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C.C. 1961. On the nature of vibration receptors in the hind limb of the cat. J. Physiol. 155, 175–186.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C. and Kuno, M. 1959a. Properties of spinal interneurones. J. Physiol. 147, 346–363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C. and Kuno, M. 1959b. Background discharge and evoked responses of spinal interneurones. J. Physiol. 147, 364–384.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C. and McIntyre, A. K. 1960a. Characteristics of responses from receptors from the flexor longus digitorum muscle and the adjoining interosseous region of the cat. J. Physiol. 153, 74–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C. and Mclntyre, A. K. 1960b. Properties of cutaneous touch receptors in cat. J. Physiol. 153, 88–98.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, C. C. and Mclntyre, A. K. 1960c. An analysis of fibre diameter and receptor characteristics of myelinated cutaneous afferent fibres in cat. J. Physiol. 153, 99–112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. and Schmidt, J. 1978. Some observations on the binding patterns of α-bungaro-toxin in the central nervous system in the rat. Brain Res. 157, 213–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P. 1983. Cytochemistry of the spinal cord. In P. C. Emson (ed.), Chemical Neuroanatomy (pp. 53–84). Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P. and Rossi, J. 1985. Peptide-and non-peptide-containing unmyelinated primary afferents: The parallel processing of nociceptive information. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 308, 283–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P., Kelly, J. S., and Emson, P. C. 1980. The electron-microscopic localization of methionine-enkephalin within the superficial layers (I and II) of the spinal cord. Neuroscience 5, 1871–1890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P., Kelly, J. S., Emson, P. C, Kimmel, J. R., Miller, R. J., and Wu, J. Y. 1981a. An immunohistochemical study of neuronal populations containing neuropeptides or 7-aminobutyrate within the superficial layers of the rat dorsal horn. Neuroscience 6, 1883–1898.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P., Emson, P. C, Gilbert, R., Goldstein, M., and Kimmel, J. R. 1981b. Presence of avian pancreatic polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in catecholamine and methionine-enkephalin-containing neurones within the central nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 21, 125–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P., Rossor, M. N., Emson, P. C, and Clement-Jones, V. 1982. Substance P and enkephalins in spinal cord after limb amputation. Lancet 1, 1023.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, S. P., Pini, A., and Evan, G. 1987. Induction of c-fos-like protein in spinal cord neurons following sensory stimulation. Nature 328, 632–634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. C., Kilpatrick, G. J., and Brown, J. R. 1987. Pharmacological analysis of 1251-Bolton and Hunter labelled eledoisin in rat spinal cord by quantitative autoradiography. Neurosci. Lett. 78, 12–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J. C, Birchmore, B., Woodruff, R., and Hughes, J. 1989. Kappa opioid binding sites in the dog cerebral coretex and spinal cord. Neuroscience 31, 735–743.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hursh, J. B. 1939. Conduction velocity and diameter of nerve fibers. Am. J. Physiol. 127, 131–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchison, W. D., Morton, C. R., and Terenius, L. 1990. Dynorphin A: In vivo release in the spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 532, 299–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. J., Rustioni, A., and Valtschanoff, J. G. 2001a. Kainate receptors in primary afferents to the rat gracile nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 312, 137–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang, S. J., Pagliardini, S., Rustioni, A., and Valtschanoff, J. G. 2001b. Presynaptic kainate receptors in primary afferents to the superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 436, 275–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyden, H., Lovtrup, S., and Pigon, A. 1958. Cytochrome oxidase and succinoxidase in spinal ganglion cells and in glial capsule cells. J. Neurochem. 2, 304–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden, J. L. K., Ruda, M. A., Hayashi, H., and Dubner, R. 1985. Descending serotonergic fibers in the dorsolateral and ventral funiculi of cat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 62, 299–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden, J. L. K., Hayashi, H., Dubner, R., and Bennett, G. J. 1986a. Physiology and morphology of the lamina I spinomesencephalic projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 247, 505–515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden, J. L. K., Hayashi, H., Ruda, M. A., and Dubner, R. 1986b. Serotonin innervation of physiologically identified lamina I projection neurons. Brain Res. 370, 401–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden, J. L. K., Nahin, R. L., and Dubner, R. 1987. Altered responses of nociceptive cat lamina I spinal dorsal horn neurons after chronic sciatic neuroma formation. Brain Res. 411, 341–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden, J. L. K., Nahin, R. L., Traub, R. J., and Dubner, R. 1989. Expansion of receptive fields of spinal lamina I projection neurons in rats with unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation: The contribution of central dorsal horn mechanisms. Pain 37, 229–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hylden, J. L. K., Noguchi, K., and Ruda, M. A. 1992. Neonatal capsaicin treatment attenuates spinal fos activation and dynorphin gene expression following peripheral tissue inflammation and hyperalgesia. J. Neurosci. 12, 1716–1725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iadarola, M. J., Brady, L. S., Draisci, G., and Dubner, R. 1988a. Enhancement of dynorphin gene expression in spinal cord following experimental inflammation: Stimulus specificity, behavioral parameters and opoid receptor binding. Pain 35, 313–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iadarola, M. J., Douglass, J., Civelli, O., and Naranjo, J. R. 1988b. Differential activation of spinal cord dynorphin and enkephalin neurons during hyperalgesia: Evidence using cDNA hybridization. Brain Res. 455, 205–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ibuki, T., Hama, A. T., Wang, Z.-T., Wang, G. D., Pappas, G. D., and Sagen, J. 1997. Loss of GABA-immunoreactivity in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with peripheral nerve injury and promotion of recovery by adrenal medullary grafts. Neuroscience 76, 845–858.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H. and Sugimoto, T. 2000. Vanilloid receptor 1-like receptor-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal nervous system. Neuroscience 101, 719–725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H. and Sugimoto, T. 2001. VR1-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Brain Res. 890, 184–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H., Jacobowitz, D. M., and Sugimoto, T. 1992. Calretinin-immunoreactivity in the oro-facial and pharyngeal regions of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 146, 155–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H., Jacobowitz, D. M., and Sugimoto, T. 1993. Calretinin-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Brain Res. 617, 96–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H., Deguchi, T., Nakago, T., Jacobowitz, D. M., and Sugimoto, T. 1994. Parvalbumin, calretinin and carbonic anhydrase in the trigeminal and spinal primary neurons of the rat. Brain Res. 655, 241–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H., He, Y. E, and Sugimoto, T. 1998. S100 protein-immunoreactive trigeminal neurons innervating the rat molar tooth pulp. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 15, 128–133.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H., Morgan, J. I., and Sugimoto, T. 1999a. Peptide 19 in the dorsal root ganglion and the mesencephalic trigeminal tract nucleus of the adult rat. Brain Res. 821, 231–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ichikawa, H., Itota, T., Torii, Y, Inoue, K., and Sugimoto, T. 1999b. Osteocalcin-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons in the rat spinal and trigeminal nervous systems. Brain Res. 838, 205–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ide, C. and Hayashi, S. 1987. Specializations of plasma membranes in Pacinian corpuscles: Implications for mechano-electric transduction. J. Neurocytol. 16, 759–773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ide, C., Yoshida, Y, Hayashi, S., Takashio, M., and Munger, B. L. 1988. A re-evaluation of the cytology of cat Pacinian corpuscles: II. The extreme tip of the axon. Cell Tissue Res. 253, 95–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1955. Tension receptors in the stomach and the urinary bladder. J. Physiol 128, 593–607.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1959. Cutaneous heat and cold receptors with slowly conducting C afferent fibres. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 44, 362–370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1960. Cutaneous mechanoreceptors with afferent C fibres. J. Physiol. 152, 337–353.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1961. Non-myelinated afferent fibres from mammalian skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 155, 52–53P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1963. New specific sensory structures in hairy skin. Acta Neuroveg. 24, 175–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. 1969. Cutaneous thermoreceptors in primates and subprimates. J. Physiol. 200, 403–430.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. and Kornhuber, H. H. 1977. A quantitative study of C-mechanoreceptors in hairy skin of the cat. J. Physiol. 271, 549–565.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. and Muir, A. R. 1969. The structure and function of a slowly adapting touch corpuscle in hairy skin. J. Physiol. 200, 763–796.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A., and Ogawa, H. 1971. Primate cutaneous thermal nociceptors. J.Physiol. 216, 77–78P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A., and Ogawa, H. 1977. Correlative physiological and morphological studies of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors in cat’s glabrous skin. J. Physiol. 266, 275–296.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A. and Ramsey, R. L. 1976. Thermosensory mechanisms in the spinal cord of monkeys. In Y Zotterman (ed.), Sensory Functions of the Skin in Primates with Special Reference to Man (pp. 285–304). Pergamon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iggo, A., Molony, V., and Steedman, W M. 1988. Membrane properties of nociceptive neurons in lamina II of lumbar spinal cord in the cat. J. Physiol. 400, 367–380.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iino, S., Kato, M., Hidaka, H., and Kobayashi, S. 1998. Neurocalcin-immunopositive neurons in the rat sensory ganglia. Brain Res. 781, 236–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, K., Watanabe, M., Ichikawa, T., Kobayashi, T., Yano, R., and Kumanishi, T. 1998. Distribution of prepronociceptin/orphanin FQ mRNA and its receptor mRNA in developing and adult mouse central nervous systems. J. Comp. Neurol. 399, 139–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iliakis, B., Anderson, N. L., Irish, P. S., Henry, M. A., and Westrum, L. E. 1996. Electron microscopy of immunoreactivity patterns for glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid in synaptic glomeruli of the feline spinal trigeminal nucleus (subnucleus caudalis). J. Comp. Neurol. 366, 465–477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyinski, O. B., Akoev, G. N., Krasnikova, T. L., and Elman, S. I. 1976. K and Na ion content in the Pacininan corpuscle fluid and its role in the activity of receptors. Pfluegers Arch. 361, 279–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imbe, H. and Ren, K. 2000. The up-regulation of preprodynorphin mRNA in trigeminoparabrachial neurons after inflammation. NeuroReport 11, 845–847.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Immke, D.C. and McCleskey, E.W. 2001. Lactate enhances the acid-sensing Na+ channel on ischemia sensing neurons. Nature Neurosci. 4, 869–870.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki, S. and Kito, S. 1986. Peptides in the peripheral nervous system. In P. C. Emson, M. N. Rossor and M. Tohyama (eds.), Progress in Brain Res. (pp. 269–316). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki, S., Kito, S., Kubota, Y, Girgis, S., Hillyard, C. J., and Maclntyre, I. 1986. Autoradiographic localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in human and rat brain. Brain Res. 374, 287–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inagaki, N., Yamatodani, A., Ando-Yamamoto, M., Tohyama, M., Watanabe, T, and Wada, H. 1988. Organization of histaminergic fibers in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 273, 283–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inaishi, Y, Kashihara, M., Sakaguchi, M., Nawa, H., and Kuno, M. 1992. Cooperative regulation of calcitonin generelated peptide levels in rat sensory neurons via their central and peripheral processes. J. Neurosci. 12, 518–524.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Indo, Y, Tsuruta, M., Hayashida, Y., Karim, M. A., Ohta, K., Kawano, T, Mitsubuchi, H., Tonoki, H., Awaya, Y, and Matsuda, I. 1996. Mutations in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene in patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Nat. Genet. 13, 382–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Indo, Y., Mardy, S., Miura, Y., Moosa, A., Ismail, E. A., Toscano, E., Andria, G., Pavone, V., Brown, D. L., Brooks, A., Endo, E, and Matsuda, I. 2001. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): Novel mutations of the TRKA (NTRK1) gene, a putative uniparental disomy, and a linkage of the mutant TRKA and PKLR genes in a family with CIPA and pyruvate kinase deficiency. Hum. Mutat. 18, 308–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, J. T. and Frank, J. S. 1990. The effect of agonist/antagonist muscle vibration on human position sense. Exp. Brain Res. 81, 573–580.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inglis, J. T, Frank, J. S., and Inglis, B. 1991. The effect of muscle vibration on human position sense during movements controlled by lengthening muscle contraction. Exp. Brain Res. 84, 631–634.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ino, H., Ishizuka, T, Chiba, T, and Tatibana, M. 1994. Expression of CDK5 (PSSALRE kinase), a neural cdc-2-related protein kinase, in the mature and developing mouse central and peripheral nervous systems. Brain Res. 661, 196–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Inyama, C. O., Wharton, J., Su, H. C, and Polak, J. M. 1986. CGRP-immunoreactive nerves in the genitalia of the female rat originate from dorsal root ganglia T11-L3 and L6-S1: A combined immunocytochemical and retrograde tracing study. Neurosci. Lett. 69, 13–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irish, P. S., Iliakis, B., Anderson, N. L., and Westrum, L. E. 1996. Electron microscopic analysis of lesion-induced changes in synaptic structure and immunogold labeling of neurotransmitters within the feline trigeminal nucleus. Synapse 24, 48–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iriuchijima, J. and Zotterman, Y 1960. The specificity of afferent cutaneous C fibres in mammals. Acta Physiol. Scand. 49, 267–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaac, J. T, Nicoll, R. A., and Malenka, R. C. 1999. Silent glutamatergic synapses in the mammalian brain. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 11, 735–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida-Yamamoto, A. and Senba, E. 1990. Cell types and axonal sizes of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing primary sensory neurons of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 24, 759–764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida-Yamamoto, A., Senba, E., and Tohyama, M. 1988. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers in Meissner’s corpuscles of rats: An immunohistochemical analysis. Brain Res. 453, 362–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishida-Yamamoto, A., Senba, E., and Tohyama, M. 1989. Distribution and fine structure of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat skin. Brain Res. 491, 93–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishigooka, M., Nakada, T, Hashimoto, T, Iijima, Y, and Yaguchi, H. 2002. Spinal substance P immunoreactivity is enhanced by acute chemical stimulation of the rat prostate. Urology 59, 139–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, M., Takasaki, I., Andoh, T., Nojima, H., Tominaga, M., and Kuraishi, Y 2001. Induction by carrageenan inflammation of prepronociceptin mRNA in VRl-immunoreactive neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia. Neurosci Res. 40, 227–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, Y and Tessler, A. 1990. Ultrastructural organization of regenerated dorsal root axons within transplants of fetal spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 292, 396–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, Y., Yagishita, S. D., Nakajima, S., Nakano, T., and Kawada, H. 1986. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: Morphological and morphometrical studies on the skin and peripheral nerves. Neuropediatrics 17, 103–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh, Y., Mizoi, K., and Tessler, A. 1999. Embryonic central nervous system transplants mediate adult dorsal root regeneration into host spinal cord. Neurosurgery 45, 849–856.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y, Ikeda, K., Shiojima, T., and Kinoshita, M. 1995. CNQX prevents spinal motor neuron death following sciatic nerve transection in newborn rats. J. Neurol. Sci. 134, 21–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iyadomi, M., Iyadomi, I., Kumamoto, E., Tomokuni, K., and Yoshimura, M. 2000. Presynaptic inhibition by baclofen of miniature EPSCs and IPSCs in substantia gelatinosa neurons of the adult rat spinal dorsal horn. Pain 85, 385–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, D. A. and White, S. R. 1988. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) modifies excitability of spinal cord dorsal horn cells. Neurosci. Lett. 92, 171–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacquin, M. E, Beinfeld, M. C, Chiaia, N. L., and Zahm, D. S. 1992. Cholecystokinin concentrations and peptide immunoreactivity in the intact and deafferented medullary dorsal horn of the rat. J.Comp. Neurol. 326, 22–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, J. M., Carmichael. N., and Cavanagh, J. B. 1975. Ultrastructural changes in the dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia of rats poisoned with methyl mercury. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 1, 1–19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaggar, S. I., Hasnie, F. S., Sellaturay, S., and Rice, A. S. C. 1998. The antihyperalgesic actions of the cannabinoid anandamide and the putative CB2 receptor agonist palmitoylethanolamide in visceral and somatic inflammatory pain. Pain 76, 189–199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahr, C. E. and Jessell, T. M. 1983. ATP excites a subpopulation of rat dorsal horn neurones. Nature 304, 730–733.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakab, G., Salamon, I., Petrusz, P., and Rethelyi, M. 1990. Termination patterns of calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the dorsal horn of the human spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res. 80, 609–617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakowec, M. W., Fox, A. J., Martin, L. J., and Kalb, R. G. 1995a. Quantitative and qualitative changes in AMPA receptor expression during spinal cord development. Neuroscience 67, 893–907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jakowec, M. W., Yen, L., and Kalb, R. G. 1995b. In situ hybridization analysis of AMPA receptor subunit gene expression in the developing rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 67, 909–920.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jancsó, G. and Knyihar, E. 1975. Functional linkage between nociception and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activity in the Rolando substance. Neurobiology 5, 42–43.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jancsó, G., Hökfelt, T., Lundberg, J. M., Kiraly, E., Halasz, N., Nilsson, G., Terenius, L., and others, 1981. Immunohistochemical studies on the effect of capsaicin on spinal and medullary peptide and monoamine neurons using antisera to substance P, gastrin/CCK, somatostatin, VIP enkephalin, neurotensin and 5-hydroxytryptamine. J. Neurocytol. 10, 963–980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jancsó, N., Jancsó-Gabor, A., and Takats, I. 1961. 1: Pain and inflammation induced by nicotine, acetylcholine and structurally related compounds and their prevention by desensitizing agents. Acta Physiol. 19, 113–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jancsó, N., Jancsó-Gábor, A., and Szolcsányi, J. 1967. Direct evidence for neurogenic inflammation and its prevention by denervation and by pretreatment with capsaicin. Br. J. Pharmacol. 31, 138–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. 1971a. The afferent innervation of the central pad of the cat’s hind foot. Brain Res. 28, 203–216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. 1971b. Morphology of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the hairless skin of the cat’s hind foot. Brain Res. 28, 217–231.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. 1996. Neurobiology of visceral afferent neurons: Neuroanatomy, functions, organ regulations and sensations. Biol. Psychol 42, 29–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. and Koltzenburg, M. 1990. On the function of spinal primary afferent fibres supplying colon and urinary bladder. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 30 Suppl. S89–S96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. and Koltzenburg, M. 1991. Receptive properties of sacral primary afferent neurons supplying the colon. J. Neurophysiol. 65, 1067–1077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. and Lisney, S. J. W. 1989. Small diameter myelinated afferents produce vasodilatation but not plasma extravasation in rat skin. J. Physiol. 415, 477–486.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W. and Zimmermann, M. 1971. Presynaptic depolarization of myelinated afferent fibres evoked by stimulation of cutaneous C fibres. J. Physiol. 214, 29–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig W., Schmidt, R. F., and Zimmermann, M. 1968a. Single unit responses and the total afferent outflow from the cat’s foot pad upon mechanical stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 100–115.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W., Schmidt, R. F., and Zimmermann, M. 1968b. Two specific feedback pathways to the central afferent terminals of phasic and tonic mechanoreceptors. Exp. Brain Res. 6, 116–129.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jänig, W., Levine, J. D., and Michaelis, M. 1996. Interactions of sympathetic and primary afferent neurons following nerve injury and tissue trauma. Prog. Brain Res. 113, 161–184.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E. 1992. Interneuronal relay in pathways from proprioceptors. Prog. Neurobiol. 38, 335–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E., and Lindström, S. 1972. Morphology of interneurones mediating la reciprocal inhibition of motoneurones in the spinal cord of the cat. J. Physiol. 226, 805–823.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E. and Riddell, J. S. 1994. Interneurones in pathways from group II muscle afferents in sacral segments of the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol 475, 455–468.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E. and Riddell, J. S. 1995. Interneurones mediating presynaptic inhibition of group I muscle afferents in the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol 483, 473–479.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E. and Roberts, W. J. 1972a. An electrophysiological demonstration of the axonal projections of single spinal interneurones in the cat. J. Physiol 222, 597–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E. and Roberts, W. J. 1972b. Synaptic actions of single interneurones mediating reciprocal Ia inhibition of motoneurones. J. Physiol 222, 623–642.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E., Johannisson, T., and Lipski, J. 1981a. Common interneurones in reflex pathways from group Ia and Ib afferents of ankle extensors in the cat. J. Physiol 310, 381–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E., McCrea, D., Rudomin, P., and Sykova, E. 1981b. Observations on neuronal pathways subserving primary afferent depolarization. J. Neurophysiol 46, 506–516.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E., Riddell, J. S., and McCrea, D. A. 1993. Primary afferent depolarization of myelinated fibres in the joint and interosseous nerves of the cat. J. Physiol 466, 115–131.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E., Maxwell, D. J., Dolk, S., Krutki, P., Belichenko, P. V., and Dahlstrom, A. 1995. Contacts between serotoninergic fibres and dorsal horn spinocerebellar tract neurons in the cat and rat: A confocal microscopic study. Neuroscience 67, 477–487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jankowska, E., Maxwell, D. J., Dolk, S., and Dahlstrom, A. 1997. A confocal and electron microscopic study of contacts between 5-HT fibres and feline dorsal horn interneurons in pathways from muscle afferents. J. Comp. Neurol 387, 430–438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, K. L. R., Faull, R. L. M., Dragunow, M., and Waldvogel, H. 1990. Autoradiographic localisation of NMDA, quisqualate and kainic acid receptors in human spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 108, 53–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeftinija, S. 1988. Enkephalins modulate excitatory synaptic transmission in the superficial dorsal horn by acting at mu-opioid receptor sites. Brain Res. 460, 260–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeftinija, S. and Jeftinija, K. 1990. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in neuronal perikarya in the dorsal root. Brain Res. 519, 324–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeftinija, S., Miletić, V., and Randić, M. 1981. Cholecystokinin octapeptide excites dorsal horn neurons both in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res. 213, 231–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeftinija, S., Murase, K., Nedeljikov, V., and Randić, M. 1982. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide excites mammalian dorsal horn neurons both in vivo and in vitro. Brain Res. 243, 158–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeftinija, S., Urban, L., Kangrga, I., Ryu, P. D., and Randić, M. 1987. Slow excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro and depressant effect of enkephalins. Neurol. Neurobiol. 28, 271–281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, W. L. 1941a. Studies in thermal sensitivity: 15. Effects of stimulus-temperature in seriatum warm-mapping. J. Exp. Psychol. 28, 517–523.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, W. L. 1941b. Studies in thermal sensitivity: 16. Further evidence on the effects of stimulus temperature. J. Exp. Psychol 29, 413–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jennes, L., Stumpf, W. E., and Kalivas, P. W. 1982. Neurotensin: Topographical distribution in rat brain by immunohistochemistry. J. Comp. Neurol. 210, 211–224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessell, T. M. and Dodd, J. 1985. Structure and expression of differentiation antigens on functional subclasses of primary sensory neurons. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 308, 271–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessell, T. M. and Dodd, J. 1986. Neurotransmitters and differentiation antigens in subsets of sensory neurons projecting to the spinal dorsal horn. In J. B. Martin and J. D. Barchas (eds.), Neuropeptides in Neurologic and Psychiatric Disease (pp. 111–131). Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessell, T. M. and Iversen, L. L. 1977. Opiate analgesics inhibit substance P release from rat trigeminal nucleus. Nature 68, 549–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jessell, T. M., Tsunoo, A., Kanazawa, I., and Otsuka, M. 1979. Substance P: Depletion in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord after section of the peripheral processes of primary sensory neurons. Brain Res. 168, 247–259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessell, T. M., Yoshioka, K., and Jahr, C. E. 1986. Amino acid receptor-mediated transmission at primary afferent synapses in rat spinal cord. J. Exp. Biol. 124, 139–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jhamandas, K., Yaksh, T. L., and Go, V. L. W. 1984. Acute and chronic morphine modifies the in vivo release of methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity from the cat spinal cord and brain. Brain Res. 297, 91–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, R.-R., Zhang, X., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1994. Expression of neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y (Y1) receptor mRNA in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia following peripheral tissue inflammation. J. Neurosci. 14, 5423–5434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji, R.-R., Zhang, X., Zhang, Q., Dagerlind, A., Nilsson, S., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1995a. Central and peripheral expression of galanin in response to inflammation. Neuroscience 68, 563–576.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ji, R.-R., Zhang, Q., Law, P.-Y, Low, P. Y., Elde, R., and Hökfelt, T. 1995b. Expression of μ-, δ-, and k-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivities in rat dorsal root ganglia after carageenan-induced inflammation. J. Neurosci. 15, 8156–8166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia, H., Rustioni, A., and Valtschanoff, J. G. 1999. Metabotropic glutamate receptors in superficial laminae of the rat dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol 410, 627–642.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jia, Y, Linden, D. R., Serie, J. R., and Seybold, V. S. 1998. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ binding increases in superficial laminae of the rat spinal cord during persistent peripheral inflammation. Neurosci Lett. 250, 21–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, C. H., Maziéres, L., and Lindström, S. 2002. Cold-and menthol-sensitive C afferents of cat urinary bladder. J. Physiol. 543. 1}, 211–2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jin, S., Lei, L., Wang, Y, Da, D., and Zhao, Z. 1999. Endomorphin-1 reduces carrageenan-induced fos expression in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Neuropeptides 33, 281–284.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jinks, S. L. and Carstens, E. 1999. Activation of spinal wide-dynamic-range neurons by intracutaneous microinjection of nicotine. J. Neurophysiol. 82, 3046–3055.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jo, Y H. and Schlichter, R. 1999. Synaptic corelease of ATP and GABA in cultured spinal neurons. Nature Neurosci. 2, 241–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jo, Y H., Stoeckel, M. E., and Schlichter, R. 1998. Electrophysiological properties of cultured neonatal rat dorsal horn neurons containing GABA and met-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity, J. Neurophysiol. 79, 1583–1586.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johannessen, J. N., Watkins, L. R., and Mayer, D. J. 1984. Non-serotonergic origins of the dorsolateral funiculus in the rat ventral medulla. J. Neurosci 4, 757–766.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, O. 1978. Localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the Golgi apparatus of central and peripheral neurons. Histochemistry 58, 167–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, O., Hökfelt, T., Pernow, B., Jeffcoate, S. L., White, N., Steinbusch, H. W M., Verhofstad, A. A. J., Emson, P. C, and Spindel, E. 1981. Immunohistochemical support for three putative transmitters in one neuron: Coexistence of 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance P-and thyrotropin releasing hormone-like immunoreactivity in medullary neurons projecting to the spinal cord. Neuroscience 6, 1857–1881.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, O., Hökfelt, T., and Elde, R. 1984. Immunohistochemical distribution of somatostatin-like immunore-activy in the central nervous system of the adult rat. Neuroscience 13, 265–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, O., Fantini, E, and Hu, H. 1999. Neuronal structural proteins, transmitters, transmitter enzymes and neuropeptides in human Meissner’s corpuscles: A reappraisal using immunohistochemistry. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 291, 419–424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, R. S. 1978. Tactile sensibility in the human hand: Receptive field characteristics of mechanoreceptive units in the glabrous skin area. J. Physiol. 281, 101–123.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, R. S. and Vallbo, A. B. 1976. Skin mechanoreceptors in the human hand: An inference of some population properties. In Y Zotterman (ed.), Sensory Functions of the Skin in Primates (pp. 171–184). Pergamon Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, R. S. and Vallbo, A. B. 1979a. Tactile sensibility in the human hand: Relative and absolute densities of four types of mechanoreceptive units in glabrous skin. J. Physiol. 286, 283–300.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, R. S. and Vallbo, A. B. 1979b. Detection of tactile stimuli: Threshold of afferent units related to psychophysical thresholds of the human hand. J. Physiol. 297, 405–422.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, H., Ulfhake, B., Dagerlind, A., Bennett, G. W, Fone, K. C. F., and Hökfelt, T. 1993. The serotoninergic bulbospinal system and brainstem-spinal cord content of serotonin-, TRH-, and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the aged rat with special reference to the spinal cord motor nucleus. Synapse 15, 63–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. A., Grande, J. P., Windebank, A. J., and Kumar, R. 1996. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in developing dorsal root ganglia of fetal rats. Dev. Brain Res. 92, 120–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. L. 1972. Glutamic acid as a synaptic transmitter in the nervous system: A review. Brain Res. 37, 1–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. L. and Aprison, M. H. 1970. The distribution of glutamic acid, a transmitter candidate, and other amino acids in the dorsal sensory neuron of the cat. Brain Res. 24, 285–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. O. 1974. Reconstruction of population response to a vibratory stimulus in quickly adapting mechanoreceptive afferent fiber population innervating glabrous skin of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 37, 48–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, K. O., Darian-Smith, I., and LaMotte, C. 1973. Peripheral neural determinants of temperature discrimination in man: A correlative study of responses to cooling of skin. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 347–370.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, G. A. R. 1968. The intraspinal distribution of some depressant amino acids. J. Neurochem. 15, 1013–1017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, G. A. R. and Vitali, M. V. 1969. Glycine-producing transaminase activity in extracts of spinal cord. Brain Res. 12, 471–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jonakait, G. M, Markey, K. A., Goldstein, M., and Black, I. B. 1984. Transient expression of selected cate-cholaminergic traits in cranial sensory and dorsal root ganglia of the embryonic rat. Dev. Biol. 101, 51–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. E., Holmes, C. J., Rodriguez-Veiga, E., and Mainville, L. 1991. GABA-synthesizing neurons in the medulla: Their relationship to serotonin-containing and spinally projecting neurons in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol 313, 349–367.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. G., Munson, J. B., and Thompson, S. W. 1999. A role for nerve growth factor in sympathetic sprouting in rat dorsal root ganglia. Pain 79, 21–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, M. W. and Headley, P. M. 1995. Interactions between metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists in the rat spinal cord in vivo. Neuropharmacology 34, 1025–1031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. L. and Light, A. R. 1990. Electrical stimulation in the medullary nucleus raphe magnus inhibits noxious heat-evoked fas protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Brain Res. 530, 335–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jongsma, H., Danielsen, N., Sundler, F., and Kanje, M. 2000. Alteration of PACAP distribution and PACAP receptor binding in the rat sensory nervous system following sciatic nerve transection. Brain Res. 853, 186–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jørum, E., Lundberg, L. E. R., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1989. Peripheral projections of nociceptive unmyelinated axons in the human peroneal nerve. J. Physiol. 416, 291–301.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jossan, S. S., Ekblom, J., Aquilonius, S.-M., and Oreland, L. 1994. Monoamine oxidase-B in motor cortex and spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis studied by quantitative autoradiography. J. Neural. Trans. 41, 243–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ju, G., Hökfelt, T., Fischer, J. A., Frey, P., Rehfeld, J. E, and Dockray, G. J. 1986. Does cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in rat primary sensory neurones represent calcitonin gene-related peptide? Neurosci. Lett. 68, 305–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ju, G., Melander, T, Ceccatelli, S., Hökfelt, T., and Frey, P. 1987a. Immunohistochemical evidence for a spinothalamic pathway co-containing cholecystokinin-and galanin-like immunoreactivities in the rat. Neuroscience 20, 439–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ju, G., Hökfelt, T., Brodin, E., Fahrenkrug, J., Fischer, J. A., Frey, P., Elde, R. P., and Brown, J. C. 1987b. Primary sensory neurons of the rat showing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity and their relation to substance P-, somatostatin-, galanin-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-and cholecystokinin-immunoreactive ganglion cells. Cell Tissue Res. 247, 417–431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julia, V., Morteau, O., and Bueno, L. 1994. Involvement of neurokinin 1 and 2 receptors in viscerosensitive response to rectal distension in rats. Gastroenterology 107, 94–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Julia, V., Su, X., Buéno, L., and Gebhart, G. F. 1999. Role of neurokinin 3 receptors on responses to colorectal distension in the rat: Electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Gastroenterology 116, 1124–1131.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Junttila, T, Koistinaho, J., Rechardt, L., Hidaka, H., Okazaki, K., and Pelto-Huikko, M. 1995. Localization of neurocalcin-like immunoreactivity in rat cranial motoneurons and spinal cord interneurons. Neurosci Lett. 183, 100–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaada, B. 1974. Mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia. Tidsskr. Norske Laegeforen. 94, 422–431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadekaro, M., Crane, A. M., and Sokoloff, L. 1985. Differential effects of electrical stimulation of sciatic nerve on metabolic activity in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion in the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 6010–6013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaduri, A. J., Magoul, R., Lescaudron, L., Campistron, G., and Calas, A. 1987. Immunocytochemical approach of GABAergic innervation of the mouse spinal cord using antibodies to GABA. J. Hirnforsch. 28, 349–355.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kai-Kai, M. A. and Che, Y. M. 1995. Distribution of arginine-vasopressin in the trigeminal, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat: Depletion by capsaicin. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Physiol. 110, 71–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kai-Kai, M. A. and Howe, R. 1991. Glutamate-immunoreactivity in the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia, and intraspinal neurons and fibres in the dorsal horn of the rat. Histochem. J. 23, 171–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kai-Kai, M. A. and Keen, P. 1985. Localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine to neurons and endoneurial mast cells in rat sensory ganglia. J. Neurocytol. 14, 63–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kai-Kai M. A., Swann, R. W., and Keen, P. 1985. Localization of chromatographically characterized oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin to sensory neurones in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 55, 83–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kai-Kai M. A., Anderton, B. H., and Keen, P. 1986. A quantitative analysis of the interrelationships between subpopulations of rat sensory neurons containing arginine vasopressin or oxytocin and those containing substance P, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase or neurofilament protein. Neuroscience 18, 475–486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kajander, K. C. and Xu, J. 1995. Quantitative evaluation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P levels in rat spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury. Neurosci. Lett. 186, 184–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kajander, K. C, Sahara, Y., Iadarola, M. J., and Bennett, G. J. 1990. Dynorphin increases in the dorsal spinal cord in rats with a painful peripheral neuropathy. Peptides 11, 719–728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kajander, K. C., Wakisaka, S., and Bennett, G. J. 1992. Spontaneous discharge originates in the dorsal root ganglion at the onset of a painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 138, 225–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalb, R. G. and Fox, A. J. 1997. Synchronized overproduction of AMPA, kainate, and NMDA glutamate receptors during human spinal cord development. J. Comp. Neurol. 384, 200–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalb, R. G., Lidow, M. S., Halsted, M. J., and Hockfield, S. 1992. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are transiently expressed in the developing spinal cord ventral horn. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, 8502–8506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalia, M., Mei, S. S., and Kao, F. F. 1981. Central projections from ergoreceptors (C fibers) in muscle involved in cardiopulmonary responses to static exercise. Circ. Res. 48, 148–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalina, M. and Bubis, J. J. 1968. Histochemical studies on the distribution of acid phosphatases in neurons of sensory ganglia. Histochemie 14, 103–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalina, M. and Bubis, J. J. 1969. Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholine esterase in neurones of rat trigeminal ganglia. Experientia 25, 388–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalina, M. and Wolman, M. 1970. Correlative histochemical and morphological study in the maturation of sensory ganglion cells in the rat. Histochemie 22, 100–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kalivas, R W., Jennes, L., Nemeroff, C. B., and Prange, A. J. 1982. Neurotensin: Topographical distribution of brain sites involved in hypothermia and antinociception. J. Comp. Neurol. 210, 225–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallakuri, S., Cavanaugh, J. M., and Blagoev, D. C. 1998. An immunohistochemical study of innervation of lumbar spinal dura and longitudinal ligaments. Spine 23, 403–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanazawa, I., Ogawa, T., Kimura, S., and Munekata, E. 1984. Regional distribution of substance P, neurokinin α and neurokinin ß in rat central nervous system. Neurosci. Res. 2, 111–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, T., Fujiyama, F, and Hioki, H. 2002. Immunohistochemical localization of candidates for vesicular glutamate transporters in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 444, 39–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kangrga, I. and Randić, M. 1990. Tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide enhance release of endogenous glutamate and aspartate from the rat spinal dorsal horn slice. J. Neurosci. 10, 2026–2038.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kangrga, I. and Randic, M. 1991. Outflow of endogenous aspartate and glutamate from the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro by activation of low-and high-threshold primary afferent fibers. Modulation by μ-opioids. Brain Res. 553, 347–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kangrga, I., Larew, J. S. A., and Randic, M. 1990. The effects of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide on the efflux of endogenous glutamate and aspatate from the rat spinal dorsal horn in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 108, 155–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kangrga, I., Jiang, M. C, and Randic, M. 1991. Actions of (-)-baclofen on rat dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 562, 265–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanjhan, R., Housley, G. D., Burton, L. D., Christie, D. L., Kippenberger, A., Thorne, P. R., Luo, L., and Ryan, A. F 1999. Distribution of the P2X2 receptor subunit of the ATP-grated ion channels in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 407, 11–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kantner, R. M. and Kirby, M. L. 1982. Changes in acid phosphatase activity in the substantia gelatinosa in response to pain. Brain Res. 238, 451–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kantner, R. M., Goldstein, B., and Kirby, M. 1986. Regulatory mechanisms for substance P in the dorsal horn during a nociceptive stimulus: Axoplasmic transport vs. electrical activity. Brain Res. 385, 282–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanui, T. I. 1985. Responses of spinal cord neurones to noxious and non-noxious stimulation of the skin and testicle of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 58, 315–319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanui, T. I. 1987. Thermal inhibition of nociceptor-driven spinal cord neurones in the cat: A possible neuronal basis for thermal analgesia. Brain Res. 402, 160–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanui, T. I. 1988. Receptive field organization and electrophysiological responses of spinal cord thermoreactive neurones in the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 71, 508–514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapadia, S. E. and LaMotte, C. C. 1987. Deafferentation-induced alterations in the rat dorsal horn: I. Comparison of peripheral nerve injury vs. rhizotomy effects on presynaptic, postsynaptic, and glial processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 266, 183–197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S. and Quirion, R. 1992. Quantitative autoradiographic localization of [125] neuropeptide Y receptor binding sites in rat spinal cord and the effects of neonatal capsaicin, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Brain Res. 574, 333–337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S. and Quirion, R. 1994. Galanin receptor binding sites in adult rat spinal cord respond differently to neonatal capsaicin, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 1917–1921.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S. and Quirion, R. 1995. Neuropeptide receptors in developing and adult rat spinal cord: An in vitro quantitative autoradiography study of calcitonin gene-related peptide, neurokinins, mu-opioid, galanin, somatostatin, neurotensin and vasointestinal polypeptide receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 354, 253–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S., Gibson, S. J., Scaravilli, F, Jacobs, J. M., Aber, V. R., and Polak, J. M. 1989. Reduced numbers of calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP) and tachykinin-immunoreactive sensory neurones associated with greater enkephalin immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of a mutant rat with hereditary sensory neuropathy. Cell Tisue Res. 255, 451–466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S., Gibson, S. J., and Polak, J. M. 1990. Origins and projections of peptide-immunoreactive nerves in the male rat genitofemoral nerve. Brain Res. 512, 229–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S., Gibson, S. J., Rees, R. G., Jura, W. G., Brewerton, D. A., and Polak, J. M. 1991a. Increased calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and enkephalin immunoreactivities in dorsal spinal cord and loss of CGRP-immunoreactive motoneurons in arthritic rats depend on intact peripheral nerve supply. J Mol. Neurosci. 3, 7–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S., Chabot, J. G., and Quirion, R. 1991b. Quantitative autoradiographic localisation of [125I]endothelin-l binding sites in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 133, 117–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kar, S., Rees, R. G., and Quirion, R. 1994. Altered calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivities and receptor binding sites in the dorsal spinal cord of the polyarthritic rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 345–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karagiannis, S. N., King, R. H., and Thomas, P. K. 1997. Colocalisation of insulin and IGF-1 receptors in cultured rat sensory and sympathetic ganglion cells. J Anat. 191, 431–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karczmar, A. G., Nishi, S., Minota, S., and Kindel, G. 1980. Electrophysiology, acetylcholine and acetylcholinesterase of immature spinal ganglia of the rabbit: An experimental study and a review. Gen. Pharmacol. 11, 127–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karim, F., Wang, C. C., and Gereau, R. W. 2001. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes 1 and 5 are activators of extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling required for inflammatory pain in mice. J. Neurosci. 21, 3771–3779.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlsson, M. and Hildebrand, C. 1994. Sensory C-fibers in rat ventral roots are capsaicin-insensitive and they do not mediate extravasation from pial vessels. Brain Res. 642, 244–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karmy, G., Carr, P. A., Yamamoto, T., Chan, S. H. P., and Nagy, J. I. 1991. Cytochrome oxidase immunohisto-chemistry in rat brain and dorsal root ganglia: Visualization of enzyme in neuronal perikarya and in parvalbumin-positive neurons. Neuroscience 40, 825–839.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H. and Senba, E. 1999. Up-and down-regulation of BDNF mRNA in distinct subgroups of rat sensory neurons after axotomy. NeuroReport 10, 3561–3565.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H. and Senba, E. 2000. Delayed expression of somatostatin mRNA in GDNFs-dependent rat sensory neurons during postnatal development. Dev. Brain Res. 125, 147–152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H. and Senba, E. 2001. Primary sensory neurons expressing histamine H1-receptor mRNA. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 118, 43–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Senba, E., Ueda, Y., and Tohyama, M. 1990a. Relative sparing of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing primary sensory neurons following neonatal capsaicin treatment in the rat. Peptides 11, 491–496.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Senba, E., Ueda, Y, and Tohyama, M. 1990b. Calbindin D28k-containing splanchnic and cutaneous dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat. Brain Res. 528, 311–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Senba, E., Kawai, Y, Ueda, Y, and Tohyama, M. 1992a. Axonal blockade induces the expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res. 577, 19–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Senba, E., Ueda, Y, and Tohyama, M. 1992b. Co-localized but target-unrelated expression of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and galanin in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral nerve crush injury. Brain Res. 582, 47–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Ueda, Y, and Senba, E. 1996. Coexpression of preprotachykinin-A, α-calcitonin gene-related peptide, somatostatin, and neurotrophin receptor family messenger RNAs in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 70, 179–189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Fukui, H., Morikawa, Y, and Senba, E. 1999. Gene expression of histamine H1 receptor in guinea pig primary sensory neurons: A relationship between H1 receptor mRNA-expressing neurons and peptidergic neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 66, 24–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Uchida, Y, and Senba, E. 2001a. Difference in binding by isolectin B4 to trkA and c-ret mRNA-expressing neurons in rat sensory ganglia. Mol. Brain Res. 95, 18–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kashiba, H., Fukui, H., and Senba, E. 2001b. Histamine H1 receptor mRNA is expressed in capsaicin-insensitive sensory neurons with neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity in guinea pigs. Brain Res. 901, 85–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M. and Hirata, Y 1968. Sensory neurons in the spinal ventral roots of the cat. Brain Res. 7, 479–482.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, M. and Tanji, J. 1971. Physiological properties of sensory fibers in the spinal ventral roots in the cat. Jpn. J. Physiol. 21, 71–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh, S., Hisano, S., and Daikoku, S. 1988a. Ultrastructural localization of immunolabeled substance P and methionine-enkephalin-octapeptide in the surface layer of the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res. 253, 55–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh, S., Hisano, S., Kawano, H., Kgotani, Y, and Daikoku, S. 1988b. Light-and electron-microscopic evidence of costoring of immunoreactive enkephalins and substance P in dorsal horn neurons of rat. Cell Tissue Res. 253, 297–303.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katsurabayashi, S., Kubota, H., Wang, Z. M., Rhee, J. S., and Akaike, N. 2001. cAMP-dependent presynaptic regulation of spontaneous glycinergic IPSCs in mechanically dissociated rat spinal cord neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 895, 332–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. M. and Erb, M. J. 1990. Developmental regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in primary sensory neurons of the rat. Dev. Biol. 137, 233–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, D. M., Markey, K. A., Goldstein, M, and Black, I. B. 1983. Expression of catecholaminergic characteristics by primary sensory neurons in the normal adult rat in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 80, 3526–3530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman, M. P., Iwamoto, G. A., Longhurst, J. C, and Mitchell, J. H. 1982. Effects of capsaicin and bradykinin on afferent fibers with endings in skeletal muscle. Circ. Res. 50, 133–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kauppila, T. 1998. Correlation between autotomy-behavior and current theories of neuropathic pain. Neurosci. Biobehav. Reviews 23, 111–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kausz, M. and Rethelyi, M. 1985. Lamellar arrangement of neuronal somata in the dorsal root ganglion of the cat. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 2, 193–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai, Y., Takami, K., Shiosaka, S., Emson, P. C, Hillyard, C. J., Girgis, S., MacIntyre, I., and Tohyama, M. 1985. Topographic localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical analysis. Neuroscience 15, 7547–7563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, M. and Tamaki, T. 1992. Morphologic and quantitative changes in neurotransmitters in the lumbar spinal cord after acute or chronic mechanical compression of the cauda equina. Spine 17, S13–S17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, M., Kuraishi, Y, Minami, M., and Satoh, M. 1989. Antinociceptive effect of intrathecally administered antiserum against calcitonin gene-related peptide on thermal and mechanical noxious stimuli in experimental hyperalgesic rats. Brain Res. 497, 199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawamura, Y and Dyck, P. J. 1978. Evidence for three populations by size in L5 spinal ganglion in man. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 37, 269–272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawata, M., Hirakawa, M., Kumamoto, K., Minamino, N., Kangawa, K., Matsuo, H., and Sano, Y 1989. Brain natriuretic peptide in the porcine spinal cord: An immunohistochemical investigation of its localization and the comparison with atrial natriuretic peptide, substance P, calcitionin gene-related peptide, and enkephalin. Neuroscience 33, 401–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawatani, M., Lowe, I. P., Nadelhaft, I., Morgan, C, and de Groat, W. C. 1983. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in visceral afferent pathways to the sacral spinal cord of the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 42, 311–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawatani, M., Erdman, S. L., and de Groat, W. C. 1985. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and substance P in primary afferent pathways to the sacral spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 241, 327–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawatani, M., Nagel, J., and de Groat, W. C. 1986. Identification of neuropeptides in pelvic and pudendal nerve afferent pathways to the sacral spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 249, 117–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawatani, M., Suzuki, T., and de Groat, W. C. 1996. Corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in afferent projections to the sacral spinal cord of the cat. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 61, 218–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayahara, T. 1986. Synaptic connections between spinal motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. Brain Res. 376, 299–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayahara, T., Takimoto, T., and Sakashita, S. 1981. Synaptic junctions in the cat spinal ganglion. Brain Res. 216, 277–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayahara, T., Sakashita, S., and Takimoto, T. 1984. Evidence for spinal origin of neurons synapsing with dorsal root ganglion cells of the cat. Brain Res. 293, 225–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazen-Gillespie, K. A., Ragsdale, D. S., D’ Andrea, M. R., Mattei, L. N., Rogers, K. E., and Isom, L. L. 2000. Cloning, localization, and functional expression of sodium channel betalA subunits. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 1079–1088.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kazimierczak, J., Sommer, E. W., Philippe, E., and Droz, B. 1986. Carbonic anhydrase activity in primary sensory neurons: I. Requirements for the cytochemical localization in the dorsal root ganglion of chicken and mouse by light and electron microscopy. Cell Tissue Res. 245, 487–495.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keast, J. R. and Gleeson, R. J. 1998. Androgen receptor immunoreactivity is present in primary sensory neurons of male rats. NeuroReport 9, 4137–4140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keast, J. R. and Stephensen, T. M. 2000. Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglion cells supplying visceral and somatic targets and evidence for peripheral axonal transport. J. Comp. Neurol. 424, 577–587.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keates, A. C, Castagliuolo, I., Qiu, B., Nikulasso, S., Sengupta, A., and Pothoulakis, C. 1998. CGRP upregulation in dorsal root ganglion and ileal mucosa during Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. Am. J. Physiol. 274, G196-G201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keegan, J. J. and Garrett, E. D. 1948. The segmental distribution of the cutaneous nerves in the limbs of man. Anat. Rec. 102, 409–437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keiger, C. J. and Walker, J. C. 2000. Individual variation in the expression profiles of nicotinic receptors in the olfactory bulb and trigeminal ganglion and identification of alpha2, alpha6, and beta3 transcripts. Biochem. Pharmacol 59, 233–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Keele, C. A. and Armstrong, D. 1964. Substances Producing Pain and Itch. London, Edward Arnold.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kellstein, D. E., Price, D. D., Hayes, R. L., and Mayer, D. J. 1990. Evidence that substance P selectively modulates C-fiber-evoked discharges of dorsal horn nociceptive neurons. Brain Res. 526, 291–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. S., Gottesfeld, Z., and Schon, F. 1973. Reduction in GAD I activity from the dorsal lateral region of the deafferented rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 62, 581–586.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T., Spike, R. C, Watt, C., and Todd, A. J. 1996. The μ-opioid receptor (MOR1) is mainly restricted to neurons that do not contain GABA or glycine in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience. 75, 1231–1238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenins, P. 1981. Identification of the unmyelinated sensory nerves which evoke plasma extravasation in response to antidromic stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 25, 137–141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenins, P. 1988. The functional anatomy of the receptive fields of rabbit C polymodal nociceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 59, 1098–1115.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D. R. and Duclaux, R. 1977. Response characteristics of cutaneous cold receptors in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 40, 319–332.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D. R., Leonard, R. B., Chung, J. M., and Willis, W. D. 1979. Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to graded and to repeated noxious heat stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 1370–1389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenshalo, D. R., Leonard, R. B., Chung, J. M., and Willis, W. D. 1982. Facilitation of the responses of primate spinothalamic cells to cold and to tactile stimuli by noxious heating of the skin. Pain 12, 141–152.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kenton, B., and Kruger, L. 1971. Information transmission in slowly adapting mechanoreceptor fibers. Exp. Neurol. 31, 114–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerchner, G. A., Wilding, T. J., Li, P., Zhuo, M., and Huettner, J. A. 2001. Presynaptic kainate receptors regulate spinal sensory transmission. J. Neurosci. 21, 59–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, B. J., Bradbury, E. J., Bennett, D. H. L., Trivedi, P. M., Dassan, P., French, J., Shelton, D. B., McMahon, S. B., and Thompson, S. W. N. 1999. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor modulates nociceptive sensory inputs and NMDA-evoked responses in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 19, 5138–5148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, B. J., Cafferty, W. B., Gupta, Y. K., Bacon, A., Wynick, D., McMahon, S. B., and Thompson, S. W 2000. Galanin knockout mice reveal nociceptive deficits following peripheral nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 793–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, B. J., Gupta, Y., Pope, R., Thompson, S. W, Wynick, D., and McMahon, S. B. 2001. Endogenous galanin potentiates spinal nociceptive processing following inflammation. Pain 93, 267–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W. L. 1966. The ultrastructure of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve and substantia gelatinosa. Exp. Neurol. 16, 359–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W. L. 1970a. The fine structure of the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal nerve. Brain Res. 23, 129–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W. L. 1970b. The organization of primary afferents in the subnucleus caudalis of the trigeminal: A lightand electron-microscopic study of degeneration. Brain Res. 23, 147–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, F. W L. 1975. Pain: A central inhibitory balance theory. Mayo Clinic Proc. 50, 685–690.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, W, Kirchhoff, C, Reeh, P. W., and Handwerker, H. O. 1992. Excitation of cutaneous afferent nerve endings in vitro by a combination of inflammatory mediators and conditioning effect of substance P. Exp. Brain Res. 91, 467–476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, F, Habelt, C, Averbeck, B., Reeh, P. W, and Kress, M. 1999. Heat-induced release of CGRP from isolated rat skin and effects of bradykinin and the protein kinase C activator PMA. Pain 83, 289–295.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khachaturian, H., Watson, S. J., Lewis, M. E., Coy, D., Goldstein, A., and Akil, H. 1982. Dynorphin immunocy-tochemistry in the rat central nervous system. Peptides 3, 941–954.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khalsa, P. S., Hoffman, A. H., and Grigg, P. 1996. Mechanical states encoded by stretch-sensitive neurons in feline joint capsule. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 175–187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khalsa, P.S., LaMotte, R. H., and Grigg, P. 1997. Tensile and compressive responses of nociceptors in rat hairy skin. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 492–505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, I. M., Yaksh, T. L., and Taylor, P. 1994. Ligand specificity of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat spinal cord: Studies with nicotine and cytisine. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 270, 159–166.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, I. M., Youngblood, K. L., Printz, M. P., Yaksh, T. L., and Taylor, P. 1996. Spinal nicotinic receptor expression in spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 28, 1093–1099.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khasabov, S. G., Rogres, S. D., Ghilardi, J. R., Peters, C. M., Mantyh, P. W., and Simone, D. A. 2002. Spinal neurons that possess the substance P receptor are required for the development of central sensitization. J. Neurosci. 22, 9086–9098.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khasar, S. G., Ho, T., Green, P. G., and Levine, J. D. 1994. Comparison of prostaglandin El-and prostaglandin E2-induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience 62, 345–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khasar, S. G., Green, P. G., Chou, B., and Levine, J. D. 1995. Peripheral nociceptive effects of α2-adrenergic receptor agonists in the rat. Neuroscience 66, 427–432.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khasar, S. G., Gold, M. S., and Levine, J. D. 1998. A tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium current mediates inflammatory pain in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 256, 17–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khasar, S. G., McCarter, G., and Levine, J. D. 1999a. Epinephrine produces a ß-adrenergic receptor-mediated mechanical hyperalgesia and in vitro sensitization of rat nociceptors. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1104–1112.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khasar, S. G., Lin, Y. H., Martin, A., Dadgar, J., McMahon, T., Wang, D., Hundle, B., Aley, K. O., Isenberg, W., McCarter, G., Green, P. G., Hodge, C. W., Levine, J. D., and Messing, R. O. 1999b. A novel nociceptor signaling pathway revealed in protein kinase Cε mutant mice. Neuron 24, 253–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khattab, F. I. 1968. A complex synaptic apparatus in spinal cords of cats. Experientia 24, 690–691.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoshbaten, A., and Ferrell, W. R. 1990. Alterations in cat knee joint blood flow induced by electrical stimulation of articular afferents and efferents. J. Physiol. 430, 77–86.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kia, H. K., Miquel, M. C, McKernan, R. M., Laporte, A.-M., Lombard, M. C, Bourgoin, S., Hamon, M., and Verge, D. 1995. Localization of 5-HT3 receptors in the rat spinal cord: Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. NeuroReport 6, 257–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kia, H. K., Miquel, M. C, Brisorgueil, M. J., Daval, G., Riad, M., El Mestikawy S., Hamon, M., and Verge, D. 1996. Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin1A receptors in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 365, 289–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidd, E. J., Laporte, A. M., Langlois, X., Fattaccini, C.-M., Doyen, C, Lombard, M. C, Gozlan, H., and Hamon, M. 1993. 5-HT3 receptors in the rat central nervous system are mainly located on nerve fibres and terminals. Brain Res. 612, 289–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killackey, H. P. and Belford, G. R. 1979. The formation of afferent patterns in the somatosensory cortex of the neonatal rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 183, 285–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kilo, S., Harding-Rose, C, Hargreaves, K. M., and Flores, C. M. 1997. Peripheral CGRP release as a marker for neurogenic inflammation: A model system for the study of neuropeptide secretion in rat paw skin. Pain 73, 201–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C. H., Oh, Y., Chung, J. M., and Chung, K. 2001. The changes in expression of three subtypes of TTX sensitive sodium channels in sensory neurons after spinal nerve ligation. Mol. Brain Res. 95, 153–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, C. H., Oh, Y, Chung, J. M., and Chung, K. 2002. Changes in three subtypes of tetrodotoxin sensitive sodium channel expression in the axotomized dorsal root ganglion in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 323, 125–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. J., Na, H. S., Nam, H. J., Park, K. A., Hong, S. K., and Kang, B. S. 1996. Sprouting of sympathetic nerve fibers into the dorsal root ganglion following peripheral nerve injury depends on the injury site. Neurosci. Lett. 212, 191–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. J., Na, H. S., Sung, B., and Hong, S. K. 1998. Amount of sympathetic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia is not correlated to the level of sympathetic dependence of neuropathic pain in rat model. Neurosci. Lett. 245, 21–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, H. J., Na, H. S., Back, S. K., and Hong, S. K. 2001. Sympathetic sprouting in sensory ganglia depends on the number of injured neurons. NeuroReport 12, 3529–3532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. J., Yoon, Y W., and Chung, J. M. 1997. Comparison of three rodent neuropathic pain models. Exp. Brain Res. 113, 200–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Shin, H. K., and Chung, J. M. 1987. Many ventral root afferent fibers in the cat are third branches of dorsal root ganglion cells. Brain Res. 417, 304–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Shin, H. K., Nam, S. C, and Chung, J. M. 1988. Proportion and location of spinal neurons receiving ventral root afferent inputs in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 99, 296–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. H., and Chung, J. M. 1991. Sympathectomy alleviates mechanical allodynia in an experimental animal model for neuropathy in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 134, 131–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. H. and Chung, J. M. 1992. An experimental model for peripheral neuropathy produced by segmental spinal nerve ligation in the rat. Pain 50, 355–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. H., Na, H. S., Sheen, K., and Chung, J. M. 1993. Effects of sympathectomy on a rat model of peripheral neuropathy. Pain 55, 85–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, H., McGeer, P. L., Peng, J. H., and McGeer, E. G. 1981. The central cholinergic system studied by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 200, 151–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, S., Okada, M., Sugita, Y, Kanazawa, I., and Munekata, E. 1983. Novel neuropeptides, neurokinin α and ß, isolated from porcine spinal cord. Proc. J. Acad., Ser. B 59, 101–104.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. E., Thompson, S. W. N., Urban, L., and Woolf, C. J. 1988. The responses recorded in vitro of deep dorsal horn neurons to direct and orthodromic stimulation in the young rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 27, 231–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. E., Ackley, M. A., and Slack, J. R. 1997a. Profile of neuronal excitation following selective activation of the neurokinin-1 receptor in rat deep dorsal horn in vitro. Brain Res. 767, 55–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. E., Slack, J. R., Lopez-Garcia, J. A., and Ackley, M. A. 1997b. Tachykinin actions on deep dorsal horn neurons in vitro: An electrophysiological and morphological study in the immature rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1037–1046.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinkelin, I., Stucky, C. L., and Koltzenburg, M. 1999. Postnatal loss of Merkel cells, but not of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in mice lacking the neurotrophin receptor p75. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3963–3969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinkelin, I., Brocker, E. B., Koltzenburg, M., and Carlton, S. M. 2000. Localization of ionotropic glutamate receptors in peripheral axons of human skin. Neurosci. Lett. 283, 149–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnman, E. and Levine, J. D. 1995. Sensory and sympathetic contributions to nerve injury-induced sensory abnormalities in the rat. Neuroscience 64, 751–767.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinoshita, A., Shigemoto, R., Ohishi, H., Van Der Putten, H., and Mizuno, N. 1998. Immunohistochemical localization of metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR7 and mGluR7b, in the central nervous system of the adult rat and mouse: A light-and electron-microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 393, 332–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie, J. M., Saugstad, J. A., Westbrook, G. L., and Segerson, T. P. 1995. Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 messenger RNA in the developing and adult rat brain. Neuroscience 69, 167–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, C., Jung, S., Reeh, P. W., and Handwerker, H. O. 1990. Carrageenan inflammation increases bradykinin sensitivity of rat cutaneous nociceptors. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 206–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, F., Mulhardt, C., Pastor, A., Becker, C.-M., and Kettenmann, H. 1996. Expression of glycine receptor subunits in glial cells of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurochem. 66, 1383–1390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchmair, R., Marksteiner, J., Troger, J., Mahata, S. K., Mahata, M., Donnerer, J., Amann, R., Fischer-Colbrie, R., Winkler, H., and Saria, A. 1993. Human and rat primary C-fibre afferents store and release secretoneurin, a novel neuropeptide. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 861–868.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, E. J., and Denny-Brown, D. 1970. Functional variation in dermatomes in the macaque monkey following dorsal root lesions. J. Comp. Neurol. 139, 307–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kitayama, I., Cintra, A., Janson, A. M., Fuxe, K., Agnati, L. F, Eneroth, P., Aronsson, M., Harfstrand, A., Steinbush, H. W., and Visser, T. J. 1989. Chronic immobilization stress: Evidence for decreases of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine immunoreactivity and for increases of glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in various brain regions of the male rat. J. Neural. Trans. 77, 93–130.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivipelto, L. and Panula, P. 1991. Origin and distribution of neuropeptide-FF-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 307, 107–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kivipelto, L., Rubenstein, J., Yang, H.-Y. T., and Panula, P. 1991. Ontogeny of the F8Famide-like (morphine-modulating) peptides in the central nervous system of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 304, 14–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyama, H., Maeno, H., and Tohyama, M. 1993. Substance P receptor (NK-1) in the central nervous system: Possible functions from a morphological aspect. Regul. Pept. 46, 114–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiyosawa, A., Katsurabayashi, S., Akaike, N., Pang, Z. P., and Akaike, N. 2001. Nicotine facilitates glycine release in the rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Physiol. 1, 101–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, C. M., Westlund, K. N., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1990a. Percentages of dorsal root axons immunoreactive for galanin are higher than those for calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat. Brain Res. 519, 97–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, C. M., Coggeshall, R. E., Carlton, S. M., Westlund, K. N., and Sorkin, L. S. 1990b. Changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the rat dorsal horn following electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Neurosci. Lett. 115, 149–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, C. M., Guillamondegui, O., Krenek, C. D., La Forte R. A., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1991. Do neuropeptides in the dorsal horn change if the dorsal root ganglion cell death that normally accompanies peripheral nerve transection is prevented? Brain Res. 552, 273–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kneussel, M., Brandstatter, J. H., Laube, B., Stahl, S., Muller, U., and Betz, H. 1999. Loss of postsynaptic GABA(A) receptor clustering in gephyrin-deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 19, 9289–9297.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knibestöl, M. 1973. Stimulus-response functions of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors in the human glabrous skin area. J. Physiol. 232, 427–452.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knibestöl, M. 1975. Stimulus-response functions of slowly adapting mechanoreceptors in the human glabrous skin area. J.Physiol. 245, 63–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knibestöl, M. and Vallbo, A. B. 1970. Single unit analysis of mechanoreceptor activity from the human glabrous skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 80, 178–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knibestöl, M. and Vallbo, A. B. 1980. Intensity of sensation related to activity of slowly adapting mechanore-ceptive units in the human hand. J. Physiol. 300, 251–267.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kniffki, K. D. 1986. Muskuläre Nociception. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kniffki, K. D., Mense, S., and Schmidt, R. F. 1978. Responses of group IV afferent units from skeletal muscle to stretch, contraction and chemical stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 31, 511–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knox, R. J. and Dickenson, A. H. 1987. Effects of selective and non-selective kappa-opioid receptor agonists on cutaneous C-fibre-evoked responses of rat dorsal horn neurones. Brain Res. 415, 21–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knuepfer, M. M., Akeyson, E. W., and Schramm, L. R 1988. Spinal projections of renal afferent nerves in the rat. Brain Res. 446, 17–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar, E. 1971. Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase system of nociceptive dorsal root afferents. Experientia 27, 1205–1207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar, E. and Csillik, B. 1976. Effect of peripheral axotomy on the fine structure and histochemistry of the Rolando substance: Degenerative atrophy of central processes of pseudounipolar cells. Exp. Brain Res. 26, 73–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar, E. and Gerebtzoff, M. A. 1973. Extra-lysosomal localization of acid phosphatase in the spinal cord of the rat. Exp. Brain Res. 18, 383–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar, E., Laszlo, I., and Tornyos, S. 1974. Fine structure and fluoride resistant acid phosphatase activity of electron dense sinusoid terminals in the substantia gelatinosa rolandi of the rat after dorsal root transection. Exp. Brain Res. 19, 529–544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E. and Csillik, B. 1981. FRAP: Histochemistry of the primary nociceptive neuron. Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 14, 1–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E. and Torok, A. 1989. Cytochemical restoration in the upper dorsal horn after transganglionic degenerative atrophy: Temporospatial and fine structural attributes. Neuroscience 33, 75–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Csillik, B., and Rakic, R 1982a. Ultrastructure of normal and degenerating glomerular synaptic terminals of dorsal root axons in the substantia gelatinosa of the Rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 210, 357–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Csillik, B., and Rakic, R 1982b. Periterminal synaptology of dorsal root glomerular terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord in the Rhesus monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 210, 376–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Bezzegh, A., Boti, S., and Csillik, B. 1986. Thiamine monophosphatase: A genuine marker for transganglionic regulation of primary sensory neurons. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 34, 363–371.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Kreutzberg, G. W., and Csillik, B. 1989. Enzyme translocation in the course of regeneration of central primary afferent terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the adult rodent spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Res. 22, 74–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Torok, A., and Csillik, B. 1990. Primary afferent origin of substance-P containing axons in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: Depletion, regeneration and replenishment of presumed nociceptive central terminals. J. Comp. Neurol. 297, 594–612.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Kreutzberg, G. W., and Csillik, B. 1995. Fine structural correlates of VIP-like immunoreactivity in the upper spinal dorsal horn after peripheral axotomy: Possibilities of a neuro-glial translocation of a neuropeptide. Acta Histochem. 94, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Rakic, P., and Csillik, B. 1999a. Development of glomerular synaptic complexes and immunohistochemical differentiation in the superficial dorsal horn of the embryonic primate spinal cord. Anat. Embryol. (Bed.) 199, 125–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knyihar-Csillik, E., Rakic, P., and Csillik, B. 1999b. Illusive transience of parvalbumin expression during embryonic development of the primate spinal cord. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 17, 79–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocher, L., Anton, E, Reeh, P. W., and Handwerker, H. O. 1987. The effect of carrageenan-induced inflammation on the sensitivity of unmyelinated skin nociceptors in the rat. Pain 29, 363–373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koelle, G. B., and Valk, J. 1954. Physiological implications of the histochemical localization of monoamine oxidase. J. Physiol. 126, 434–447.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R. 1980. Somatotopic organization of cat brachial spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 69, 481–492.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R., and Brown, P. B. 1980. Projections of two hindlimb nerves to cat dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 44, 259–269.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R. and Brown, P. B. 1982. Somatotopic organization of hindlimb cutaneous nerve projections to cat dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 48, 481–489.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R., and Mendell, L. M. 1988. Functional specialization of central projections from identified primary afferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 60, 1597–1614.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R., Druzinsky, R. E., and Mendell, L. M. 1988. Properties of somata of spinal dorsal root ganglion cells differ according to peripheral receptor innervated. J. Neurophysiol. 60, 1584–1596.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R., Mimics, K., Brown, P. B., and Mendell, L. M. 1994. Central sprouting and functional plasticity of regenerated primary afferents. J. Neurosci. 14, 3655–3671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koerber, H. R., Mimics, K., Kavookjian, A. M., and Light, A. R. 1999. Ultrastructural analysis of ectopic synaptic boutons arising from peripherally regenerated primary afferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1636–1644.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohama, I., Ishikawa, K., and Kocsis, J. D. 2000. Synaptic reorganization in the substantia gelatinosa after peripheral nerve neuroma formation: Aberrant innervation of lamina II neurons by Aß afferents. J. Neurosci. 20, 1538–1549.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, M., Tikeuchi, Y., Goto, M., and Sato, Y. 1982. Immunohistochemical study of the distribution of serotonin fibers on the spinal cord of the dog. Cell Tissue Res. 226, 477–491.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kojima, M, Takeuchi, Y, Goto, M., and Sano, Y 1983. Immunohistochemical study on the localization of serotonin fibers and terminals in the spinal cord of the monkey. Cell Tissue Res. 229, 23–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koketsu, K. 1956. Intracellular potential changes of primary afferent nerve fibers in spinal cord of cats. J. Neurophysiol 19, 375–392.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kokko, A. 1965. Histochemical and cytochemical observations on esterases in the spinal ganglion of the rat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 66, 1–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolmodin, G. M. 1957. Integrative processes in single spinal interneurones with proprioceptive connections. Acta Physiol. Scand. 40, Supp. 139, 1–89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolmodin, G. M., and Skoglund, C. R. 1960. Analysis of spinal interneurons activated by tactile and nociceptive stimulation. Acta Physiol. Scand. 50, 337–355.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M. and Handwerker, H. O. 1994. Differential ability of human cutaneous nociceptors to signal mechanical pain and to produce vasodilatation. J. Neurosci. 14, 1756–1765.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M. and McMahon, S. B. 1986. Plasma extravasation in the rat urinary bladder following mechanical, electrical and chemical stimuli: Evidence for a new population of chemosensitive primary sensory afferents. Neurosci. Lett. 72, 352–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M., Lundberg, L. E., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1992. Dynamic and static components of mechanical hyperalgesia in human hairy skin. Pain 51, 207–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1993. The ability of humans to localise noxious stimuli. Neurosci. Lett. 150, 219–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M., Torebjörk, H. E., and Wahren, L. K. 1994. Nociceptor modulated central sensitization causes mechanical hyperalgesia in acute chemogenic and chronic neuropathic pain. Brain 117, 579–591.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M., Stucky, C. L., and Lewin, G. R. 1997. Receptive properties of mouse sensory neurons innervating hairy skin. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 1841–1850.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koltzenburg, M., Bennett, D. L. H., Shelton, D. L., and McMahon, S. B. 1999. Neutralization of endogenous NGF prevents the sensitization of nociceptors supplying inflamed skin. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1698–1704.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Komori, N., Matsumoto, H., Cain, S. D., Kahn, E. S., and Chung, K. 1999. Predominant presence of beta-arrestin-1 in small sensory neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 93, 1421–1426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, E., Kiyama, H., Yamano, M., Shida, T, Ueda, Y, and Tohyama, M. 1995. Expression of glutamate (AMPA type) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors in the rat caudal trigeminal spinal nucleus. Neurosci. Lett. 186, 169–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, M., Fujiwara, H., and Chikako, T. 1985. Autoradiographic evidence for dopaminergic innervation in guinea pig spinal cord. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 38, 442–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konietzny, F. 1984. Peripheral neural correlates of temperature sensations in man. Hum. Neurobiol. 3, 21–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konietzny, F, and Hensel, H. 1975. Warm fiber activity in human skin nerves. Pßuegers Arch. 359, 265–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konietzny, F. and Hensel, H. 1977. Response of rapidly and slowly adapting mechanoreceptors and vibratory sensitivity in human skin. Pfluegers Arch. 368, 39–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konietzny, F, Perl, E. R., Trevino, D., Light, A., and Hensel, H. 1981. Sensory experiences in man evoked by intraneural electrical stimulation of intact cutaneous afferent fibers. Exp. Brain Res. 42, 219–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konnerth, A., Keller, B. U., and Lev-Tov, A. 1990. Patch clamp analysis of excitatory synapses in mammalian spinal cord slices. Pßugers Arch. 417, 285–290.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konttinen, Y. T., Rees, R., Hukkanen, M., Gronblad, M., Tolvanen, E., Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., and Brewerton, D. A. 1990. Nerves in inflammatory synovium: Immunohistochemical observations on the adjuvant arthritis rat model. J. Rheumatol. 17, 1586–1591.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopaczyk, F, Zabel, J., Silny, W., and Otulakowski, B. 1974. Some histochemical reactions in the neurocytes of the trigeminal ganglion in rabbits. Folia Morphol. (Warsz.) 33, 157–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp, J., Xu, Z. Q., Zhang, X., Pedrazzini, T, Herzog, H., Kresse, A., Wong, H., Walsh, J. H., and Hökfelt, T. 2002. Expression of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in the CNS of rat and of wild-type and Yl receptor knock-out mice. Focus on immunohistochemical localization (1). Neuroscience 111, 443–532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kordower, J. H., Le, H. K., and Mufson, E. J. 1992. Galanin immunoreactivity in the primate central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 319, 479–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korenman, E. M. D. and Devor, M. 1981. Ectopic adrenergic sensitivity in damaged nerve axons in the rat. Exp. Neurol. 72, 63–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korhonen, L. K. and Hyyppa, M. 1967. Histochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase activity in the spinal and coeliac ganglia of the rat. Acta Histochem. 26, 75–79.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kosaka, T., Tauchi, M., and Dahl, J. L. 1988. Cholinergic neurons containing GABA-like and/or glutamic acid decarboxylase-like immunoreactivities in various brain regions of the rat. Exp. Brain Rev. 70, 605–617.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kostiuk, P. G. 1960. Electrophysiological characteristics of individual spinal cord neurons. Sechenov Physiol. J. USSR 46, 10–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, A. and Ferencsik, M. 1986. Mapping of spinal projection of primary nociceptive neurones in the rat. Acta Morphol. Hung. 34, 187–194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krause, W. 1859. Über Nervenendigungen. Z. Rat. Med. 5, 28–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krenz, N. R., and Weaver, L. C. 1998. Effect of spinal cord transection on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the cord. J. Neurotrauma 15, 1027–1036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, M., and Guenther, S. 1999. Role of [Ca2+]i in the ATP-induced heat sensitization process of rat nociceptive neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 2612–2619.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, M, Koltzenburg, M., Reeh, P. W., and Handwerker, H. O. 1992. Responsiveness and functional attributes of electrically localized terminals of cutaneous C-fibers in vivo and in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 581–595.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, M., Fetzer, S., Reeh, P. W., and Vyklicky, L. 1996a. Low pH facilitates capsaicin responses in isolated sensory neurons of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 211, 5–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, M., Rödl, J., and Reeh, P. W. 1996b. Stable analogues of cyclic AMP but not cyclic GMP sensitize unmyelinated primary afferents in rat skin to heat stimulation but not to inflammatory mediators, in vitro. Neuroscience 74, 609–617.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kress, M., Reeh, P. W., and Vyklicky, L. 1997. An interaction of inflammatory mediators and protons in small diameter dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 224, 37–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krieger, C, Wagey, R., and Shaw, C. 1993. Amoyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]MK-801/NMDA binding sites in spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 159, 191–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kríž, N., Syková, E., Ujec, E., and Vyklický, L. 1974. Changes of extracellular potassium concentration induced by neuronal activity in the spinal cord of the cat. J. Physiol. 238, 1–15.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kríž, N., Syková, E., and Vyklicky, L. 1975. Extracellular potassium changes in the spinal cord of the cat and their relation to slow potentials, active transport and impulse transmission. J. Physiol. 249, 167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krnjevic, K., and Morris, M. E. 1972. Extracellular K+ activity and slow potential changes in spinal cord and medulla. Can. J. Physiol Pharmacol. 50, 1214–1217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krnjevic, K. and Morris, M. E. 1974. Extracellular accumulation of K+ evoked by activity of primary afferent fibres in the cuneate nucleus and dorsal horn of cats. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 52, 852–871.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kroin, J. S., Bianchi, G. D., and Penn, R. D. 1993. Intrathecal baclofen down-regulates GABAB receptors in the rat substantia gelatinosa. J. Neurosurg. 79, 544–549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krstew, E., Jarrott, B., and Lawrence, A. J. 1998. Bradykinin B2 receptors in nodose ganglia of rat and human. Eur. J. Pharmcol. 348, 175–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Perl, E. R., and Sedivec, M. J. 1981. Fine structure of myelinated mechanical nociceptor endings in cat hairy skin. J. Comp. Neurol. 198, 137–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Sampogna, S. L., Rodin, B. E., Clague, J., Brecha, N., and Yeh, Y. 1985. Thin-fiber cutaneous innervation and its intraepidermal contribution studied by labeling methods and neurotoxin treatment in rats. Somatosens. Res. 2, 335–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Kumazawa, T., Mizumura, K., Sato, J., and Yeh, Y. 1988a. Observations on electrophysiologically characterized receptive fields of thin testicular afferent axons: A preliminary note on the analysis of fine structural specializations of polymodal receptors. Somatosens. Res. 5, 373–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Mantyh, P. W., Sternini, C, Brecha, N. C, and Mantyh, C. R. 1988b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the rat central nervous system: Patterns of immunoreactivity and receptor binding sites. Brain Res. 463, 223–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kruger, L., Silverman, J. D., Mantyh, P. W., Sternini, C, and Brecha, N. C. 1989. Peripheral patterns of calcitonin-gene-related peptide general somatic sensory innervation: Cutaneous and deep terminations. J. Comp. Neurol. 280, 291–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krukoff, T. L. 1987. Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in cat spinal cord with special reference to autonomic areas. Brain Res. 415, 300–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krukoff, T. L., Ciriello, J., and Calaresu, F R. 1986. Somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in neurons, nerve terminals, and fibers of the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 243, 13–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kummer, W., and Heym, C. 1986. Correlation of neuronal size and peptide immunoreactivity in the guinea-pig trigeminal ganglion. Cell Tissue Res. 245, 657–665.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumamoto, K., Senuma, H., Ebara, S., and Matsuura, T. 1993a. Distribution of Pacinian corpuscles in the hand of the monkey, Macaca fuscata. J Anat. 183, 149–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumamoto, K., Takei, M, Kinoshita, M., Ebara, S., and Matsuura, T. 1993b. Distribution of Pacinian corpuscles in the cat forefoot. J. Anat. 182, 23–28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1976. The polymodal C-fiber receptor in the muscle of the dog. Brain Res. 101, 589–593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1977a. The polymodal receptors in the testis of dog. Brain Res. 136, 553–558.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1977b. Thin-fibre receptors responding to mechanical, chemical, and thermal stimulation in the skeletal muscle of the dog. J. Physiol. 273, 179–194.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1979. Effects of synthetic substance P on unit-discharge of testicular nociceptors of dogs. Brain Res. 170, 553–557.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1980a. Chemical responses of polymodal receptors of the scrotal contents in dogs. J.Physiol. 299, 219–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1980b. Mechanical and thermal responses of polymodal receptors recorded from the superior spermatic nerve of dogs. J. Physiol. 299, 233–245.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Mizumura, K. 1983. Temperature dependency of the chemical responses of the polymodal receptor units in vitro. Brain Res. 278, 305–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Perl, E. R. 1976. Differential excitation of dorsal horn marginal and substantia gelatinosa neurons by primary afferent units with fine (A-delta and C) fibers. In Y. Zotterman (ed.), Sensory Functions of the Skin with Especial Reference to Man (pp. 67–89) Pergamon, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Perl, E. R. 1977. Primate cutaneous sensory units with unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol 40, 1325–1338.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T. and Perl, E. R. 1978. Excitation of marginal and substantia gelatinosa neurons in the primate spinal cord: Indications of their place in dorsal horn functional organization. J. Comp. Neurol. 177, 417–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T, Perl, E. R., Burgess, P. R., and Whitehorn, D. 1975. Ascending projections from marginal zone (lamina I) neurons of the spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 162, 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumazawa, T, Mizumura, K., and Sato, J. 1987. Response properties of polymodal receptors using in vitro testis superior spermatic nerve preparations of dogs. J. Neurophysiol. 57, 702–711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, D. C. and de Groat, W. C. 1985. Primary afferent projections of the major splanchnic nerve to the spinal cord and gracile nucleus of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 231, 421–434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, D. C, Oravitz, J. J., Eskay, R., and de Groat, W. C. 1984. Substance P in renal afferent perikarya identified by retrograde transport of fluorescent dye. Brain Res. 323, 168–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuo, D. C, Kawatani, M., and de Groat, W. C. 1985. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide identified in the thoracic dorsal root ganglia of the cat. Brain Res. 330, 178–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuraishi, Y, Hirota, N., Sato, Y, Hino, Y, Satoh, M., and Takagi, H. 1985. Evidence that substance P and somatostatin transmit separate information related to pain in the spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 325, 294–298.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuraishi, Y, Nanayama, T, Ohno, H., Minami, M., and Satoh, M. 1988. Antinociception induced in rats by intrathecal administration of antiserum against calcitonin gene-related peptide. Neurosci. Lett. 92, 325–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuraishi, Y, Nanayama, T, Ohno, H., Fujii, N., Otaka, A., Yajima, H., and Satoh, M. 1989. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increases in the dorsal root ganglia of adjuvant arthritic rat. Peptides 10, 447–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuraishi, Y, Kawamura, M., Yamaguchi, T, Houtani, T, Kawabata, S., Futaki, S., Fujii, N., and Satoh, M. 1991. Intrathecal injections of galanin and its antiserum affect nociceptive response of rat to mechanical, but not thermal, stimuli. Pain 44, 321–324.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuramoto, H., Furness, J. B., and Gibbins, I. L. 1990. Calbindin immunoreactivity in sensory and autonomic ganglia in the guinea pig. Neurosci Lett. 115, 68–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kus, L., Sanderson, J. J., and Beitz, A. J. 1995a. N-methyl-D-aspartate Rl messenger RNA and [125I]MK-801 binding decrease in rat spinal cord after unilateral hind paw inflammation. Neuroscience 68, 159–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kus, L., Saxon, D., and Beitz, A. J. 1995b. NMDA Rl mRNA distribution in motor and thalamic-projecting sensory neurons in the rat spinal cord and brain stem. Neurosci. Lett. 196, 201–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwayama, Y and Stone, R. A. 1986. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity occurs in ocular sensory neurons and partially co-localizes with substance P. Brain Res. 381, 266–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwayama, Y, Terenghi, G., Polak, J. M., Trojanowski, J. Q., and Stone, R. A. 1987. A quantitative correlation of substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity with retrogradely labeled trigeminal ganglion cells innervating the eye. Brain Res. 405, 220–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laduron, P. M. 1984. Axonal transport of opiate receptors in capsaicin-sensitive neurones. Brain Res. 294, 157–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, C. C, Wu, S. Y., Dun, S. L., and Dun, N. J. 1997. Nociceptin-like immunoreactivity in the rat dorsal horn and inhibition of substantia gelatinosa neurons. Neuroscience 81, 887–891.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lai, J., Hunter, J. C, Ossipov, M. H., and Porreca, F. 2000. Blockade of neuropathic pain by antisense targeting of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in sensory neurons. Meth. Enzmol. 314, 201–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laing, I., Todd, A. J., Heizmann, C. W., and Schmidt, H. H. 1994. Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons in laminae I-III of rat spinal dorsal horn defined by coexistence with classical transmitters, peptides, nitric oxide synthase or parvalbumin. Neuroscience 61, 123–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A. and Bennett, G. J. 1993. An electrophysiological study of dorsal horn neurons in the spinal cord of rats with an experimental peripheral neuropathy. J. Neurophysiol 69, 2072–2085.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A. and Cervero, F. 1989. A comparative study of the changes in receptive-field properties of multireceptive and nocireceptive rat dorsal horn neurons following noxious mechanical stimulation. J. Neurophysiol 62, 854–863.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A. and Cervero, F. 1991. Signalling of a step-like intensity change of noxious mechanical stimuli by dorsal horn neurones in the rat spinal cord. J. Physiol. 434, 561–575.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A., Roza, C., and Cervero, F. 1996. Spinal dorsal horn neurons responding to noxious distension of the ureter in anesthetized rats. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 3239–3248.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A., Roza, C, and Cervero, F. 1997. Effects of artificial calculosis on rat ureter motility: Peripheral contribution to the pain of ureteric colic. Am. J. Physiol. 272, R1409–1416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A., Olivar, T., Roza, C, De Felipe, C, Hunt, S. P., and Cervero, F. 2000. Deficits in visceral pain and hyperalgesia of mice with a disruption of the tachykinin NK1 receptor gene. Neuroscience 98, 345–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A., Olivar, T., Lopez-Garcia, J. A., Maggi, C. A., and Cervero, F. 2001a. Responses of rat spinal neurons to distension of inflamed colon: Role of tachykinin NK2 receptors. Neuropharmacology 40, 696–701.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A., Roza, C, De Felipe, C, Hunt, S. P., and Cervero, F. 2001b. Role of central and peripheral tachykinin NK1 receptors in capsaicin-induced pain and hyperalgesia in mice. Pain 90, 97–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, J. M. A., Martinez-Caro, L., Garcia-Nicas, E., and Cervero, F. 2001c. A new model of visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia in the mouse. Pain 92, 335–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • . Lam, H. H. D., Hanley, D. F., Trapp, B. D., Saito, S., Raja, S., Dawson, T. M., and Yamaguchi, H. 1996. Induction of spinal cord neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) after formalin injection in the rat hind paw. Neurosci. Lett. 210, 201–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, G. D. 1983a. Tactile discrimination of textured surfaces: Psychophysical performance measurements in humans. J. Physiol. 338, 551–565.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, G. D. 1983b. Tactile discrimination of textured surfaces: Peripheral neural coding in the monkey. J. Physiol. 338, 567–587.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. 1977. Distribution of the tract of Lissauer and the dorsal root fibers in the primate spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 172, 529–562.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C. and DeLanerolle, N. C. 1981. Human spinal neurons: Innervation by both substance P and enkephalin. Neuroscience 6, 713–723.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C. and DeLanerolle, N. C. 1983a. Ultrastructure of chemically defined neuron systems in the dorsal horn of the monkey: II. Methionine-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 274, 51–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C. and DeLanerolle, N. C. 1983b. Ultrastructure of chemically defined systems in the dorsal horn of the monkey. III. Serotonin immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 274, 65–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C. and DeLanerolle, N. C. 1986. VIP terminals, axons, and neurons: Distribution throughout the length of monkey and cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 249, 133–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C. and Shapiro, C. M. 1991. Ultrastructural localization of substance P, met-enkephalin, and somatostatin immunoreactivity in lamina X of the primate spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 306, 290–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C, Pert, C. B., and Snyder, S. H. 1976. Opiate receptor binding in primate spinal cord: Distribution and changes after dorsal root section. Brain Res. 112, 407–442.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C, Johns, D. R., and DeLanerolle, N. C. 1982. Immunohistochemical evidence of indolamine neurons in monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 206, 359–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, C. C, Kapadia, S. E., and Kocol, C. M. 1989. Deafferentation-induced expansion of saphenous terminal field labeling in the adult rat dorsal horn following pronase injection of the sciatic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 288, 311–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, R. H. and Campbell, J. N. 1978. Comparison of responses of warm and nociceptive C-fiber afferents in monkey with human judgments of thermal pain. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 509–528.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, R. H. and Thalhammer, J. G. 1982. Response properties of high-threshold cutaneous cold receptors in the primate. Brain Res. 244, 279–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, R. H., Thalhammer, J. G., Torebjörk, H. E., and Robinson, C. J. 1982. Peripheral neural mechanisms of cutaneous hyperalgesia following mild injury by heat. J. Neurosci. 2, 765–781.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, R. H., Thalhammer, J. G., and Robinson, C. J. 1983. Peripheral neural correlates of magnitude of cutaneous pain and hyperalgesia: A comparison of neural events in monkey with sensory judgments in human. J. Neurophysiol. 50, 1–26.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, R. H., Shain, C. N., Simone, D. A., and Tsai, E.-F. P. 1991. Neurogenic hyperalgesia: Psychophysical studies of underlying mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 66, 190–211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaMotte, R. H., Lundberg, L. E., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1992. Pain, hyperalgesia and activity in nociceptive C units in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin. J. Physiol, 448, 749–764.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Landon, D. N. (ed.) 1976. The Peripheral Nerve. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landry, M., Holmberg, K., Zhang, X., and Hokfelt, T. 2000. Effect of axotomy on expression of NPY, galanin, and NPY Y1 and Y2 receptors in dorsal root ganglia and the superior cervical ganglion studied with doublelabeling in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Exp. Neurol. 162, 361–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, E., Novak, A., Reeh, P. W., and Handwerker, H. O. 1990. Chemosensitivity of fine afferents from rat skin in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 63, 887–901.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langford, L. A. 1983. Unmyelinated axon ratios in cat motor, cutaneous and articular nerves. Neurosci. Lett. 40, 19–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langford, L. A. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1979. Branching of sensory axons in the dorsal root and evidence for the absence of dorsal root efferent fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 184, 193–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langford, L. A. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1981. Branching of sensory axons in the peripheral nerve of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 203, 745–750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langford, L. A. and Schmidt, R. F. 1983. Afferent and efferent axons in the medial and posterior articular nerves of the cat. Anat. Rec. 206, 71–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanlua, P., Decorti, F., Grangula, P. R. R., Chung K., Taglialatela, G., and Yallampalli, C. 2001. Female steroid hormones modulate receptors for nerve growth factor in rat dorsal root ganglion. Biology of Reproduction 64, 331–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, A. M., Koscielniak, T., Ponchant, M., Verge, D., Hamon, M., and Gozlan, H. 1992. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of 5-HT3 receptors in the rat CNS using [125I]iodo-zacopride and [3H]zacopride as radioligands. Synapse 10, 271–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, A. M., Fattaccini, C.-M., Lombard, M. C., Chauveau, J., and Hamon, M. 1995. Effects of dorsal rhizotomy and selective lesion of serotonergic and noradrenergic systems on 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT3 receptors in the rat spinal cord. J. Neural. Trans. 100, 207–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laporte, A. M., Doyen, C, Nevo, I. T., Chauveau, J., Hauw, J. J., and Hamon, M. 1996. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin 5-HT1A, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A and 5-HT3 receptors in the aged human spinal cord. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 11, 67–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lariviere, W. R. and Melzack, R. 1996. The bee venom test: A new tonic pain test. Pain 66, 271–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larner, A. J., Moss, J., Rossi, M. L., and Anderson, M. 1994. Congenital insensitivity to pain: A 20 year follow up. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 57, 973–974.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, L. and Rehfeld, J. F. 1979. Localization and molecular heterogeneity of cholecystokinin in the central and peripheral nervous system. Brain Res. 165, 201–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, M., Persson, S., Ottersen, O. P., and Broman, J., 2001. Quantitative analysis of immunogold labeling indicates low levels and non-vesicular localization of L-asparate in rat primary afferent terminals. J. Comp. Neurol 430, 147–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurberg, S. and Sorensen, K. E. 1985. Cervical dorsal root ganglion cells with collaterals to both shoulder skin and the diaphragm: A fluorescent double labelling study in the rat. A model for referred pain? Brain Res. 331, 160–163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawand, N. B., Willis, W D., and Westlund, K. N. 1997a. Blockade of joint inflammation and secondary hyperalgesia by L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. NeuroReport 8, 895–899.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawand, N. B., Willis, W. D., and Westlund, K. N. 1997b. Excitatory amino acid receptor involvement in peripheral nociceptive transmission in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 324, 169–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawand, N. B., Lu, Y, and Westlund, K. N. 1999. Nicotinic cholinergic receptors: Potential targets for inflammatory pain relief. Pain 80, 291–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. 1979. The postnatal development of large light and small dark neurons in mouse dorsal root ganglion: A statistical analysis of cell numbers and size. J. Neurocytol. 8, 275–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. 1992. Morphological and biochemical cell types of sensory neurons. In S. A. Scott (ed.), Sensory Neurons Diversity, Development, and Plasticity (pp. 27–59). Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. 1995. Neuropeptides in morphologically and functionally identified primary afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia: Substance P, CGRP and somatostatin. Prog. Brain Res. 104, 161–173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. 1996. Peptides and cutaneous polymodal nociceptor neurones, In T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger, and K. Mizumura (eds.), Progress in Brain Research (pp. 369–385). Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. 2002. Phenotype and function of somatic primary afferent nociceptive neurones with C-, Ad. Exp. Physiol 87, 239–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. and Biscoe, T. J. 1979. Development of mouse dorsal root ganglia: An autoradiographic and quantitative study. J. Neurocytol. 8, 265–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N. and Waddell, P. J. 1991. Soma neurofilament immunoreactivity is related to cell size and fibre conduction velocity in rat primary sensory neurons. J. Physiol. 435, 41–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N., Caddy, K. W. T., and Biscoe, T. J. 1974. Development of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones: Studies on changes in cell birthdays and changes in mean cell diameter. Cell Tissue Res. 153, 399–413.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N., Harper, A. A., Harper, E. I., Garson, J. A., and Anderton, B. H. 1984. A monoclonal antibody against neurofilament protein specifically labels a subpopulation of rat sensory neurones. J. Comp. Neurol. 228, 263–272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N., Harper, L. I., Harper, A. A., Garson, J. A., Coakham, H. B., and Randle, B. J. 1985. Monoclonal antibody 2C5: A marker for a subpopulation of small neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 16, 365–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N., Perry, M. J., Prabhakar, E., and McCarthy, P. W. 1993. Primary sensory neurones: Neruofilament, neuropeptides, and conduction velocity. Brain Res. Bull. 30, 239–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N., McCarthy, P. W., and Prabhakar, E. 1996. Electrophysiological properties of neurones with CGRP-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 365, 355–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, S. N., Crepps, B. A., and Perl, E. R. 1997. Relationship of substance P to afferent characteristics of dorsal root ganglion neurones in guinea-pig. J. Physiol. 505, 177–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarov, N. E. 2002. Comparative analysis of the chemical neuroanatomy of the mammalian trigeminal ganglion and mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus. Prog. Neurobiol. 66, 19–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lê, I.-T., Villeneuve, P., Ramjaun, A. R., McPherson, P. S., Beaudet, A., and Séguéla, P. 1998. Sensory presynaptic and widespread somatodendritic imminolocalization of central ionotropic P2X ATP receptors. Neuroscience 83, 177–190.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leah, J., and Menétrey, D. 1989. Neuropeptides in propriospinal neurones in the rat. Brain Res. 495, 173–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leah, J. D., Cameron, A. A., and Snow, P. J. 1985a. Neuropeptides in physiologically identified mammalian sensory neurones. Neurosci. Lett. 56, 257–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leah, J. D., Cameron, A. A., Kelly, W. L., and Snow, P. J. 1985b. Coexistence of peptide immunoreactivity in sensory neurons of the cat. Neuroscience 16, 683–690.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leah, J., Menétrey, D., and De Pommery, J. 1988. Neuropeptides in long ascending spinal tract cells in the rat: Evidence for parallel processing of ascending information. Neuroscience 24, 195–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, D. and Chitour, D. 1983. Do convergent neurones in the spinal dorsal horn discriminate nociceptive from non-nociceptive information? Pain 17, 1–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, D., Dickenson, A. H., and Besson, J.-M. 1979a. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC): I. Effects on dorsal horn convergent neurones in the rat. Pain 6, 283–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, D., Dickenson, A. H., and Besson, J.-M. 1979b. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC): II. Lack of effect on non-convergent neurones, supraspinal involvement and theoretical implications. Pain 6, 305–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, D., Chitour, D., and Clot, A. M. 1981. The encoding of thermal stimuli by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC). Brain Res. 230, 394–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, D., Bourgoin, S., Clot, A. M., Hamon, M., and Cesselin, F. 1987a. Noxious mechanical stimuli increase the release of met-enkephalin-like material heterosegmentally in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 402, 188–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, D., Bourgoin, S., Villanueva, L., Clot, A. M., Hamon, M., and Cesselin, F. 1987b. Involvement of the dorsolateral funiculi in the spinal release of met-enkephalin-like material triggered by heterosegmental noxious mechanical stimuli. Brain Res. 412, 190–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lechan, R. M., Wu, P., and Jackson, I. M. 1987. Immunocytochemical distribution in rat brain of putative peptides derived from thyrotropin-releasing hormone prohormone. Endocrinology 121, 1879–1891.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Cudennec, C., Suaudeau, C., and Costentin, J. 2002. Evidence for a localization of [(3)H]nociceptin binding sites on medullar primary afferent fibers. J. Neurosci. Res. 68, 496–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C. H., Wasowicz, K., Brown, R., Majane, E. A., Yang, H. T, and Panula, P. 1993. Distribution and characterization of neuropeptide FF-like immunoreactivity in the rat nervous system with a monoclonal antibody. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 1339–1348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. H., Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 1997. Strain differences in adrenergic sensitivity of neuropathic pain behaviors in an experimental rat model. NeuroReport 8, 3453–3456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, D. H., Liu, X., Kim, H. T, Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 1999. Receptor subtype mediating the adrenergic sensitivity of pain behavior and ectopic discharges in neuropathic Lewis rats. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 2226–2233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. H., Price, R. H., Williams, F. G., Mayer, B., and Beitz, A. J. 1993. Nitric oxide synthase is found in some spinothalamic neurons and in neuronal processes that appose spinal neurons that express Fos induced by noxious stimulation. Brain Res. 608, 324–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K. H., Chung, K., Chung, J. M., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1986. Correlation of cell body size, axon size, and signal conduction velocity for individually labelled dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 243, 335–346.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, S. E., Shen, H., Taglialatela, G., Chung, J. M., and Chung, K. 1998. Expression of nerve growth factor in the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury. Brain Res. 796, 99–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y, Takami, K., Kawai, Y., Girgis, S., Hillyard, C. J., Maclntyre, I., Emson, P. C, and Tohyama, M. 1985a. Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat peripheral nervous system with reference to its coexistence with substance P. Neuroscience 15, 1227–1237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, Y, Kawai, Y, Shiosaka, S., Takami, K., Kiyama, H., Hillyard, C. J., Girgis, S., Maclntyre, I., Emson, P. C, and Tohyama, M. 1985b. Coexistence of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P-like peptide in single cells of the trigeminal ganglion of the rat: Immunohistochemical analysis. Brain Res. 330, 194–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leem, J. W., Willis, W. D., Weller, S. C., and Chung, J. M. 1993. Differential activation and classification of cutaneous afferents in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 2411–2424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leger, L., Charnay, Y, Hof, P. R., Bouras, C, and Cespuglio, R. 2001. Anatomical distribution of serotonincontaining neurons and axons in the central nervous system of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 433, 157–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lehtosalo, J. 1984. Substance P-like immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion cells supplying the cornea. Histochemistry 80, 273–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leijon, G., Boivie, J., Johansson, I. 1989. Central post-stroke pain-neurological symptoms and pain characteristics. Pain 36, 13–25.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lekan, H. A., and Carlton, S. M. 1995. Glutamatergic and GABAergic input to rat spinothalamic tract cells in the superficial dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 361, 417–428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lekan, H. A., Chung, K., Yoon, Y W, Chung, J. M., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1997. Loss of dorsal root ganglion cells concomitant with dorsal root axon sprouting following segmental nerve lesions. Neuroscience 81, 527–534.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, P. P. and Weddell, G. 1956. The relationship between neurohistology and corneal sensibility. Brain 79, 119–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lele, P. P. and Weddell, G. 1959. Sensory nerves of the cornea and cutaneous sensibility. Exp. Neurol. 1, 334–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lembeck, F, and Holzer, P. 1979. Substance P as a mediator of antidromic vasodilatation and neurogenic plasma extravasation. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 310, 175–183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, F. A., Tasker, R. R., Dostrovsky, J. O., Kwan, H. C., Gorecki, J., Hirayama, T., and Murphy, J. T. 1987. Abnormal single-unit activity recorded in the somatosensory thalamus of a quadriplegic patient with central pain. Pain 31, 225–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, F. A., Kwan, H. C., Dostrovsky, J. O., and Tasker, R. R. 1989. Characteristics of the bursting pattern of action potentials that occurs in the thalamus of patients with central pain. Brain Res. 496, 357–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levant, B., and McCarson, K. E. 2001. D(3) dopamine receptors in rat spinal cord: Implications for sensory and motor function. Neurosci Lett. 303, 9–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, J. D., Moskowitz, M. A., and Basbaum, A. I. 1985. The contribution of neurogenic inflammation in experimental arthritis. J. Immunol 135, 843s–847s.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, M. 1985. Dysesthesias and self-mutilation in humans and subhumans: A review of clinical and experimental studies. Brain Res. Rev. 10, 247–290. 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, M., and Heybach, J. P. 1981. The deafferentation syndrome in blind rats: A model of the painful phantom limb. Pain 10, 67–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, M., and Levitt, J. H. 1981. The deafferentation syndrome in monkeys: Dysesthesias of spinal origin. Pain 10, 129–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. A. 1974. GABA: A direct depolarizing action at the mammalian primary afferent terminal. Brain Res. 76, 155–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. A. 1975. The effect of intravenously administered 7-aminobutyric acid on afferent fiber polarization. Brain Res. 92, 21–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. A. and Anderson, E. G. 1972. The effect of GABA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin on primary afferent terminal excitability. Brain Res. 43, 171–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R.A., Repkin, A.H. and Anderson, E.G., 1971, The effect of bicuculline on primary afferent terminal excitability. Brain Res. 32, 261–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lew, W. Y, and Longhurst, J. C. 1986. Substance P, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and bradykinin stimulate abdominal visceral afferents. Am. J. Physiol. 250, R465–R473.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, G. R. and McMahon, S. B. 1993. Muscle afferents innervating skin form somatotopically appropriate connections in the adult rat dorsal horn. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 1083–1092.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, G. R. and Mendell, L. M. 1994. Regulation of cutaneous C-fiber heat nociceptors by nerve growth factor in the developing rat. J. Neurophysiol 71, 941–949.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, G. R., Ritter, A. M., and Mendell, L. M. 1992. On the role of nerve growth factor in the development of myelinated nociceptors. J. Neurosci. 12, 1896–1905.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, G. R., Ritter, A. M., and Mendell, L. M. 1993. Nerve growth factor-induced hyperalgesia in the neonatal and adult rat. J. Neurosci. 13, 2136–2148.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, G. R., Rueff, A., and Mendell, L. M. 1994. Peripheral and central mechanisms of NGF-induced hyperalgesia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 1903–1912.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, C., Neidhart, S., Holy, C., North, R. A., Buell, G., and Surprenant, A. 1995. Coexpression of P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits can account for ATP-gated currents in sensory neurons. Nature 317, 432–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S. J., Cincotta, M. C., Verberne, A. J. M., Jarrott B., Lodge, D., and Beart, P. M. 1987. Receptor autoradiography with [3H]L-glutamate reveals the presence and axonal transport of glutamate receptors in vagal afferent neurones of the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 144, 413–415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T. 1927. The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin and their Responses. Shaw & Sons, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T. 1942. Pain. Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T., and Pochin, E. E. 1938a. The double pain response of the human skin to a single stimulus. Clin. Sci. 3, 67–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, T., and Pochin, E. E. 1938b. Effects of asphyxia and pressure on sensory nerves of man. Clin. Sci. 3, 1411–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., and Li, Y. Q., 2000. Collateral projection of substance P receptor expressing neurons in the medullary dorsal horn to bilateral parabrachial nuclei of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 53, 163–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H., Ohishi, H., Kinoshita, A., Shigemoto, R., Nomura, D., and Mizuno, N. 1997. Localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7. in axon terminals of presumed nociceptive, primary afferent fibers in the superficial layers of the spinal dorsal horn: An electron microscope study in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 223, 153–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H. S., and Zhao, Z. Q. 1998. Small sensory neurons in the rat dorsal root ganglia express functional NK-1 tachykinin receptor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 1292–1299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1996a. Effects of peripheral nerve ligation on expression of mu-opioid receptor in sensory ganglion neurons: an immunohistochemical study in dorsal root and nodose ganglion neurons of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 214, 91–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Ding, Y. Q., Shigemoto, R., and Mizuno, N. 1996b. Distribution of trigeminothalamic and spinothalamictract neurons showing substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat. Brain Res. 719, 207–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Kaneko, T., Shigemoto, R., and Mizuno, N. 1997a. Distribution of trigeminohypothalamic and spinohypothalamic tract neurons displaying substance P receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 378, 508–521.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Kaneko, T., Nomura, S., Li, Y. Q., and Mizuno, N. 1997b. Association of serotonin-like immunoreactive axons with nociceptive projection neurons in the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 384, 127–141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Ding, Y Q., Li, Y Q., Li, J. S., Nomura, S., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1998a. Immunocytochemical localization of μ-opioid receptor in primary afferent neurons containing substance P or calcitonin generelated peptide. A light-and electron-microscope study in the rat. Brain Res. 794, 347–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Ding, Y Q., Xiong, K. H., Li, J. S., Shigemoto, R., and Mizuno, N. 1998b. Substance P receptor (NK1)immunoreactive neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray: Distribution in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and the spinal cord of the rat. Neurosci Res. 30, 219–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Li, Y Q., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1999a. Preprodynorphin-like immunoreactivity in medullary dorsal horn neurons projecting to the thalamic regions in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 264, 13–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Li, Y Q., Li, J. S., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1999b. Calcium-binding protein-immunoreactive projection neurons in the caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat. Neurosci. Res. 35, 225–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. L., Wang, D., Kaneko, T., Shigemoto, R., Nomura, S., and Mizuno, N. 2000. The relationship between neurokinin-1 receptor and substance P in the medullary dorsal horn: A light-and electron-microscopic immunohistochemical study in the rat. Neurosci. Res. 36, 327–334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, K. C, Zheng, J. H., and Chen, J. 2000. Involvement of spinal protein kinase C in induction and maintenance of both persistent spontaneous flinching reflex and contralateral heat hyperalgesia induced by subcutaneous bee venom in the conscious rat. Neurosci. Lett. 285, 103–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, L., and Zhou, X. F. 2001. Pericellular Griffonia simplicifolia I isolectin B4-binding ring structures in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury in rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 439, 259–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, M., Sobue, G., Doyu, M., Mukai, E., Hashizume, Y., and Mitsuma, T. 1995. Primary sensory neurons in X-linked recessive bulbospinal neuropathy: Histopathology and androgen receptor gene expression. Muscle Nerve 18, 301–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, N., Young, M. M., Bailey, C. J., and Smith, M. E. 1999. NMDA and AMPA glutamate receptor subtypes in the thoracic spinal cord in lean and obese-diabetic ob/ob mice. Brain Res. 849, 34–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., and Zhuo, M. 1998. Silent glutamatergic synapses and nociception in mammalian spinal cord. Nature 393, 695–698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., and Zhuo, M. 2001a. Cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic inhibition of fast synaptic transmission in spinal lumbar dorsal horn of rat. Brain Res. Bull. 54, 639–647.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., and Zhuo, M. 2001b. Substance P and neurokinin A mediate sensory synaptic transmission in young rat dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. Bull. 55, 521–531.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., Calejesan, A. A. and Zhuo, M. 1998. ATP P2x receptors and sensory synaptic transmission between primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal horn neurons in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 3356–3360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, P., Wilding, T. J., Kim, S. J., Calejesan, A. A., Huettner, J. E., and Zhuo, M. 1999. Kainate-receptor-mediated sensory synaptic transmission in mammalian spinal cord. Nature 397, 161–164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. Q., Li, H., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 1999. Substantia gelatinosa neurons in the medullary dorsal horn: An intracellular labeling study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 411, 399–412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y Q., Li, H., Yang, K., Wang, Z. M., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 2000a. Intracellular labeling study of neurons in the superficial part of the magnocellular layer of the medullary dorsal horn of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 428, 641–655.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y Q., Li, H., Yang, K., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 2000b. Morphologic features and electrical membrane properties of projection neurons in the marginal layer of the medullary dorsal horn of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 424, 24–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y Q., Wu, S. X., Li, J. L., Kaneko, T., and Mizuno, N. 2000c, Co-existence of calcium-binding proteins in neurons of the medullary dorsal horn of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 286, 103–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liang, Y. F., Haake, B., and Reeh, P. W. 2001. Sustained sensitization and recruitment of rat cutaneous nociceptors by bradykinin and a novel theory of its excitatory action. J. Physiol. 532, 229–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liebel, J. T., Swandulla, D., and Zeilhofer, H. U. 1997. Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by nociceptin in superficial dorsal horn neurons of the neonatal rat spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 121, 435–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, A. R. 1976. Sensory ganglia. In D. N. Landon (ed.), The Peripheral Nerve (pp. 188–278). Chapman & Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., and Durkovic, R. G. 1984. Features of laminar and somatotopic organization of lumbar spinal cord units receiving cutaneous inputs from hindlimb receptive fields. J. Neurophysiol. 52, 449–458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., and Kavookjian, A. M. 1988. Morphology and ultrastructure of physiologically identified substantia gelatinosa (lamina II) neurons with axons that terminate in deeper dorsal horn laminae (III-V). J. Comp. Neurol. 267, 172–189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., and Metz, C. B. 1978. The morphology of the spinal cord efferent and afferent neurons contributing to the ventral roots of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 179, 501–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., and Perl, E. R. 1977. Differential termination of large-diameter and small-diameter primary afferent fibers in the spinal dorsal gray matter as indicated by labeling the horseradish peroxidase. Neurosci. Lett. 6, 59–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., and Perl, E. R. 1979a. Reexamination of the dorsal root projection to the spinal dorsal horn including observations on the differential termination of coarse and fine fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 186, 117–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., and Perl, E. R. 1979b. Spinal termination of functionally identified primary afferent neurons with slowly conducting myelinated fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 186, 133–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., Trevino, D. L., and Perl, E. R. 1979. Morphological features of functionally defined neurons in the marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 186, 151–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Light, A. R., Kavookjian, A. M., and Petrusz, P. 1983. The ultrastructure and synaptic connections of serotoninimmunoreactive terminals in spinal laminae I and II. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 1, 33–50.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, R. K. S., Liu, C. N., Guzman, E, and Braun, C. 1962. Visceral receptors concerned in visceral pain and the pseudoaffective response to intra-arterial injection of bradykinin and other algesic agents. J. Comp. Neurol. 118, 269–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, D. 1998. Anatomical basis for the dynamic processing of nociceptive input. Eur. J. Pain 2, 195–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, D., and Coimbra, A. 1983. The neuronal population of the marginal zone (lamina I) of the rat spinal cord. A study based on reconstructions of serially sectioned cells. Anat. Embryol. 167, 273–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, D., and Coimbra, A. 1986. A Golgi study of the neuronal population of the marginal zone (lamina I) of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 244, 53–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lima, D., and Coimbra, A. 1989. Morphological types of spinomesencephalic neurons in the marginal zone (lamina I) of the rat spinal cord, as shown after retrograde labeling with cholera toxin subunit B. J. Comp. Neurol. 279, 327–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Peng, Y. B., and Willis, W. D. 1996a. Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by spinal glycine and GABA is reduced during central sensitization. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 1005–1014.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Peng, Y. B., and Willis, W. D. 1996b. Possible role of protein kinase C in the sensitization of primate spinothalamic tract neurons. J. Neurosci. 16, 3026–3034.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Peng, Y. B., Wu, J., and Willis, W. D. 1997. Involvement of cGMP in nociceptive processing by and sensitization of spinothalamic neurons in primates. J. Neurosci. 17, 3293–3302.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Palecek, J., Paleckova, V, Peng, Y B., Wu, J., Cui, M. L., and Willis, W. D. 1999a. Nitric oxide mediates the central sensitization of primate spinothalamic tract neurons. J. Neurophysiol 81, 1075–1089.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Wu, J., Peng, Y B., Cui, M. L., and Willis, W D. 1999b. Nitric oxide-mediated spinal disinhibition contributes to the central sensitization of primate spinothalamic tract neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1986–1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Wu, J., Peng, Y B., Cui, M. L., and Willis, W D. 1999c. Inhibition of primate spinothalamic tract neurons by spinal glycine and GABA is modulated by guanosine 3’, 5’-cyclic monophosphate. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 1095–1103.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Wu, J., and Willis, W D. 1999d. Dorsal root reflexes and cutaneous neurogenic inflammation after intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 82, 2602–2611.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, Q., Zou, X. J., and Willis, W. D. 2000. Aδ and C primary afferents convey dorsal root reflexes following intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 2695–2698.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, R. W., Swanson, L. W., and Ganten, D. 1985. Organization of angiotensin II immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat central nervous system: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 40, 2–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, U. F. 1965. Properties of touch receptors in distal glabrous skin of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 966–985.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, U. K., and Ottoson, J. O. 1953a. Localization of the structure generating the negative cord dorsum potential evoked by stimulation of low threshold cutaneous fibres. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29 (Suppl. 106), 180–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindblom, U. F., and Ottoson, J. O. 1953b. Effects of spinal sections on the spinal cord potentials elicited by stimulation of low threshold cutaneous fibres. Acta Physiol. Scand. 29 (Suppl. 106), 191–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linden, D. R., Reutter, M. A., McCarson, K. E., and Seybold, V. S. 2000. Time-dependent changes in neurokinins) receptors and tachykinins during adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation in the rat. Neuroscience 98, 801–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linderoth, B., Stiller, C. O., Gunasekera, L., O’Conner, W. T., Ungerstedt, U., and Brodin, E. 1994. Gammaaminobutryic acid is released in the dorsal horn by electrical spinal cord stimulation: An in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Neurosurgery 34, 484–488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindh, B., Dalsgaard, C. J., Elfvin, L. G., Hökfelt, T., and Cuello, A. C. 1983. Evidence of substance P immunoreactive neurons in dorsal root ganglia and vagal ganglia projecting to the guinea pig pylorus. Brain Res. 269, 365–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindh, B., Lundberg, J. M., and Hokfelt, T. 1989. NPY-, galanin-, VIP/PHI-, CGRP-and substance P-immunoreactive neuronal subpopulations in cat autonomic and sensory ganglia and their projections. Cell Tissue Res. 256, 259–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, R. M., and Harmar, A. J. 1989. Nerve growth factor regulates expression of neuropeptide genes in adult sensory neurons. Nature 337, 362–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lisney, S. J. W 1983. Changes in somatotopic organization of the cat lumbar spinal cord following peripheral nerve transection and regeneration. Brain Res. 259, 31–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lissauer, H. 1886. Beitrag zum Faserverlauf im Hinterhorn des menschlichen Ruckenmark und zum Verhalten desselben bei Tabes dorsalis. Arch. Psychiat. Nervenkrankh. 17, 377–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Littlewood, N. K., Todd, A. J., Spike, R. C, Watt, C, and Shehab, S. A. 1995. The types of neuron in spinal dorsal horn which possess neurokinin-1 receptors. Neuroscience 66, 597–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, C. N. and Chambers, W W. 1958. Intraspinal sprouting of dorsal root axons. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 79, 46–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Thangnipon, W., and McAdoo, D. J. 1991. Excitatory amino acids rise to toxic levels upon impact injury to the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 547, 344–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, D., Xu, G. Y, Pan, E., and McAdoo, D. J. 1999. Neurotoxicity of glutamate at the concentration released upon spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 93, 1383–1389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Brown, J. L., Jasmin, L., Maggio, J. E., Vigna, S. R., Mantyh, P. W., and Basbaum, A. I. 1994a. Synaptic relationship between substance P and the substance P receptor: Light-and electron-microscopic characterization of the mismatch between neuropeptides and their receptors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 1009–1013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Wang, H., Sheng, M., Jan, L. Y., Jan, Y. N., and Basbaum, A. I. 1994b. Evidence for presynaptic N-methyl-D-asparate autoreceptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 8383–8387.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Mantyh, P. W., and Basbaum, A. I. 1997. NMDA-receptor regulation of substance P release from primary afferent nociceptors. Nature 386, 721–724.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, J. G., and Anand, K. J. 2001. Protein kinases modulate the cellular adaptations associated with opioid tolerance and dependence. Brain Res. Rev. 38, 1–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, L., Chang, G. Q., Jiao, Y. Q., and Simon, S. A. 1998. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat trigeminal ganglia. Brain Res. 809, 238–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X., Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 1999. Ectopic discharges and adrenergic sensitivity of sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 849, 244–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. G., and SandkÜhler, J. 1995a. The effects of extrasynaptic substance P on nociceptive neurons in laminae I and II in rat lumbar spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 68, 1207–1218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. G., and SandkÜhler, J. 1995b. Long-term potentiation of C-fiber-evoked potentials in the rat dorsal horn is prevented by spinal N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor blockage. Neurosci. Lett. 191, 43–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. G., and SandkÜhler, J. 1997. Characterization of long-term potentiation of C-fiber-evoked potentials in spinal dorsal horn of adult rat: Essential role of NK1 and NK2 receptors. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 1973–1982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. G., and SandkÜhler, J. 1998. Activation of spinal N-methyl-D-asparate or neurokinin receptors induces long-term potentiation of spinal C-fibre-evoked potentials. Neuroscience 86, 1209–1216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, X. H., and Morris, R. 1999. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide produces depolarization and facilitation of C-fíbre evoked synaptic responses in superficial dorsal horn neurones (laminae I-IV) of the rat lumbar spinal cord in vitro., Neurosci. Lett. 276, 1–A.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liuzzi, F. J., Wu, W., Scoville, S. A., and Schinco, F. P. 1993. Development of nitric oxide synthase expression in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 121, 275–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungdahl, A., and Hökfelt, T. 1973. Autoradiographic uptake patterns of [3HJGABA and [3H]-glycine in central nervous tissues with special reference to the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 62, 587–595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ljungdahl, Å Hökfelt, T., and Nilsson, G. 1978. Distribution of substance P-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat: I. Cell bodies and nerve terminals. Neuroscience 3, 861–943.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llewellyn-Smith, I. J., and Burnstock, G. 1998. Ultrastructural localization of P2X3 receptors in rat sensory neurons. NeuroReport 9, 2545–2550.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Llewelyn, J. G., Patel, N. J., Thomas, P. K., Thomson, C. S., Muddle, J. R., Workman, J. M., and Dashwood, M. R. 1988. Insulin receptors in sensory and sympathetic ganglia and in peripheral nerve. J. Neurol. 235, S16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D. P. C. 1952. Electrotonus in dorsal nerve roots. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 17, 203–219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D. P. C, and Chang, H. T. 1948. Afferent fibers in muscle nerves. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 199–208.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, D. P. C, and Mclntyre, A. K. 1949. On the origins of dorsal root potentials. J. Gen. Physiol. 32, 409–443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, G. E. 1976. Ventral root projections of myelinated dorsal root ganglion cells in the cat. Brain Res. 106, 159–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeser, J. D. and Ward, A. A. 1967. Some effects of deafferentation on neurons of the cat spinal cord. Arch. Neurol. 17, 629–636.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loewenstein, W. R., and Skalak, R. 1966. Mechanical transmission in a Pacinian corpuscle: An analysis and a theory. J. Physiol. 182, 346–378.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, M. C, Nashold, B. S., Albe-Fessard, D., Salman, N., and Sakr, C. 1979. Deafferentation hypersensitivity in the rat after rhizotomy: A possible animal model of chronic pain. Pain 6, 163–175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, M. C, Simonnet, G., Zajac, J.-M., Besson, J. M., and Allard, M. 1995a. Distribution of neuropeptide FF (FLFQPQRFamide) receptors in the adult rat spinal cord: Effects of dorsal rhizotomy and neonatal capsaicin. Neuroscience 68, 1229–1235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombard, M. C, Besse, D., and Besson, J. M. 1995b. Opioid receptors in the superficial layers of the rat spinal cord: Functional implications in pain processing. Prog. Brain Res. 104, 77–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lombet, A., Laduron, P., Mourre, C, Jacomet, Y, and Lazdunski, M. 1985. Axonal transport of the voltage-dependent Na+ channel protein identified by its tetrodotoxin binding site in rat sciatic nerves. Brain Res. 345, 153–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long, D. M., and Hagfors, N. 1975. Electrical stimulation in the nervous system: The current status of electrical stimulation of the nervous system for relief of pain. Pain 1, 109–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Long, R. R. 1977. Sensitivity of cutaneous cold fibers to noxious heat: Paradoxical cold discharge. J. Neurophysiol. 40, 489–502.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, J. C, and Dittman, L. E. 1987. Hypoxia, bradykinin, and prostaglandins stimulate ischemically sensitive visceral afferents. Am. J. Physiol. 253, H556-H567.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, J. C, Mitchell, J. H., and Moore, M. B. 1980. The spinal cord ventral root: An afferent pathway of the hind-limb pressor reflex in cats. J. Physiol. 301, 467–476.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Longhurst, J. C, Rotto, D. M., Kaufman, M. P., and Stahl, G. L. 1991. Ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents: Response to cyclooxygenase blockade. Am. J. Physiol. 261, H2075-H2081.

    Google Scholar 

  • Longmore, J., Shaw, D., Smith, D., Hopkins, R., McAllister, G., Pickard, J. D., Sirinathsinghji, D. J., Butler, A. J., and Hill, R. G. 1997. Differential distribution of 5HT1D-and 5HT1B-immunoreactivity within the human trigemino-cerebravascular system: Implication for the discovery of new antimigraine drugs. Cephalalgia 17, 833–842.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Looft, F. J. 1996a. Response of monkey glabrous skin mechanoreceptors to random noise sequences: II. Dynamic stimulus state analysis. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 13, 11–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Looft, F. J. 1996b. Response of monkey glabrous skin mechanoreceptors to random noise sequences: III. Spectral analysis. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 13, 235–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, P., and Couture, R. 1997. Localization of bradykinin-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord: Effects of capsaicin, melittin, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience 78, 481–497.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, P., Kar, S., Tousignant, C, Regoli, D., Quirion, R., and Couture, R. 1993. Autoradiographic localization of [125I-TYR8]-bradykinin receptor binding sites in the guinea pig spinal cord. Synapse 15, 48–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes, P., Kar, S., Chretien, L., Regoli, D., Quirion, R., and Couture, R. 1995. Quantitative autoradiographic localization of the [125I-TYR8]bradykinin receptor binding sites in the rat spinal cord: Effects of neonatal capsaicin, noradrenergic deaíferentation, dorsal rhizotomy and peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience 68, 867–881.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • López, S. M., Pérez-Pérez, M., Márquez, J. M., Naves, F. J., Represa, J., and Vega, J. A. 1998. p75 and TrkA neurotrophin receptors in human skin after spinal cord and peripheral nerve injury, with special reference to sensory corpuscles. Anat. Rec. 251, 371–383.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopshire, J. C, and Nicol, G. D. 1998. The cAMP transduction cascade mediates the prostaglandin E2 enhancement of the capsaicin-elicited current in rat sensory neurons: Whole-cell and single-channel studies. J. Neurosci. 18, 6081–6092.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loren, I., Alumets, J., Hakanson, R., and Sundler, F. 1979. Distribution of gastrin and CCK-like peptides in rat brain. Histochemistry 59, 249–257.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lothman, E. W., and Somjen, G. G. 1975. Extracellular potassium activity, intracellular and extracellular potential responses in the spinal cord. J. Physiol. 252, 115–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loup, F, Tribollet, E., Dubois-Dauphin, M., Pizzolato, G., and Dreifuss, J. J. 1989. Localization of oxytocin binding sites in the human brainstem and upper spinal cord: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 500, 223–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loup, F., Tribollet, E., Dubois-Dauphin, M., and Dreifuss, J. J. 1991. Localization of high-affinity binding sites for oxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 555, 220–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Low, A., and Westerman, R. A. 1989. Neurogenic vasodilation in the rat hairy skin measured using a laser Doppler flowmeter. Life Sci. 45, 49–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Low, P. A., Burke, W. J., and McLeod, J. G. 1978. Congenital sensory neuropathy with selective loss of small myelinated fibers. Ann. Neurol. 3, 179–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, G. W., Bennett, G. J., Nishikawa, N., Hoffert, M. J., and Dubner, R. 1983. Extra-and intracellular recordings from dorsal column postsynaptic spinomedullary neurons in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 82, 456–477.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, Y., Zheng, H.-X., Ding, Y.-Q., Gong, L.-W., Qin, B.-Z., and Li, J.-S. 1997. Coexistence of mu-opioid receptor-like and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the cat dorsal root ganglionic neurons. J. Brain Res. 38, 243–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, M. E., and Willis, W. D. 1974. Identification of muscle afferents which activate interneurons in the intermediate nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 37, 282–293.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas, Z., Cech, S., and Burianek, P. 1970. Cholinesterases and biogenic monoamines in ganglion semilunare (Gasseri). Histochemie 22, 163–168.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lumbrosa, S., Sandillon, F., Georget, V., Lobaccaro, J. M., Brinkmann, A. O., Privat, A., and Sultan, C. 1996. Immunohistochemical localization and immunoblotting of androgen receptor in spinal neurons of male and female rats. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 134, 626–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, J. M., Hökfelt, T, Nilsson, G., Terenius, L., Rehfeld, J., Elde, R., and Said, S. 1978. Peptide neurons in the vagus, splanchnic and sciatic nerves. Acta Physiol. Scand. 104, 499–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lundberg, J. M., Franco-Cereceda, A., Hua, X., Hokfelt, T., and Fischer, J. A. 1985. Co-existence of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities in sensory nerves in relation to cardiovascular and bronchoconstrictor effects of capsaicin. Eur. J. Pharmcol. 108, 315–319.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundeberg, T, Nordemar, R., and Ottoson, D. 1984. Pain alleviation by vibratory stimulation. Pain 20, 25–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, C., Chen, J., Li, H.-L., and Li, J.-S. 1998. Spatial and temporal expression of c-Fos protein in the spinal cord of anesthetized rat induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection. Brain Res. 806, 175–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, X. G., Rush, R. A., and Zhou, X. F. 2001. Ultrastructural localization of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat primary sensory neurons. Neurosci. Res. 39, 377–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luque, J. M., Bleuel, Z., Malherbe, P., and Richards, J. G. 1994. Alternatively spliced isoforms of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 are differentially distributed within the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 63, 629–635.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, B. 1969. The nature and location of certain phasic mechanoreceptors in the cat’s foot. J. Physiol 201, 765–773.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, B. 1971. The form and distribution of the receptive fields of Pacinian corpuscles found in and around the cat’s large foot pad. J. Physiol. 217, 755–771.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, B. 1988. Neurogenic inflammation. Skin Pharmacol. 1, 217–224.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, B. and Carpenter, S. E. 1982. Primary afferent units from the hairy skin of the rat hind limb. Brain Res. 238, 29–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, B., Carpenter, S. E., and Pini, A. 1984. Capsaicin and cutaneous afferents. In L. A. Chahl, J. Szolcsányi, and F. Lembeck (eds.), Antidromic Vasodilatation and Neurogenic Inflammation. Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyu, Y. S., Park, S. W., Chung, K. and Chung, J. M. 2000. Low dose of tetrodotoxin reduces neuropathic pain behaviors in an animal model. Brain Res. 871, 98–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, P. M. and Woolsey, T. A. 1984. Cytoarchitectonic correlates of the vibrissae in the medullary trigeminal complex of the mouse. Brain Res. 306, 374–379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. P. and Hargreaves, R. J. 2000. Localization of 7V-methyl-D-aspartate NR2B subunits on primary sensory neurons that give rise to small-caliber sciatic nerve fibers in rats. Neuroscience 101, 699–707.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. P., Hill, R., and Sirinathsinghji, D. 2000a. Basal expression of bradykinin Bl receptor in peripheral sensory ganglia in the rat. NeuroReport 11, 4003–4005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, Q. P., Tian, L., and Woolf, C. J. 2000b. Resection of sciatic nerve re-triggers central sprouting of A-fibre primary afferents in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 288, 215–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. and Bisby, M. A. 1997. Differential expression of galanin immunoreactivities in the primary sensory neurons following partial and complete sciatic nerve injuries. Neuroscience 79, 1183–1195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. and Bisby, M. A. 1998. Partial and complete sciatic nerve injuries induce similar increases of neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivities in primary sensory neurons and their central projections. Neuroscience 86, 1217–1234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. and Bisby, M. A. 1999a. Partial sciatic nerve transection induced tyrosine hydroxidase immunoreactive axon sprouting around both injured and spared dorsal root ganglion neurons which project to the gracile nucleus in middle-aged rats. Neurosci Lett. 215, 117–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. and Bisby, M. A. 1999b. Increase of galanin mRNA in lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons of adult rats after partial sciatic nerve ligation. Neurosci. Lett. 262, 195–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. and Bisby, M. A. 2000. Partial sciatic nerve ligation induced more dramatic increase of neuropeptide Y immunoreactive axonal fibers in the gracile nucleus of middle-aged rats than in young adult rats. J. Neurosci. Res 60, 520–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. 1995. Substance P-and GABA-like immunoreactivities are co-localized in axonal varicosities in the superficial laminae of cat but not rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 692, 99–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., Saunders, P. A., Somogyi, R., Poulter, M. O., and Barker, J. L. 1993. Ontogeny of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 338, 337–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., Behar, T, Chang, L., and Barker, J. L. 1994. Transient increase in expression of GAD65 and GAD67 mRNAs during postnatal development of rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 346, 151–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., Noel, G., Julien, J.-P, and Claudio Cuello, A. 1995. Eptopic substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive fibres in the spinal cord of transgenic mice over-expressing nerve growth factor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 2021–2035.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., De Koninck, Y., Radhakrishnan,. V., Henry, J. L., and Cuello, A. C. 1996. Quantitative analysis of substance P-immunoreactive boutons on physiologically characterized dorsal horn neurons in the cat lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 376, 45–64.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., De Konink, Y., Radhakrishnan, V., Cuello, A. C, and Henry, J. L. 1997. Substance P and enkephalin immunoreactivities in axonal boutons presynaptic to physiologically identified dorsal horn neurons: An ultrastructural multiple-labelling study in the cat. Neuroscience 11, 793–811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W., Zheng, W. H., Powell, K., Jhamandas, K., and Quirion, R. 2001. Chronic morphine exposure increases the phosphorylation of MAP kinases and the transcription factor CREB in dorsal root ganglion neurons: An in vitro and in vivo study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 14, 1091–1104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacArthur, L., Ren, K., Pfaffenroth, E., Franklin, E., and Ruda, M. A. 1999. Descending modulation of opioid-containing nociceptive neurons in rats with peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 88, 499–506.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDermott, A. B., Mayer, M. L., Westbrook, G. L., Smith, S. J., and Barker, J. L. 1986. NMDA-receptor activation increases cytoplasmic calcium concentration in cultured spinal cord neurons. Nature 321, 519–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDermott, A. B., Role, L. W., and Siegelbaum, S. A. 1999. Presynaptic ionotropic receptors and the control of transmitter release. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 22, 443–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, R., Bingham, S., Bond, B. C, Parsons, A. A., and Philpott, K. L. 2001. Determination of changes in mRNA expression in a rat model of neuropathic pain by Taqman quantitative RT-PCR. Mol. Brain Res. 90, 48–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, S., Smith, M. E., and Bailey, C. J. 1998. Expression of ß-endorphin and its receptors in the spinal cord of obese-diabetic ob/ob mice. Neurosci. Lett. 248, 85–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macefield, G., Gandevia, S. C, and Burke, D. 1990. Perceptual responses to microstimulation of single afferents innervating joints, muscles and skin of the human hand. J. Physiol. 429, 113–129.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, D. P., Murone, C., Song, K., Allen, A. M., Paxinos, G., and Mendelsohn, F. A. O. 1995. Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in the human central nervous system. Brain Res. 675, 231–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, R. A., Burke, D., Skuse, N. E, and Lethlean, A. K. 1975. Fibre function and perception during cutaneous nerve block. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat. 38, 865–873.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Macon, J. B. 1979. Deafferentation hyperactivity in the monkey spinal trigeminal nucleus: Neuronal responses to amino acid iontophoresis. Brain Res. 161, 549–554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maderdrut, J. L., Yaksh, T. L., Petruz, P., and Go, V. L. W. 1982. Origin and distribution of cholecystokinincontaining nerve terminals in the lumbar dorsal horn and nucleus caudalis of the cat. Brain Res. 243, 363–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Madrid, J., Alvarado, J., Dutton, H., and Rudomin, P. 1979. A method for the dynamic continuous estimation of excitability changes of single fiber terminals in the central nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 11, 253–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maeshima, T., Ito, R., Hamada, S., Senzaki, K., Hamaguchi-Hamada, K., Shutoh, E, and Okada, N. 1998. The cellular localization of 5-HT2a receptors in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of the adult rat. Brain Res. 791, 118–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magendie, F. 1822. Experience sur les functions des racines des nerfs rachidiens. J. Physiol. Exp. Pathol. 2, 276–279 (reprinted in P. E Cranefield, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  • Magerl, W., Szolcsanyi, J., Westerman, R. A., and Handwerker, H. O. 1987. Laser Doppler measurements of skin vasodilation elicited by percutaneous electrical stimulation of nociceptors in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 82, 349–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magerl, W., Graemer, G., and Handwerker, H. O. 1990. Sensations and local inflammatory responses induced by application of carbachol, dopamine, 5-HT, histamine and mustard oil to the skin in humans. Pfluegers Arch. 415, R107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Magnuson, D. S., Johnson, R., Peet, M. J., Curry, K., and McLennan, H. 1987. A novel spinal cord slice preparation from the rat. J. Neurosci. Methods 19, 141–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnuson, D. S. K., Curry, K., Peet, M. J., and McLennan, H. 1988. Structural requirements for activation of excitatory amino acid receptors in the rat spinal cord in vitro. Exp. Brain Res. 73, 541–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, K. R., Larson, A. A., Madl, J. E., Alschuler, R. A., and Beitz, A. J. 1986. Co-localization of fixativemodified glutamate and glutaminase in neurons of the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat: An immunohistochemical and immunoradiological analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 247, 477–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnusson, K. R., Clements, J. R., Larson, A. A., Madl, J. E., and Beitz, A. J. 1987. Localization of glutamate in trigeminothalamic projection neurons: A combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical study. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 4, 177–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Magoul, R., Onteniente, B., Geffard, M., and Calas, A. 1987. Anatomical distribution and ultrastructural organization of the GABAergic system in the rat spinal cord: An immunocytochemical study using anti-GABA antibodies. Neuroscience 20, 1001–1009.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magoun, H. W. 1963. The Waking Brain (2nd ed). Thomas, Springfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maguire, C. M. and Geraghty, D. P. 1998. Comparison of [125I]-Bolton-Hunter substance P binding in young and aged rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 786, 263–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mai, J. K., Triepel, J., and Metz, J. 1987. Neurotensin in the human brain. Neuroscience 22, 499–524.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maihofner, C., Tegeder, I., Euchenhofer, C, De Witt, D., Brune, K., Bang, R., Neuhuber, W., and Geisslinger, G. 2000. Localization and regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-1 and-2 and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in mouse spinal cord. Neuroscience 101, 1093–1108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mailis, A. 1996. Compulsive targeted self-injurious behaviour in humans with neuropathic pain: A counterpart of animal autotomyα Four case reports and literature review. Pain 64, 569–578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mailleux, P. and Vanderhaeghen, J. J. 1992. Distribution of neuronal cannabinoid receptor in the adult rat brain: A comparative receptor binding radioautography and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 48, 655–668.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mailleux, P., Parmentier, M., and Vanderhaeghen, J. J. 1992. Distribution of cannabinoid receptor messenger RNA in the human brain: An in situ hybridization histochemistry with oligonucleotides. Neurosci. Lett. 143, 200–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Majane, E. A., Panula, P., and Yang, H. Y. 1989. Rat brain regional distribution and spinal cord neuronal pathway of FLFQPQRF-NH2, a mammalian FMRF-NH2-like peptide. Brain Res 494, 1–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malan, T. P., Ossipov, M. H., Gardell, L. R., Ibrahim, M., Bian, D., Lai, J., and Porreca, F. 2000. Extraterritorial neuropathic pain correlates with multisegmental elevation of spinal dynorphin in nerve-injured rats. Pain 86, 185–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malatova, Z., Longauer, F., and Marsala, J. 1985. Choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in canine spinal ganglia: Increase of choline acetyltransferase activity following sciatic nerve lesion. J. Hirnforsch. 26, 683–688.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malcangio, M., DaSilva, H., and Bowery, N. G. 1993. Plasticity of GABAB receptor in rat spinal cord detected by autoradiography. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 250, 153–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malenka, R. C. and Nicoll, R. A. 1997. Silent synapses speak up. Neuron 19, 473–476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malinovský, L. 1966. Variability of sensory nerve endings in foot pads of a domestic cat (Felis ocreata L., F. domestica) . Acta Anat. 64, 82–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malinovský, L., Berková, V., and Páč, L. 1982. The ultrastructure of axon processes in sensory corpuscles. Z. Mikrosk. Anat. Forsch. 96, 844–856.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg, A. B., Brandon, E. P., Idzerda, R. L., Liu, H., McKnight, G. S., and Basbaum, A. I. 1997a. Diminished inflammation and nociceptive pain with preservation of neuropathic pain in mice with a targeted mutation of the Type I regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. J. Neurosci. 17, 7462–7470.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg, A. B., Chen, C, Tonegawa, S., Basbaum, A. I. 1997b. Preserved acute pain and reduced neuropathic pain in mice lacking PKC7. Science 278, 279–283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Malosio, M.-L., Marqueze-Pouey, B., Kuhse, J., and Betz, H. 1991. Widespread expression of glycine receptor subunit mRNAs in the adult and developing rat brain. EMBO 10, 2401–2409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manaker, S., Winokur, A., Rhodes, C. H., and Rainbow, T. C. 1985a. Autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors in human spinal cord. Neurology 35, 328–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manaker, S., Shulman, L. H., Winokur, A., and Rainbow, T. C. 1985b. Autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord. Neurology 35, 1650–1653.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manaker, S., Winokur, A., Rostene, W. H., and Rainbow, T. C. 1985c. Autoradiographic localization of thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptors in the rat central nervous system. J. Neurosci. 5, 167–174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manaker, S., Caine, S. B., and Winokur, A. 1988. Alterations in receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone, serotonin, and acetylcholine in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology 38, 1464–1474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manfredi, M., Bini, G., Cruccu, G., Accornero, N., Berardelli, A., and Medolago, L. 1981. Congenital absence of pain. Arch. Neurol. 38, 507–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, M. D., Kasprzak, H., Hiltz, F. L., and Tapper, D. N. 1972. Activity in single cutaneous afferents: Spinal pathways and cortical evoked potentials. Brain Res. 39, 61–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannen, H. 1975. Reconstruction of axonal trajectory of individual neurons in the spinal cord using Golgi-stained serial sections. J. Comp. Neurol. 159, 357–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannen, H. and Sugiura, Y. 1976. Reconstruction of neurons of dorsal horn proper using Golgi-stained serial sections. J. Comp. Neurol. 168, 303–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannion, R. J., Doubell, T. P., Gill, H., and Woolf, C. J. 1998. Deafferentation is insufficient to induce sprouting of A-fibre central terminals in the rat dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 393, 135–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mannion, R. J., Costigan, M., Decosterd, I., Amaya, F., Ma, O. P., Holstege, J. C, Ji, R. R., Acheson, A., Lindsay, R. M., Wilkinson, G. A., and Woolf, C. J. 1999. Neurotrophins: Peripheral and centrally acting modulators of tactile stimulus-induced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 9385–9390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mano, I. and Driscoll, M. 1999. DEG/ENaC channels: A touchy superfamily that watches its salt. Bioessays 21, 568–578.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manocha, S. L. 1973. Experimental protein malnutrition in primates histochemical studies on the dorsal root ganglion cells of healthy and malnourished squirrel monkeys, Saimiri sciureus. Acta Histochem. 47, 220–232.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, A., Khachaturian, H., Lewis, M. E., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J. 1988. Anatomy of CNS opioid receptors. TINS 11, 308–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, A., Fox, C. A., Thompson, R. C, Akil, H., and Watson, S. J. 1994a. μ-Opioid receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: Comparison to μ-receptor binding. Brain Res. 643, 245–265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, A., Fox, C. A., Burke, S., and Watson, S. J. 1994b. Immunohistochemical localization of the kappal opioid receptors. Regul. Pept. 54, 181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, A., Fox, C. A., Watson, A., and Watson, S. J. 1995a. Opioid-receptor mRNA expression in the rat CNS: Anatomical and functional implications. TINS 18, 22–29.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour, A., Fox, C. A., Burke, S., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J. 1995b. Immunohistochemical localization of the cloned mu opioid receptor in the rat CNS. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 8, 283–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, C. R., Gates, T., Zimmerman, R. P., Kruger, L., Maggio, J. E., Vigna, S. R., Basbaum, A. I., Levine, J., and Mantyh, P. W. 1988. Alterations n the density of receptor binding sites for sensory neuropeptides in the spinal cord of arthritic rats. In J. M. Besson and G. Guilbaud (eds.), The Arthritic Rat as a Model of Clinical Pain? (pp. 139–152). Elsevier, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W. and Hunt, S. P. 1985a. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors. J. Neurosci. 5, 551–561.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W. and Hunt, S. P. 1985b. The autoradiographic localization of substance P receptors in the rat and bovine spinal cord and cat trigeminal nucleus pars caudalis and the effects of neonatal capsaicin. Brain Res. 1985, 315–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W, Hunt, S. P., and Maggio, J. E. 1984a. Substance P receptors: Localization by light-microscopic autoradiography in rat brain using [3H]SP as the radioliogand. Brain Res. 309, 147–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W, Pinnock, R. D., Downes, C. P, Goedert, M., and Hunt, S. P. 1984b. Correlation between inositol phospholipid hydrolysis and substance P receptors in rat CNS. Nature 309, 795–797.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W., Catton, M. D., Boehmer, C. G., Welton, M. L., Passaro, E. P., Jr., Maggio, J. E., and Vigna, S. R. 1989a. Receptors for sensory neuropeptides in human inflammatory diseases: Implications for the effector role of sensory neurons. Peptides 10, 627–645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W., Gates, T., Mantyh, C. R., and Maggio, J. E. 1989b. Autoradiographic localization and characterization of tachykinin receptor binding sites in the rat brain and peripheral tissues. J. Neurosci. 9, 259–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W., Allen, C. J., Rogers, S., DeMaster, E., Ghilardi, J. R., Mosconi, T., Kruger, L., Mannon, P. J., Taylor, I. L., and Vigna, S. R. 1994. Some sensory neurons express neuropeptide Y receptors: Potential paracrine inhibition of primary afferent nociceptors following peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurosci. 14, 3958–3968.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W, DeMaster, E., Malhotra, A., Ghilardi, J. R., Rogers, S. D., Mantyh, C. R., Liu, H., Basbaum, A., Vigna, S. R., Maggio, J. E., and Simone, D. A. 1995. Receptor endocytosis and dendrite reshaping in spinal neurons after somatosensory stimulation. Science 268, 1629–1632.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantyh, P. W, Rogers, S. D., Honore, P., Allen, B. J., Ghilardi, J. R., Li, J., Daughters, R. S., Lappi, D. A., Wiley, R. G., and Simone, D. A. 1997. Inhibition of hyperalgesia by ablation of lamina I spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 278, 275–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Price, D. D., Mayer, D. J., Lu, J., and Hayes, R. L. 1992a. Intrathecal MK-801 and local nerve anesthesia synergistically reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 576, 254–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Price, D. D., Hayes, R. L., Lu, J., and Mayer, D. J. 1992b. Differential roles of NMDA and non-NMDA receptor activation in induction and maintenance of thermal hyperalgesia in rats with painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 598, 271–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Price, D. D., Coghill, R. C, Mayer, D. J., and Hayes, R. L. 1992c. Spatial patterns of spinal cord [14C]-2-deoxyglucose metabolic activity in a rodent model of painful peripheral mononeuropathy. Pain 50, 89–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Hayes, R. L., Price, D. D., Coghill, R. C, Lu, J., and Mayer, D. J. 1992d. Post-injury treament with GM1 gangliocide reduces nociceptive behaviors and spinal cord metabolic activity in rats with experimental peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 584, 18–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Price, D. D., Hayes, R. L., Lu, J., and Mayer, D. J. 1992e. Intrathecal GM1 ganglioside and local nerve anesthesia reduce nociceptive behaviors in rats with experimental peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 584, 28–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Mayer, D. J., Hayes, R. L., and Price, D. D. 1993. Spatial patterns of increased spinal cord membranebound protein kinase C and their relation to increases in 14C-2-deoxyglucose metabolic activity in rats with painful peripheral mononeuropathy. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 470–481.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mao, J., Price, D. D., Zhu, J., Lu, J., and Mayer, D. J. 1997. The inhibition of nitric oxide-activated poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase attenuates transsynaptic alteration of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons and neuropathic pain in the rat. Pain 72, 355–366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mapp, P. I., Kidd, B. L., Gibson, S. J., Terry, J. M., Revell, P. A., Ibrahim, N. B., Blake, D. R., and Polak, J. M. 1990. Substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-and C-flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibres are present in normal synovium but depleted in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Neuro science 37, 143–153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mapp, P. L, Terenghi, G., Walsh, D. A., Chen, S. T., Cruwys, S. C, Garrett, N., Kidd, B. L., Polak, J. M., and Blake, D. R. 1993. Monoarthritis in the rat knee induces bilateral and time-dependent changes in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the spinal cord. Neuroscience 57, 1091–1096.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, J. E., Cepeda, M. S., Carr, D. B., Wurm, W. H., and Kream, R. M. 1999. Alterations in neuropeptide Y, tyrosine hydroxylase, and Y-receptor subtype distribution following spinal nerve injury to rats. Pain 79, 187–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, R. and Barbeau, H. 1982. Vertically oriented alternating acetylcholinesterase rich and poor territories in laminae VI, VII, VIII of the lumbosacral cord of the rat. Neuroscience 7, 1197–1202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchettini, P., Simone, D. A., Caputi, G., and Ochoa, J. L. 1996. Pain from excitation of identified muscle nociceptors in humans. Brain Res. 740, 109–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mardy, S., Miura, Y, Endo, F., Matsuda, I., Sztriha, L., Frossard, P., Moosa, A., Ismail, E. A., Macaya, A., Andria, G., Toscano, E., Gibson, W., Graham, G. E., and Indo, Y 1999. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhirdosis: Novel mutations in the TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding a high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 64, 1570–1579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marinozzi, G., Ferrante, F., Gaudio, E., Ricci, A., and Amenta, F. 1991. Intrinsic innervation of the rat knee joint articular capsule and ligaments. Acta Anat. (Basel). 141, 8–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mark, E. K., Hauge, D. H., Standage, G. P., and Doetsch, G. S. 1990. Immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase and several neuropeptides in the spinal cord of the raccoon. Brain Res. Bulletin 25, 787–790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marksteiner, J., Kirchmair, R., Mahata, S. K., Mahata, M., Fischer-Colbrie, R., Hogue-Angeletti, R., Saria, A., and Winkler, H. 1993. Distribution of secretoneurin, a peptide derived from secretogranin II, in rat brain: An immunocytochemical and radioimmunological study. Neuroscience 54, 923–944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marksteiner, J., Saria, A., and Hinterhuber, H. 1994a. Distribution of secretoneurin-like immunoreactivity in comparison with that of substance P in the human brain stem. J Chem. Neuroanat. 7, 253–270.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marksteiner, J., Mahata, S. K., Pycha, R., Mahata, M., Saria, A., Fischer-Colbrie, R., and Winkler, H. 1994b. Distribution of secretoneurin immunoreactivity in the spinal cord and lower brainstem in comparison with that of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide}. J. Comp. Neurol. 340, 243–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. and Pomeranz, B. 1987. Saphenous has weak ineffective synapses in sciatic territory of rat spinal cord: Electrical stimulation of the saphenous or application of drugs reveal these somatotopically inappropriate synapses. Brain Res. 416, 315–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., Pomeranz, B., and Krushelnycky, D. 1984. Spread of saphenous projection map in spinal cord and hypersensitivity of the foot after chronic sciatic nerve denervation in adult rat. Brain Res. 296, 27–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marley, P. D., Nagy, J. I., Emson, P. C., and Rehfeld, J. F. 1982. Cholecystokinin in the rat spinal cord: Distribution and lack of effect of neonatal capsaicin treatment and rhizotomy. Brain Res. 238, 494–498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier, L., Rajaofetra, N., Poulat, P., and Privat, A. 1990. Modification of serotonergic innervation of the rat spinal cord dorsal horn after neonatal capsaicin treatment. J. Neurosci. Res. 25, 112–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier, L., Sandillon, F., Poulat, P., Rajaofetra, N., Geffard, M., and Privat, A. 1991a. Serotonergic innervation of the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord: Light-and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical study}. J. Neurocytol. 20, 310–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier, L., Poulat, P., Rajaofetra, N., and Privat, A. 1991b. Modifications of serotonin-, substance P-and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivities in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of arthritic rats: A quantitative immunocytochemical study. Exp. Brain Res. 85, 482–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier, L., Teilhac, J.-R., Cerruti, C, and Privat, A. 1991c. Autoradiographic mapping of 5-HT1, 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B and 5-HT2 receptors in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 550, 15–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier, L., Poulat, P., Rajaofetra, N., Sandillon, F, and Privat, A. 1992. Plasticity of the serotonergic innervation of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord following neonatal capsaicin treatment. J. Neurosci. Res. 31, 346–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marlier, L. N. J. L., Csikós, T., Rebaudengo, N., Borboni, P., Patacchioli, F. R., Angelucci, L., Privat, A., and Lauro, R. 1995. Distribution of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the rat spinal cord. NeuroReport 6, 2245–2249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsala, J., Vanicky, I., Marsala, M., Jalc, P., Orendacova, J., and Taira, Y 1998. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase in the spinal cord of dogs. Neuroscience 85, 847–862.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, G. E., Shehab, S. A., Spike, R. C, and Todd, A. J. 1996. Neurokinin-1 receptors on lumbar spinothalamic neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 72, 255–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marti, E., Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., Facer, P., Springall, D. R., Van Aswegen, G., Aitchison, M., and Koltzenburg, M. 1987. Ontogeny of peptide-and amine-containing neurones in motor, sensory, and autonomic regions of rat and human spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and rat skin. J. Comp. Neurol. 266, 332–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G. R. and Humphrey, P. P. 1994. Receptors for 5-hydroxytryptamine: Current perspectives on classification and nomenclature. Neuropharmacology 33, 261–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. A. 1990. Leukotriene B4 induced decrease in mechanical and thermal thresholds of C-fiber mechanoreceptors in rat hairy skin. Brain Res. 509, 273–279.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. A. and Murphy, P. R. 1995. Interleukin-2 activates a sub-population of cutaneous C-fibre poly modal nociceptors in the rat hairy skin. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 103, 136–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. A., Basbaum, A. I., Kwiat, G. C, Goetzl E. J., and Levine, J. D. 1987. Leukotriene and prostaglandin sensitization of cutaneous high-threshold C-and A-delta mechanoreceptors in the hairy skin of rat hindlimbs. Neuroscience 22, 651–659.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. F. and Manning, J. W. 1969. Rapid thermal cutaneous stimulation: Peripheral nerve responses. Brain Res. 16, 524–526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, H. F. and Manning, J. W. 1972. Response of A-delta-fibers of peripheral nerve to warming of cutaneous fields. Brain Res. 43, 653–656.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. J., Blackstone, C. D., Levey, A. I., Huganir, R. L., and Price, D. L. 1993. AMPA glutamate receptor subunits are differentially distributed in rat brain. Neuroscience 53, 327–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. J., Liu, H., Wang, H., Malberg, A. B., and Basbaum, A. I. 1999. Inflammation-induced up-regulation of protein kinase C2 immunoreactivity in rat spinal cord correlates with enhanced nociceptive processing. Neuroscience 88, 1267–1274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, W. R. 1984. Pharmacology of opioids. Pharmacol. Rev. 35, 283–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Rodriguez, R. and Diaz, G. 1987. Immunocytochemical and histoenzymological studies of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) in the spinal cord of rat. Cell. Mol. Biol. 33, 159–165.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Schild S., Zadina, J. E., Gerall, A. A., Vigh, S., and Kastin, A. J. 1997. Localization of endomorphin-2-like immunoreactivity in the rat medulla and spinal cord. Peptides 18, 1641–1649.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Schild, S., Gerall, A. A., Kastin, A. J., and Zadina, J. E. 1998. Endomorphin-2 is an endogenous opioid in primary sensory afferent fibers. Peptides 19, 1783–1789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin-Schild, S., Gerall, A. A., Kastin, A. J., and Zadina, J. E. 1999. Differential distribution of endomorphin 1-and endomorphin 2-like immunoreactivities in the CNS of the rodent. J. Comp. Neurol. 405, 450–471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marubio, L. M. and Changeux, J. 2000. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor knockout mice as animal models for studying receptor function. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 393, 133–121.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marubio, L. M., Del Mar Arroyo-Jimenez, M., Cordero-Erausquin, M., Lena, C, Le Novere, N., De Kerchove D’Exaerde A., Huchet, M., Damaj, M. I., and Changeux, J. P. 1999. Reduced antinociception in mice lacking neuronal nicotinic receptor subunits. Nature, 398, 805–810.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maruhashi, J., Mizuguchi, K., and Tasaki, I. 1952. Action currents in single afferent nerve fibres elicited by stimulation of the skin of the toad and the cat. J. Physiol. 117, 129–151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marvizon, J. C, Martinez, V., Grady, E. R, Bunnett, N. W., and Mayer, E. A. 1997. Neurokinin 1 receptor internalization in spinal cord slices induced by dorsal root stimulation is mediated by NMDA receptors. J. Neurosci. 17, 8129–8136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marvizon, J. C, Eskandari, S., Ennes, H. S., and Mayer, E. A. 1998. Substance P induces brief, localized increase in [Ca2+]I in dorsal horn neurons. NeuroReport 9, 3369–3374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marvizon, J. C, Grady, E. E, Stefani, E., Bunnett, N. W., and Mayer, E. A. 1999a. Substance P release in the dorsal horn assessed by receptor internalization: NMDA receptors counteract a tonic inhibition by GABAB receptors Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 417–426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marvizon, J. C. G., Grady, E. E, Waszak-McGee, J., and Mayer, E. A. 1999b. Internalization of μ-opioid receptors in rat spinal cord slices. NeuroReport 10, 2329–2334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massari, V. J., Tizabi, Y., Park, C. H., Moody, T. W., Helke, C. J., and O’Donohue, T. L. 1983. Distribution and origin of bombesin, substance P and somatostatin in cat spinal cord. Peptides 4, 673–681.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massari, V. J., Shults, C. W., Park, C. H., Tizabi, Y, Moody, T. W., Cronwall, B. M., Culver, M., and Chase, T. N. 1985. Deafferentation causes a loss of presynaptic bombesin receptors and supersensivity of substance P receptors in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 343, 268–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masuyama, T. and Shimizu, T. 1997. Antinociceptive involvement of substance P in the spinal cord of mice: Dose effects of substance P on the behavior elicited by intrathecally administered NMDA. Brain Res. 759, 241–246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masuyama, T., Shimizu, T., Iwashita, T., Yoshimura, N., and Fukuda, T. 1996. Spinal antinociceptive effect of substance P on the responses induced by intrathecally injected NMDA in mice. Brain Res. 722, 200–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda, L. A., Lolait, S. J., Brownstein, M. J., Young, A. C, and Bonner, T. I. 1990. Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA. Nature, 346, 561–564.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuo, M., Kurokawa, T., Goya, N., and Ohta, M. 1981. Congential insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis in a 2-month-old boy. Neurology 31, 1190–1192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushita, M. 1969. Some aspects of the intemeuronal connections in cat’s spinal grey matter. J. Comp. Neurol. 136, 57–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsushita, M. 1970. The axonal pathways of spinal neurons in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 138, 391–418.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura, H. 1967. Histochemical observation of bovine spinal ganglia. Histochemie 11, 152–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura, H., Mori, M., and Kawakatsu, K. 1969. A histochemical and electron-microscopic study of the trigeminal ganglion of the rat. Arch. Oral Biol. 14, 1135–1146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuura, H., Hirose, I., and Fujita, K. 1970. Electron-microscopic localization of alkaline phosphatase in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat. Histochemie 23, 91–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama, T., Wanaka, A., Yoneda, S., Kimura, K., Kamada, T., Girgis, S., Maclntyre, I., Emson, P. C, and Tohyama, M. 1986. Two distinct calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing peripheral nervous systems: Distribution and quantitative differences between the iris and cerebral artery with special reference to substance P. Brain Res. 373, 205–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthes, H. W. D., Maldonado, R., Simonin, F., Valverde, O., Slowe, S., et al. 1996. Loss of morphine-induced analgesia, reward effect and withdrawal symptoms in mice lacking the μ-opioid-receptor gene. Nature 383, 819–823.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. A., McDonald, G. K., and Hernandez, T. V. 1988. GABA distribution in a pain-modulating zone of trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 5, 205–217.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, M. A., Hernandez, T. V., Hoffmann, K. D., Romanska, A. I., and Liles, S. L. 1989. Synaptic substrates for enkephalinergic and serotoninergic interactions with dental primary afferent terminals in trigeminal subnucleus interpolaris: An immunocytochemical study using peroxidase and colloidal gold. Synapse 4, 175–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P. B. C. 1964. Muscle spindles and their motor control. Physiol. Rev. 44, 219–288.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P. B. C. 1972. Mammalian Muscle Receptors and Their Central Actions. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P. B. C. 1977. Muscle afferents and kinaesthesia. Br. Med. Bull. 33, 137–142.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, P. B. C. 1981. Evolving views on the internal operation and functional role of the muscle spindle. J. Physiol 320, 1–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matzner, O. and Devor, M. 1994. Hyperexcitability at sites of nerve injury depends on voltage-sensitive Na+ channels. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 349–359.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maubert, E., Slama, A., Ciofl, P., Viollet, C, Tramu, G., Dupouy, J. P., and Epelbaum, J. 1994. Developmental patterns of somatostatin-receptors and somatostatin-immunoreactivity during early neurogenesis in the rat. Neuroscience 62, 317–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurin, Y, Buck, S. H., Wamsley, J. K., Burks, T. E, and Yamamura, H. I. 1984. Light microscopic autoradiographic localization of [3H] substance P binding sites in rat thoracic spinal cord. Life Sci. 34, 1713–1716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maves, T. J., Pechman, P. S., Gebhart, G. E, and Meller, S. T. 1993. Possible chemical contribution from chromic gut sutures produces disorders of pain sensation like those seen in man. Pain 54, 57–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mawe, G. M., Bresnahan, J. C., and Beattie, M. S. 1984. Primary afferent projections from dorsal and ventral roots to autonomic preganglionic neurons in the cat sacral spinal cord: Light and electron microscopic observations. Brain Res. 290, 152–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. 1985. Combined light and electron microscopy of Golgi-labelled neurons in lamina III of feline spinal cord. J. Anat. 141, 155–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. and Bannatyne, B. A. 1983. Ultrastructure of muscle spindle afferent terminations in lamina VI of the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 288, 297–301.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. and Jankowska, E. 1996. Synaptic relationships between serotonin-immunoreactive axons and dorsal horn spinocerebellar tract cells in the cat spinal cord. Neuroscience 70, 247–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. and Noble, R. 1987. Relationships between hair-follicle afferent terminations and glutamic acid decarboxylase-containing boutons in the cat’s spinal cord. Brain Res. 408, 308–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. and Rethelyi, M. 1987. Ultrastructure and synaptic connections of cutaneous afferent fibres in the spinal cord. TINS 10, 117–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. and Riddell, J. S. 1999. Axoaxonic synapses on terminals of group II muscle spindle afferent axons in the spinal cord of the cat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 2151–2159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Fyffe, R. E. W., and Brown, A. G. 1982. Fine structure of spinocervical tract neurones and the synaptic boutons in contact with them. Brain Res. 233, 394–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Fyffe, R. E. W., and Rethelyi, M. 1983. Morphological properties of physiologically characterized lamina III neurones in the cat spinal cord. Neuroscience 10, 1–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Bannatyne, B. A., Fyffe, R. E. W., and Brown, A. G. 1984. Fine structure of primary afferent axon terminals projecting from rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors of the toe and foot pads of the cat. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 69, 381–392.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Koerber, H. R., and Bannatyne, B. A. 1985a. Light and electron microscopy of contacts between primary afferent fibres and neurones with axons ascending the dorsal columns of the feline spinal cord. Neuroscience 16, 375–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Leranth, C., and Verhofstad, A. A. 1985b. Synaptic arrangements formed by serotonin-immunoreactive axons in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord. Q. J. Exp. Physiol 70, 377–388.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Christie, W. M., Short, A. D., and Brown, A. G. 1990a. Direct observations of synapses between GABA-immunoreactive boutons and muscle afferent terminals in lamina VI of the cat’s spinal cord. Brain Res. 530, 215–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Christie, W. E., Short, A. D., Storm-Mathisen, J., and Ottersen, O. R 1990b. Central boutons of glomeruli in the spinal cord of the cat are enriched with L-glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Neuroscience 36, 83–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Christie, W. M., Ottersen, O. P., and Storm-Mathisen, J. 1990c. Terminals of group Ia primary afferent fibres in Clarke’s column are enriched with L-glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 510, 346–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Christie, W. M., Short, A. D., and Brown, A. G. 1991. Direct observations of synapses between GABA-immunoreactive boutons and identified spinocervical tract neurons in the cat’s spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 307, 375–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Christie, W. M., Brown, A. G., Ottersen, O. P., and Storm-Mathisen, J. 1993. Identified hair follicle afferent boutons in the spinal cord of the cat are enriched with L-glutamate-like immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 606, 156–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Ottersen, O. P., and Storm-Mathisen, J. 1995a. Synaptic organization of excitatory and inhibitory boutons associated with spinal neurons which project through the dorsal columns of the cat. Brain Res. 676, 103–112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Todd, A. J., and Kerr, R. 1995b. Colocalization of glycine and GABA in synapses on spinomedullary neurons. Brain Res. 690, 127–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., Kerr, R., Jankowska, E., and Riddell, J. S. 1997. Synaptic connections of dorsal horn group II spinal interneurons: Synapses formed with the interneurons and by their axon collaterals. J. Comp. Neurol. 380, 51–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, L., Maxwell, D. J., Neilson, M., and Kerr, R. 1996. A confocal microscopic survey of serotoninergic axons in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: Co-localization with glutamate decarboxylase and neuropeptides. Neuroscience 75, 471–480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, E. A., Naliboff, B., and Munakata, J. 2000. The evolving neurobiology of gut feelings. In E. A. Mayer and C. B. Saper (eds.), The Biological Basis for Mind Body Interactions (Prog. Brain Res. 122, 195–206). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, M. L. and Westbrook, G. L. 1987. The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 28, 197–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, M. L., Westbrook, G. L. and Gurthrie, P. B. 1984. Voltage-dependent block by Mg++ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurons. Nature 309, 261–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayeaux, V. and Valmier, J. 1995. Skeletal muscle contraction modulates carbonic anhydrase phenotype in adult mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons. Brain Res. 694, 191–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayeux, V, Pons, E, Baldy-Moulinier, M., and Valmier, J. 1996. Early postnatal muscle contractile activity regulates the carbonic anhydrase phenotype of proprioceptive neurons in young and mature mice: Evidence for a critical period in development. Neuroscience 71, 787–795.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, C. J., Leonard, R. B., Coulter, J. D., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1977. Central connections of ventral root afferents as demonstrated by the HRP method. J. Comp. Neurol. 172, 601–608.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAdoo, D. J., Xu, G. Y, Robak, G., Hughes, M. G., and Price, E. M. 2000. Evidence that reversed glutamate uptake contributes significantly to glutamate release following experimental injury to the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 865, 283–285.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCall, W. D., Farias, M. C, Williams, W. J., and BeMent, S. L. 1974. Static and dynamic responses of slowly adapting joint receptors. Brain Res. 70, 221–243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarson, K. E. 1999. Central and peripheral expression of neurokinin-1 and neurokinin-3 receptor and substance P-encoding messenger RNAs: Peripheral regulation during formalin-induced inflammation and lack of neurokinin receptor expression in primary afferent sensory neurons. Neuroscience 93, 361–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarson, K. E. and Enna, S. J. 1999. Nociceptive regulation of GABA(B) receptor gene expression in rat spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 38, 1767–1773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarson, K. E. and Goldstein, B. D. 1991. Release of substance P into the superficial dorsal horn following nociceptive activation of the hindpaw of the rat. Brain Res. 568, 109–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarson, K. E. and Krause, J. E. 1994. NK-1 and NK-3 type tachykinin receptor mRNA expression in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn is increased during adjuvant or formalin-induced nociception. J. Neurosci. 14, 712–719.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarson, K. E. and Krause, J. E. 1995. The formalin-induced expression of tachykinin peptide and neurokinin receptor messenger RNAs in rat sensory ganglia and spinal cord is modulated by opiate preadministration. Neuroscience 64, 729–739.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarson, K. E. and Krause, J. E. 1996. The neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist LY306,740 blocks nociceptioninduced increases in dorsal horn neurokinin-1 receptor gene expression. Mol. Pharmacol. 50, 1189–1199.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarter, G. C, Reichling, D. B., and Levine, J. D. 1999. Mechanical transduction by rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 273, 179–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, P. W. and Lawson, S. N. 1990. Cell type and conduction velocity of rat primary sensory neurons with calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity. Neuroscience 34, 623–632.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, P. W. and Lawson, S. N. 1997. Differing action potential shapes in rat dorsal root ganglion neurones related to their substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 388, 541–549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, P. W., Prabhaker, E., and Lawson, S. N. 1995. Evidence to support the peripheral branching of primary afferent C-fibres in the rat: An in vitro intracellular electrophysiological study. Brain Res. 704, 79–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCleskey, E. W. and Gold, M. S. 1999. Ion channels of nociception. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 61, 835–856.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McConalogue, K., Grady, E. E, Minnis, J., Balestra, B., Tonini, M., Brecha, N. C, Bunnett, N. W., and Sternini, C. 1999. Activation and internalization of the mu-opioid receptor by the newly discovered endogenous agonists, endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2. Neuroscience 90, 1051–1059.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDougal Jr., D. B., McDougal, S. H., and Johnson, E. M. 1985. Effect of capsaicin upon fluoride sensitive acid phosphatases in selected ganglia and spinal cord and upon neuronal size and number in dorsal root ganglion. Brain Res. 331, 63–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGeer, P. L., Eccles, J. C, and McGeer, E. G. 1978. Molecular Neurobiology of the Mammalian Brain (pp. 141–142, 171-172). Plenum Press, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, G. P., Gibson, S. J., Sabate, I. M., Blank, M. A., Christofides, N. D., Wall, P. D., Polak, J. M., and Bloom, S. R. 1984. Effect of peripheral nerve section and nerve crush on spinal cord neuropeptides in the rat: Increased VIP and PHI in the dorsal horn. Neuroscience 13, 207–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mclntyre, A. K., Holman, M. E., and Veale, J. L. 1967. Cortical responses to impulses from single Pacinian corpuscles in the cat’s hindlimb. Exp. Brain Res. 4, 243–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mclntyre, A. K., Proske, U., and Tracey, D. J. 1978. Afferent fibres from muscle receptors in the posterior nerve of the cat’s knee joint. Exp. Brain Res. 33, 415–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKemy, D. D., Neuhausser, W. M., and Julius, D. 2002. Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation. Nature 416, 52–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, E. M. and Hu, P. 1998. Axonal sprouts containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P form pericellular baskets around large diameter neurons after sciatic nerve transection in the rat. Neuroscience 84, 961–965.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, E. M. and Janig, W. 1983. The cell bodies of origin of sympathetic and sensory axons in some skin and muscle nerves of the cat hindlimb. J. Comp. Neurol. 214, 115–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLachlan, E. M., Jänig, W., Devor, M., and Michaelis, M. 1993. Peripheral nerve injury triggers noradrenergic sprouting within dorsal root ganglia. Nature 363, 543–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLaughlin, B. J., Barber, R., Saito, K., Roberts, E., and Wu, J. Y. 1975. Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate decarboxylase in rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 164, 305–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLennan, H. 1983. Receptors for the excitatory amino acids in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 20, 251–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLennan, H. and Liu, J. R. 1982. The action of six antagonists of the excitatory amino acids on neurones of the rat spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res. 45, 151–156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLennan, H. and Lodge, D. 1979. The antagonism of amino acid-induced excitation of spinal neurones in the cat. Brain Res. 169, 83–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, A. L., Krause, J. E., Cuello, A. C, and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. 1998. Preferential synaptic relationship between substance P-immunoreactive boutons and neurokinin 1 receptors sites in the rat spinal cord. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 15775–15780.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, A. L., Julien, J. P., Cuello, A. C, Krause, J. E., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. 1999. Ectopic substance P-immunoreactive boutons are preferentially presynaptic to neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactive dendrites in the spinal white matter of transgenic mice. Brain Res. 836, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, A. L., Krause, J. E., and Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. 2000. Immunocytochemical localization of neurokinin B in the rat spinal dorsal horn and its association with substance P and GAB A: An electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 420, 349–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. 1986. The localization of fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) in the pelvic nerves and sacral spinal cord of rats. Neuroscì. Lett. 64, 305–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Gibson, S. 1987. Peptide expression is altered when afferent nerves reinnervate inappropriate tissue. Neurosci. Lett. 73, 9–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Kett-White, R. 1991. Sprouting of peripherally regenerating primary sensory neurones in the adult central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 304, 307–315.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Moore, C. E. G. 1988. Plasticity of primary afferent acid phosphatase expression following rerouting of afferents from muscle to skin in the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 274, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Morrison, J. F. B. 1982. Two groups of spinal interneurones that respond to stimulation of the abdominal viscera of the cat. J. Physiol. 322, 21–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Wall, P. D. 1983. A system of rat spinal cord lamina I cells projecting through the contralateral dorsolateral funiculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 214, 217–223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Wall, P. D. 1984. Receptive fields of rat lamina I projection cells move to incorporate a nearby region of injury. Pain 19, 235–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B. and Wall, P. D. 1987. Physiological evidence for branching of peripheral unmyelinated sensory afferent fibers in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 261, 130–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B., Sykova, E., Wall, P. D., Woolf, C. J., and Gibson, S. J. 1984. Neurogenic extravasation and substance P levels are low in muscle as compared to skin in the rat hindlimb. Neurosci. Lett. 52, 235–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, S. B., Armanini, M. P., Ling, L. H., and Phillips, H. S. 1994. Expression and coexpression of Trk receptors in subpopulations of adult primary sensory neurons projecting to identified peripheral targets. Neuron 12, 1161–1171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L. and Burden, H. W. 1986. Convergence of sensory processes from the heart and left ulnar nerve onto a single afferent perikaryon: A neuroanatomical study in the rat employing fluorescent tracers. Anat. Rec. 214, 441–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L. and Burden, H. W. 1987. Neuropeptides in sensory perikarya projecting to the rat ovary. Am. J. Anat. 179, 269–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L. and Hulsebosch, C. E. 1987. Intraspinal sprouting of rat primary afferents after deafferentation. Neurosci. Lett. 81, 57–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L., Coggeshall, R. E., and Carlton, S. M. 1988a. A light-and electron-microscopic study of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal cord of the rat. Exp. Neurol. 99, 699–708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L., Chung, K., Carlton, S. M., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1988b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunostained axons provide evidence for fine primary afferent fibers in dorsal and dorsolateral funiculi of rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 272, 303–308.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L., Westlund, K. N., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1989. Peptide immunoreactivity of unmyelinated primary afferent axons in rat lumbar dorsal roots. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37, 1047–1052.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L., Papka, R. E., and Harris, C. H. 1992a. CGRP immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase in afferent nerves of the rat penis. Peptides 13, 1239–1246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, D. L., Traugh, N. E., Jr., Vaidya, A. M., Hua, H. T, and Papka, R. E. 1992b. Origin and distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive neurons and fibers innervating the urinary bladder of the rat. Neurosci Lett. 147, 33–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill, M. E. and Norvell, J. E. 1978. Acetylcholinesterase activity of primary sensory neurons and dorsal root fibers in the cat. Anat. Rec. 190, 155–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McRoberts, J. A., Coutinho, S. V., Marvizon, J. C, Grady, E. E, Tognetto, M., Sengupta, J. N., Ennes, H. S., Chaban, V. V., Amadesi, S., Creminon, C, Lanthorn, T., Geppetti, P., Bunnett, N. W, and Mayer, E. A. 2001. Role of peripheral N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in visceral nociception in rats. Gastroenterology 120, 1737–1748.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, G. 1859. Untersuchungen Über den Tastsinn. Z. Rat. Med. 7, 92–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melander, T, Hökfelt, T, and Rokaeus, A. 1986. Distribution of galaninlike immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 248, 475–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meller, S. T. and Gebhart, G. F. 1993. Nitric oxide (NO) and nociceptive processing in the processing in the spinal cord. Pain 52, 127–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meller, S. T, Dykstra, C, and Gebhart, G. F. 1993. Acute mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat is produced by coactivation of ionotropic AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors. NeuroReport 4, 879–882.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meller, S. T, Cummings, C. P., Traub, R. J., and Gebhart, G. F. 1994. The role of nitric oxide in the development and maintenance of the hyperalgesia produced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan in the rat. Neuroscience 60, 367–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meller, S. T., Dykstra, C., and Gebhart, G. F. 1996. Acute mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat can be produced by coactivation of spinal ionotropic AMPA and metabotropic glutamate receptors, activation of phospholipase A2 and generation of cyclooxygenase products. Prog. Brain Res. 110, 177–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melzack, R. 1975. Prolonged relief of pain by brief, intense transcutaneous somatic stimulation. Pain 1, 357–373.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melzack, R. and Wall, P. D. 1962. On the nature of cutaneous sensory mechanisms. Brain 85, 331–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melzack, R. and Wall, P. D. 1965. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. Science 150, 971–979.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ménard, D. P., van Rossum, D., Kar, S., and Quirion, R. 1995a. Alteration of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its receptor binding sites during the development of tolerance to μ and δ opioids. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73, 1089–1095.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menard, D. P., van Rossum, D., Kar, S., Jolicoeur, F. B., Jhamandas, K., and Quirion, R. 1995b. Tolerance to the antinociceptive properties of morphine in the rat spinal cord: Alteration of calcitonin gene-related peptidelike immunostaining and receptor binding sites. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 273, 887–894.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. M. 1966. Physiological properties of unmyelinated fiber projection to the spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 16, 316–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. M. 1970. Positive dorsal root potentials produced by stimulation of small diameter muscle afferents. Brain Res. 18, 375–379.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. 1972. Properties and distribution of peripherally evoked presynaptic hyperpolarization in cat lumbar spinal cord. J. Physiol. 226, 769–792.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. M. 1973. Two negative dorsal root potentials evoke a positive dorsal root potential. Brain Res. 55, 198–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. M. and Wall, P. D. 1964. Presynaptic hyperpolarization: A role for fine afferent fibres. J. Physiol. 172, 274–294.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. and Wall, P. D. 1965. Responses of single dorsal cord cells to peripheral cutaneous unmyelinated fibres. Nature 206, 97–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendell, L. M., Sassoon, E. M., and Wall, P. D. 1978. Properties of synaptic linkage from long-ranging afferents onto dorsal horn neurones in normal and deafferented cats. J. Physiol. 285, 299–310.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, B., Albers, K. M., Goodness, T. P., and Davis, B. M. 1996. Overexpression of nerve growth factor in epidermis of transgenic mice preserves excess sensory neurons but does not alter the somatotopic organization of cutaneous nerve projections. Neurosci. Lett. 211, 68–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menétrey D., Giesler, G. J., and Besson, J. M. 1977. An analysis of response profiles of spinal cord dorsal horn neurones to nonnoxious and noxious stimulion in the spinal rat. Exp. Brain Res. 27, 15–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menétrey, D., Gannon, J. D., Levine, J. D., and Basbaum, A. I. 1989. Expression of c-fos protein in interneurons and projection neurons of the rat spinal cord in response to noxious somatic, articular, and visceral stimulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 285, 177–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menétrey, D., de Pommery, J., Baimbridge, K. G., and Thomasset, M. 1992. Calbindin-D28K (CaBP28k)-like immunoreactivity in ascending projections. Eur. J. Neurosci 4, 61–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. 1977a. Muscular nociceptors. J. Physiol. (Paris) 73, 233–240.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. 1977b. Nervous outflow from skeletal muscle following chemical noxious stimulation. J. Physiol. 267, 75–88.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. 1981. Sensitization of group IV muscle receptors to bradykinin by 5-hydroxytryptamine and prostaglandin E2. Brain Res. 225, 95–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. 1996. Group III and IV receptors in skeletal muscle: Are they specific or polymodal? In T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger, and K. Mizumura (eds.), The Polymodal Receptor-A Gateway to Pathological Pain (Prog. Brain Res. 113, 83–100). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. and Craig, J. R. 1988. Spinal and supraspinal terminations of primary afferent fibers from the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in the cat. Neuroscience 26, 1023–1055.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. and Meyer, H. 1985. Different types of slowly conducting afferent units in cat skeletal muscle and tendon. J. Physiol. 363, 403–417.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. and Meyer, H. 1988. Bradykinin-induced modulation of the response behaviour of different types of feline group III and IV muscle receptors. J. Physiol. 398, 49–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. and Prabhakar, N. R. 1986. Spinal termination of nociceptive afferent fibres from deep tissues in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 66, 169–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. and Schmidt, R. F. 1974. Activation of group IV afferent units from muscle by algesic agents. Brain Res. 72, 305–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S. and Stahnke, M. 1983. Responses in muscle afferent fibres of slow conduction velocity to contractions and ischaemia in the cat. J. Physiol. 342, 383–397.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mense, S., Light, A. R., and Perl, R. 1980. Spinal terminations of subcutaneous high threshold mechanoreceptors, In A. G. Brown and M. Rethelyi (eds.), Spinal Cord Sensation. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merchenthaler, I. 1984. Corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Extrahypothalamic distribution. Peptides 5, suppl. 53–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merchenthaler, I., Hynes, M. A., Vigh, S., Shally, A. V., and Petrusz, P. 1983. Immunocytochemical localization of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 275, 373–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merighi, A., Polak, J. M, Gibson, S. J., Gulbenkian, S., Valentino, K. L., and Peirone, S. M. 1988. Ultrastructural studies on calcitonin gene-related peptide-, tachykinins-and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurones in rat dorsal root ganglia: Evidence for the colocalization of different peptides in single secretory granules. Cell Tiss. Res. 254, 101–109.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merighi, A., Polak, J. M., Fumagalli, G., and Theodosis, D. T. 1989. Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptides and GABA in rat dorsal horn: A comparison of different immunogold labeling techniques. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37, 529–540.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merighi, A., Kar, S., Gibson, S. J., Ghidella, S., Gobetto, A., Peirone, S. M., and Polak, J. M. 1990. The immunocytochemical distribution of seven peptides in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of horse and pig. Anat. Embryol. 181, 271–280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merighi, A., Polak, J. M., and Theodosis, D. T. 1991. Ultrastructural visualization of glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivities in the rat dorsal horn, with special reference to the co-localization of glutamate, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Neuroscience 40, 67–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merighi, A., Cruz, F., and Coimbra, A. 1992. Immunocytochemical staining of neuropeptides in terminal arborization of primary afferent fibers anterogradely labeled and identified at light-and electron-microscopic levels. J. Neurosci. Meth. 42, 105–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merkel, F. 1875. Tastzellen und Tastkoerperchen bei den Hausthieren und beim Menschen. Arch. Mikroskop. Anat. 11, 636–652.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merrill, E. G. and Wall, P. D. 1972. Factors forming the edge of a receptive field: The presence of relatively ineffective afferent terminals. J. Physiol 226, 825–846.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merskey, H. and Bogduk, N. (eds.) 1994. Classification of Chronic Pain: Descriptions of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms. (2nd ed.) IASP Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merzenich, M. M. and Harrington, T. 1969. The sense of flutter-vibration evoked by stimulation of the hairy skin of primates: Comparison of human sensory capacity with the responses of mechanoreceptive afferents innervating the hairy skin of monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 9, 236–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messersmith, D. J., Kim, D. J., and Iadarola, M. J. 1998. Transcription factor regulation of prodynorphin gene expression following rat hindpaw inflammation. Mol. Brain Res. 53, 239–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Messlinger, K., Schepelmann, K., Pawlak, M., and Schmidt, R. F. 1993. Bradykinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists do not change the ongoing activity of slowly conducting articular afferents in the inflamed knee joint of the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 164, 21–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Messlinger, K., Pawlak, M., Schepelmann, K., and Schmidt, R. F. 1994. Responsiveness of slowly conducting articular afferents to bradykinin: Effects of an experimental arthritis. Pain 59, 335–343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meunier, J. C, Mollereau, C, Toll, L., Suaudeau, C, Moisand, C, Alvinerie, P., Butour, J. L., Guillemot, J. C, Ferrara, P., Monsarrat, B., Mazarguil, H., Vassart, G., Parmentier, M., Costentin, J. 1995. Isolation and structure of the endogenous agonist of opioid receptor-like ORL1 receptor. Nature 377, 532–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R. A. and Campbell, J. N. 1981. Myelinated nociceptive afferents account for the hyperalgesia that follows a burn to the hand. Science 213, 1527–1529.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R. A., Campbell, J. N., and Raja, S. N. 1988. Antidromic nerve stimulation in monkey does not sensitize unmyelinated nociceptors to heat. Brain Res. 441, 168–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R. A., Davis, K. D., Cohen, R. H., Treede, R. D., and Campbell, J. N. 1991. Mechanically insensitive afferents (MIAs) in cutaneous nerves of monkey. Brain Res. 561, 252–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D. E. R. and Snow, P. J. 1984. Somatotopically inappropriate projections of single hair follicle afferent fibres to the cat spinal cord. J. Physiol. 347, 59–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D. E. R. and Snow, P. J. 1986. Distribution of activity in the spinal terminations of single hair follicle afferent fibers to somatotopically identified regions of the cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 1022–1038.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyers, D. E. R., Wilson, P., and Snow, P. J. 1984. Distribution of the central terminals of cutaneous primary afferents innervating a small skin patch: The existence of somatotopically inappropriate projections. Neurosci. Lett. 44, 179–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mezey, E., Toth, Z. E., Cortright, D. N., Arzubi, M. K., Krause, J. E., Elde, R., Guo, A., Blumberg, P. M., and Szallasi, A. 2000. Distribution of mRNA for vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), and VR1-like immunoreactivity, in the central nervous system of the rat and human. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3655–3660.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micevych, P. E., Stroink, A., Yaksh, T., and Go, V. L. W. 1986. Immunochemical studies of substance P and cholecystokinin octapeptide recovery in dorsal horn following unilateral lumbosacral ganglionectomy. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 3, 239–260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, G. J. and Priestley, J. V. 1999. Differential expression of the mRNA for the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 in cells of the adult rat dorsal root and nodose ganglia and its downregulation by axotomy. J. Neurosci. 19, 1844–1854.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, G. J., Averill, S., Nitkuna, A., Rattray, M., Bennett, D. L. H., Yan, Q., and Priestley, J. V. 1997a. Nerve growth factor treatment increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor selectively in TrkA-expressing dorsal root ganglion cells and in their central terminations within the spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 17, 8476–8490.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, G. J., Kaya, E., Averill, S., Rattray, M., Clary, D. O., and Priestley, J. V. 1997b. TrkA immunoreactivity neurons in the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 385, 441–455.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michael, G. J., Averill, S., Shortland, P. J., Yan, Q., and Priestley, J. V. 1999. Axotomy results in major changes in BDNF expression by dorsal root ganglion cells: BDNF expression in large trkB and trkC cells, in pericellular baskets, and in projections to deep dorsal horn and dorsal column nuclei. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 3539–3551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis, M., Devor, M., and Jänig, W. 1996a. Sympathetic modulation of activity in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons changes over time following peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 753–763.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michaelis, M., Häbler, H. J., and Jä nig, W. 1996b. Silent afferents: A separate class of primary afferents? Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 23, 99–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Migita, K., Loewy, A. D., Ramabhadran, T. V., Krause, J. E., and Waters, S. M. 2001. Immunohistochemical localization of the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor in rat central nervous system. Brain Res. 889, 23–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mihaly, A., Priestley, J. V., and Molnar, E. 1996. Expression of raf serine/threonine protein kinases in the cell bodies of primary sensory neurons of the adult rat. Cell Tissue Res. 285, 261–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miki, K., Fukuoka, T., Tokunaga, A., and Noguchi, K. 1998a. Calcitonin gene-related peptide increase in the rat spinal dorsal horn and dorsal column nucleus following peripheral nerve injury: Up-regulation in a subpopulation of primary afferent sensory neurons. Neuroscience 82, 1243–1252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miki, K., Iwata, K., Tsuboi, R., Fukuoka, T., Tachibana, T., Tokunaga, A., and Noguchi, K. 1998b. Responses of dorsal column nuclei neurons in rats with experimental mononeuropathy. Pain 76, 407–415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miki, K., Iwata, K., Tsuboi, Y, Morimoto, T, Kondo, E., Dai, Y, Ren, K., and Noguchi, K. 2000. Dorsal column-thalamic pathway is involved in thalamic hyperexcitability following peripheral nerve injury: A lesion study in rats with experimental mononeuropathy. Pain 85, 263–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miletic, V. and Randic, M. 1979. Neurotensin excites cat spinal neurones located in laminae I-III. Brain Res. 169, 600–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miletic, V. and Randic, M. 1982. Neonatal rat spinal cord slice preparation: Postsynaptic effects of neuropeptides on dorsal horn neurons. Dev. Brain Res. 2, 432–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miletic, V. and Tan, H. 1988. Iontophoretic application of calcitonin gene-related peptide produces a slow and prolonged excitation of neurons in the cat lumbar dorsal horn. Brain Res. 446, 169–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miletic, V., Hoffert, M. J., Ruda, M. A., Dubner, R., and Shigenaga, Y 1984. Serotoninergic axonal contacts on identified cat spinal dorsal horn neurons and their correlation with nucleus raphe magnus stimulation. J. Comp. Neurol. 228, 129–141.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miletic, V., Bowen, K. K., and Miletic, G. 2000. Loose ligation of the rat sciatic nerve is accompanied by changes in the subcellular content of protein kinase C beta II and gamma in the spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett. 288, 199–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J. 2002. Descending control of pain. Prog. Neurobiol. 66, 355–474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J., Tsand, Y F, Przewlocki, R., Hollt, V., and Herz, A. 1981. The influence of foot-shock stress upon brain, pituitary and spinal cord pools of immunoreactive dynorphin in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 24, 75–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J., Millan, M. H., Czlonkowski, A., and Herz, A. 1984. Vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat spinal cord: Distribution and origins in comparison to [met]enkephalin, dynorphin and related opioids and their irresponsiveness to stimuli modulating neurohypophyseal secretion. Neuroscience 13, 178–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J., Millan, M. H., Pilcher, C. W., Czlonkowski, A., Herz, A., and Colpaert, F. C. 1985. Spinal cord dynorphin may modulate nociception via a kappa-opioid receptor in chronic arthritic rats. Brain Res. 340, 156–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J., Millan, M. H., Czlonkowski, A., Hollt, V., Pilcher, W. T, Herz, A., and Colpaert, F C. 1986. A model of chronic pain in the rat: Response of multiple opioid systems to adjuvant-induced arthritis. J. Neurosci. 6, 899–906.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J., Czlonkowski, A., Pilcher, C. W., Almeida, O. F, Millan, M. H., Colpaert, F C, and Herz, A. 1987. A model of chronic pain in the rat: Functional correlates of alterations in the activity of opioid systems. J Neurosci. 7, 77–87.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millan, M. J., Czlonkowski, A., Morris, B., Stein, C., Arendt, R., Huber, A., Höllt, V., and Herz, A. 1988. Inflammation of the hind limb as a model of unilateral localized pain: Influence on multiple opioid systems in the spinal cord of the rat. Pain 35, 299–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, J. 1973. Joint afferent fibres responding to muscle stretch, vibration and contraction. Brain Res. 63, 380–383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, J. 1975. Flexion-extension sensitivity of elbow joint afferents in cat. Exp. Brain Res. 24, 209–214.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, J. and Armstrong-James, M. 1982. The responses of neurones of the superficial dorsal horn to iontophoretically applied glutamate ion. Brain Res. 231, 267–277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, J. and Pelling, C. W. 2001. Improved methods for construction of carbon fibre electrodes for extracellular spike recording. J. Neurosci. Meth. 110, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millard, C. L. and Woolf, C. J. 1988. Sensory innervation of the hairs of the rat hindlimb: A light microscopic analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 277, 183–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. A. and Woolf, C. J. 1996. Glutamate-mediated slow synaptic currents in neonatal rat deep dorsal horn neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 1465–1476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E. and Salvatierra, A. T. 1998. Apposition of enkephalin-and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons by serotonin-immunoreactive varicosities in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 85, 837–846.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E. and Seybold, V. S. 1987. Comparison of met-Enkephalin-, dynorphin A-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the cat and rat spinal cords: I. Lumbar cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 255, 293–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E. and Seybold, V. S. 1989. Comparison of met-enkephalin, dynorphin A, and neurotensin immunore-active neurons in the cat and rat spinal cords: II. Segmental differences in the marginal zone. J. Comp. Neurol. 279, 619–628.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E., Clements, J. R., Larson, A. A., and Beitz, A. J. 1988. Organization of glutamate-like immuno-reactivity in the rat superficial dorsal horn: Light-and electron-microscopic observations. Synapse 2, 28–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K. E., Douglas, V. D., and Kaneko, T. 1993. Glutaminase immunoreactive neurons in the rat dorsal root ganglion contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Neurosci. Lett. 160, 113–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millhorn, D. E., Hökfelt T., Seroogy, K., Ortel, W., Verhofstad, A. A. T., and Wu, J. 1987a. Immunohistochemical evidence for colocalization of gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin in neurons of the ventral medulla oblongata projecting to the spinal cord}. Brain Res. 410, 179–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Millhorn, D. E., Seroogy, K., Hökfelt, T., Schmued, L. C, Terenius, L., Buchan, A., and Brown, J. C. 1987b. Neurons of the ventral medulla oblongata that contain both somatostatin and enkephalin immunoreactivities project to the nucleus tractus solitarii and spinal cord. Brain Res. 424, 99–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, A. and Martin, G. R. 1995. Autoradiographic mapping of [3H] sumatriptan binding in cat brain stem and spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 280, 175–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. D., Fullwood, S. D., and Husebosch, C. E. 2001a. Changes in metabotropic glutamate receptor expression following spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 170, 244–257.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. D., Xu, G. Y., McAdoo, D. J., and Hulsebosch, C. E. 2001b. Involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors in excitatory amino acid and GABA release following spinal cord injury in rat. J. Neurochem. 79, 835–848.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. D., Johnson, K. M., and Hulsebosch, C. 2002. Role of group II and group III metabotropic glutamate receptors in spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 173, 153–167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, R. J., Foreman, R. D., and Willis, W. D. 1982. Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons located in the sacral intermediomedial gray (Stilling’s nucleus) to proprioceptive input from the tail. Brain Res. 234, 227–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minami, M. and Satoh, M. 1995. Molecular biology of the opioid receptors: Structures, functions and distributions. Neurosci Res. 23, 121–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minami, M., Kuraishi, Y., Kawamura, M., Yamaguchi, T., Masu, Y, Nakanishi, S., and Satoh, M. 1989. Enhancement of preprotachykinin A gene expression by adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat spinal cord: possible involvement of substance P-containing spinal neurons in nociception. Neurosci. Lett. 98, 105–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minami, M., Maekawa, K., Yabuuchi, K., and Satoh, M. 1995. Double in situ hybridization study on coexistence of μ-, and k-opioid receptor mRNAs with preprotachykinin A mRNA in the rat dorsal root ganglia. Mol. Brain Res. 30, 203–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minami, T., Okuda-Ashitaka, E., Mori, H., Sakimura, K., Watanabe, M., Mishina, M., and Ito, S. 2000. Characterization of nociceptin/orphanin FQ-induced pain responses in conscious mice: Neonatal capsaicin treatment and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor GluRepsilon subunit knockout mice. Neuroscience 97, 133–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minson, J. B., Llewellyn-Smith, I. J., and Arnolda, L. F. 2001. Neuropeptide Y mRNA expression in interneurons in rat spinal cord. Auton. Neurosci. 93, 14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miquel, M. C., Emerit, M. B., Nosjean, A., Simon, A., Rumajogee, P., Brisorgueil, M. J., Doucet, E., Hamon, M., and Verge, D. 2002. Differential subcellular localization of the 5-HT3-As receptor subunit in the rat central nervous system. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 449–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miranda, C, Di Virgilio, M., Selleri, S., Zanotti, G., Pagliardini, S., Pierotti, M. A., and Greco, A. 2001. Novel pathogenic mechanisms of congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis genetic disorder unveiled by functional analysis of neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase type 1/nerve growth factor receptor mutations. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 6455–6462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirnics, K. and Koerber, H. R. 1997. Properties of individual embryonic primary afferents and their spinal projections in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 1590–1600.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, D. and Hellon, R. F. 1977. Neuronal and behavioural responses in rats during noxious stimulation of the tail. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B. 197, 169–194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, G. S., Bach, K. B., Martin, P. A., Foley, K. T., Olson, E. B., Brownfield, M. S., Miletic, V., Behan, M., McGuirk, S., and Sloan, H. E. 2000. Increased spinal monoamine concentrations after chronic thoracic dorsal rhizotomy in goats. J. Appl. Physiol. 89, 1266–1274.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, J. J. and Anderson, K. J. 1991. Quantitative autoradiographic analysis of excitatory amino acid receptors in the cat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 124, 269–272.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K., Spike, R. C., and Todd, A. J. 1993. An immunocytochemical study of glycine receptors and GABA in laminae I-III of rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 13, 2371–2381.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. W. 1872. Injuries of Nerves and Their Consequences. J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miura, Y., Mardy, S., Awaya, Y, Nihei, K., Endo, F, Matsuda, I., and Indo, Y 2000a. Mutation and polymorphism analysis of the TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding a high-affinity receptor for nerve growth factor in congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) families. Hum. Genet. 106, 116–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miura, Y, Hiura, M., Torigoe, K., Numata, O., Kuwahara, A., Matsunaga, M., Hasegawa, S., Boku, N., Ino, H., Mardy, S., Endo, F, Matsuda, I., and Indo, Y 2000b. Complete paternal uniparental isodisomy for chromosome 1 revealed by mutation analysis of the TRKA (NTRK1) gene encoding a receptor tyrosine kinase for nerve growth factor in a patient with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Hum. Germnet. 107, 205–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukawa, K., Otsuka, N., McGreer, P. L., Vincent, S. R., and McGeer, E. G. 1988a. The ultrastructure of somatostatin-immunoreactive cell bodies, nerve fibers and terminals in the dorsal horn of rat spinal cord. Arch. Histol. Cytol. 51, 443–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukawa, K., Otsuka, N., Haba, K., and Ogawa, N. 1988b. Distribution of muscarinic cholinergic (mACh) receptors in the rat spinal cord: In vitro quantitative autoradiographic investigation. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 65, 255–265.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukawa, K., Vincent, S. R., McGeer, P., and McGeer, E. 1989. Distribution of reduced-nicotinamide-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase-positive cells and fibers in the cat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 279, 281–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mizumura, K., Koda, H., and Kumazawa, T. 1997. Evidence that protein kinase C activation is involved in the excitatory and facilitatory effects of bradykinin on canine visceral nociceptors in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 237, 29–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mjellem-Joly, N., Lund, A., Berge, O. G., and Hole, K. 1991. Potentiation of a behavioral response in mice by spinal coadministration of substance P and excitatory amino acid agonists. Neurosci. Lett. 133, 1, 21–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller, I., Chai, S. Y, Oldfield, B. J., McKinley, M. J., Casley, D., and Mendelsohn, F. A. O. 1995. Localization of angiotensin IV binding sites to motor and sensory neurons in the sheep spinal cord and hindbrain. Brain Res. 701, 301–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mogil, J. S., Yu, L., and Basbaum, A. I. 2000. Pain genes?: Natural variation and transgenic mutants. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 777–811.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mokha, S. S., McMillan, J. A., and Iggo, A. 1983. Dorsal root potentials in the cat: effects of bicuculline. Brain Res. 259, 313–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molander, C. and Grant, G. 1985. Cutaneous projections from the rat hindlimb foot to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord studied by transganglionic transport of WGA-HRP conjugate. J. Comp. Neurol. 237, 476–484.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molander, C. and Grant, G. 1986. Laminar distribution and somatotopic organization of primary afferent fibers from hindlimb nerves in the dorsal horn: A study by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase in the rat. Neuroscience 19, 297–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molander, C. and Grant, G. 1987. Spinal cord projections from hindlimb muscle nerves in the rat studied by transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase, wheat germ agglutinin conjugated horseradish peroxidase, or horseradish peroxidase with dimethylsulfoxide. J. Comp. Neurol. 260, 246–255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molander, C., Ygge, I., and Dalsgaard, C. J. 1987. Substance P-, somatostatin-, and calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity and fluoride resistant acid phosphatase-activity in relation to retrogradely labeled cutaneous, muscular and visceral primary sensory neurons in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 74, 37–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molander, C, Kinnman, E., and Aldskogius, H. 1988. Expansion of primary sensory afferent projection following combined sciatic nerve resection and saphenous nerve crush: A horseradish peroxidase study in the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 436–441.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller, K., Zhang, Y. Z., Hakanson, R., Luts, A., Sjolund, B., Uddman, R., and Sundler, F. 1993. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide is a sensory neuropeptide: Immunocytochemical and immunochemical evidence. Neuroscience 57, 725–732.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mollereau, C, Parmentier, M., Mailleux, P., Butour, J. L., Moisand, C, Chalon, P., Caput, D., Vassart, G., and Meunier, J. C. 1994. ORL1, a novel member of the opioid receptor family. Cloning, functional expression and localization. FEBS Lett. 341, 33–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molliver, D. C, Radeke, M. J., Stuart, R., Feinstein, C, and Snider, W. D. 1995. Presence or absence of TrkA protein distinguishes subsets of small sensory neurons with unique cytochemical characteristics and dorsal horn projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 361, 404–416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molliver, D. C, Wright, D. E., Leitner, M. L., Parsadanian, A. S., Doster, K., Wen, D., Yan, Q., and Snider, W. D. 1997. IB4-binding DRG neurons switch from NGF to GDNF dependence in early postnatal life. Neuron 19, 849–861.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molony, V., Steedman, W. M., Cervero, F., and Iggo, A. 1981. Intracellular marking of identified neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord. Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 66, 211–223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan, D. T. and Cotman, C. W. 1982. The distribution of [3H]kainic acid binding sites in rat CNS as determined by autoradiography. Brain Res. 252, 91–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monaghan, D. T. and Cotman, C. W. 1985. Distribution of N-methyl-aspartate sensitive c-[3H] glutamate binding sites in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 5, 2909–2919.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monory, K., Bourin, M. C, Spetea, M., Tomboly, C, Toth, G., Matthes, H. W, Kieffer, B. L., Hanoune, J., and Borsodi, A. 2000. Specific activation of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) by endomorphin 1 and endomorphin 2. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 577–584.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monteillet-Agius, G., Fein, J., Anton, B., and Evans, C. J. 1998. ORL-1 and Mu opioid receptor antisera label different fibers in areas involved in pain processing. J. Comp. Neurol. 399, 373–383.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon, D. E., Lee, D. H., Han, H. C, Xie, J., Coggeshall, R. E., and Chung, J. M. 1999. Adrenergic sensitivity of the sensory receptors modulating mechanical allodynia in a rat neuropathic pain model. Pain 80, 589–595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. Y. and Card, J. P. 1984. Noradrenaline-containing neuron systems, In A. Bjorklund and T. Hokfelt (eds.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy (IV, pp. 123-156). Elsevier Science Publishers, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morales, M. and Wang, S. D. 2002. Differential composition of 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors synthesized in the rat CNS and peripheral nervous system. J. Neurosci 22, 6732–6741.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, M., Battenberg, E., de Lecea, L., Sanna, P. P., and Bloom, F. E. 1996. Cellular and subcellular immunolocalization of the type 3 serotonin receptor in the rat central nervous system. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 36, 251–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales, M., McCollum, N., and Kirkness, E. F. 2001. 5-HT(3)-receptor subunits A and B are co-expressed in neurons of the dorsal root ganglion. J. Comp. Neurol. 438, 163–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moran, T. D., Abdulla, F. A., and Smith, P. A. 2000. Cellular neurophysiological actions of nociceptin/orphanin FQ. Peptides 21, 969–976.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C, Nadelhaft, I., and De Groat, W C. 1981. The distribution of visceral primary afferents from the pelvic nerve to Lissauer’s tract and the spinal gray matter and its relationship to the sacral parasympathetic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 201, 415–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C, De Groat, W. C, and Nadelhaft, I. 1986. The spinal distribution of sympathetic preganglionic and visceral primary afferent neurons that send axons into the hypogastric nerves of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 243, 23–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, C. W., Ohara, P. T, and Scott, D. E. 1999. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sacral primary sensory pathways in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 407, 381–394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J. I. and Curran, T. 1986. Role of ion flux in the control of c-fos expression. Nature 322, 552–555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, M. M., Gogas, K. R., and Basbaum, A. I. 1994. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls reduce the expression of noxious stimulus-evoked Fos-like immunoreactivity in the superficial and deep laminae of the rat spinal cord. Pain 56, 347–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morita, K. and Katayama, Y. 1984. Two types of acetylcholine receptors on the soma of primary afferent neurons. Brain Res. 290, 348–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morley, J. W. and Goodwin, A. W. 1987. Sinusoidal movement of a grating across the monkey’s fingerpad: Temporal patterns of afferent fiber responses. J Neurosci. 7, 2181–2191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrell, J. I., Wolinsky, T. D., Krieger, M. S., and Pfaff, D. W. 1982. Autoradiographic identification of estradiol-concentrating cells in the spinal cord of the female rat. Exp. Brain Res. 45, 144–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, B. J. and Herz, A. 1987. Distinct distribution of opioid receptor types in rat lumbar spinal cord. Arch. Pharmacol. 336, 240–243.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, C. E. 1990. Mechanosensitive ion channels. J. Membr. Biol. 113, 93–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, J. L., Anderson, R. L., and Gibbins, I. L. 2001. Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in cutaneous sympathetic and sensory neurons during development of the guinea pig. J. Comp. Neurol. 437, 321–334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. 1987. Inhibition of nociceptive responses of laminae V-VII dorsal horn neurones by stimulation of mixed and muscle nerves, in the cat. Brain Res. 401, 365–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R. 1989. Responses of spinal dorsal horn neurones evoked by myelinated primary afferent stimulation are blocked by excitatory amino acid antagonists acting at kainate/quisqualate receptors. Neurosci. Lett. 105, 79–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, R., Southam, E., Gittins, S. R., deVente, J., and Garthwaite, J. 1993. The no-cGMP pathway in neonatal rat dorsal horn. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 876–879.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, B. M., Janssen, W. G. M., and Gordin, J. W. 1998. Light-and electron-microscopic distribution of the AMPA receptor subunit, GluR2, in the spinal cord of control and G86R mutant superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 395, 523–531.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. F. B. 1973. Splanchnic slowly adapting mechanoreceptors with punctate receptive fields in the mesentery and gastrointestinal tract of the cat. J. Physiol. 233, 349–361.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. F. B. 1977. The afferent innervation of the gastrointestinal tract. In F. P. Brooks and P. W. Evers (eds.), Nerves and the Gut (pp. 297-322). C. B. Slack, Thorofare, NJ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, C. R. and Hutchison, W. D. 1989. Release of sensory neuropeptides in the spinal cord: Studies with calcitonin gene-related peptide and galanin. Neuroscience 31, 807–815.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, C. R., Maisch, B., and Zimmermann, M. 1987. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls of lumbar spinal neurons involves a supraspinal loop in the cat. Brain Res. 410, 347–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, C. R., Hutchison, W. D., and Hendry, I. A. 1988. Release of immunoreactive somatostatin in the spinal dorsal horn of the cat. Neuropeptides 12, 189–197.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, C. R., Hutchison, W. D., Hendry, I. A., and Duggan, A. W. 1989. Somatostatin: Evidence for a role in thermal nociception. Brain Res. 488, 89–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mosconi, T. and Kruger, L. 1996. Fixed-diameter polyethylene cuffs applied to the rat sciatic nerve induce a painful neuropathy: Ultrastructural morphometric analysis of axonal alterations. Pain 64, 37–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Motavkin, P. A. and Okhotin, V. E. 1980. Histochemistry of choline acetyltransferase in the spinal cord and spinal ganglia of the cat. Neurosci. Behav. Physiol. 307–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mouchet, P., Manier, M., Dietl, M., Feuerstein, C., Berod, A., Arluison, M., Denoroy, L., and Thibault, J. 1986. Immunohistochemical study of catecholaminergic cell bodies in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull. 16, 341–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouchet, P., Manier, M., and Feuerstein, C. 1992. Immunohistochemical study of the catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord of the rat using specific antibodies against dopamine and noradrenaline. J Chem. Neuroanat. 5, 427–440.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V. B. 1984. Central nervous mechanisms in mechanoreceptive sensibility. In Handbook of Physiology, Section 1, The Nervous System, Vol. III, Sensory Processes, Part 2 (pp. 789-878). Am. Physiol. Soc, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V. B. 1998. Perceptual Neuroscience: The Cerebral Cortex. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mountcastle, V. B., LaMotte, R. H., and Carli, G. 1972. Detection thresholds for stimuli in humans and monkeys: Comparison with threshold events in mechanoreceptive afferent nerve fibers innervating the monkey hand. J. Neurophysiol. 35, 122–136.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mountjoy, K. G. and Wild, J. M. 1998. Melanocortin-4 receptor mRNA expression in the developing autonomic and central nervous systems. Develop. Brain Res. 107, 309–314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mousa, S. A., Machelska, H., Schafer, M., and Stein, C. 2002. Immunohistochemical localization of endomor-phin-1 and endomorphin-2 in immune cells and spinal cord in a model of inflammatory pain. J. Neuroimmunol. 126, 5–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moussaoui, S. M., Hermans, E., Mathieu, A. M., Bonici, B., Clerc, F, Guinet. F., Garret, C, and Laduron, P. M. 1992. Polyclonal antibodies against the rat NK1 receptor: Characterization and localization in the spinal cord. NeuroReport 3, 1073–1076.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mouton, L. J. and Holstege, G. 2000. Segmental and laminar organization of the spinal neurons projecting to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the cat suggests the existence of at least five separate clusters of spino-PAG neurons. J. Comp. Neurol 428, 389–410.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mudge, A. W., Leeman, S. E., and Fischbach, G. D. 1979. Enkephalin inhibits release of substance P from sensory neurons in culture and decreases action potential duration. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 76, 526–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mugnaini, E., Berrebi, A. S., Morgan, J. I., and Curran, T. 1989. Fos-like immunoreactivity induced by seizure in mice is specifically associated with euchromatin in neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1, 46–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, H., Uddman, R., Moller, K., Zhang, Y. Z., Ekblad, E., Alumets, J., and Sundler, E 1994. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide expression in sensory neurons. Neuroscience 63, 307–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, H., Leckstrom, A., Uddman, R., Ekblad, E., Westermark, P., and Sundler, F. 1995. Islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) is expressed in sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 15, 7625–7632.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, H., Zhang, Y., Danielsen, N., and Sundler, F. 1997. Islet amyloid polypeptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression are upregulated in lumbar dorsal root ganglia after unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat paw. Mol Brain Res. 50, 127–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulder, H., Jongsma, H., Zhang, Y, Gebre-Medhin, S., Sundler, E, and Danielsen, N. 1999. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide and islet amyloid polypeptide in primary sensory neurons: Functional implications from plasticity to expression on nerve injury and inflammation. Mol. Neurobiol 19, 229–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulderry, P. K. 1994. Neuropeptide expression by newborn and adult rat sensory neurons in culture: Effects of nerve growth factor and other neurotrophic factors. Neuroscience 59, 673–688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mulderry, P. K., Ghatei, M. A., Spokes, R. A., Jones, P. M., Pierson, A. M., Hamid, Q. A., Kanse, S., Amara, S. G., Burrin, J. M., and Legon, S. 1988. Differential expression of alpha-CGRP and beta-CGRP by primary sensory neurons and enteric autonomic neurons of the rat. Neuroscience 25, 195–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, J. 1840-2. Elements of Physiology. Transl. from German, with notes by W. Baly, 2nd ed., London. Original German: 1838. Handbuch der Physiologie des Menschen, 2nd ed., Coblenz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munger, B. L. 1965. The intraepidermal innervation of the snout of the opossum: A light-and electron-microscope study with observations on the nature of Merke’s “Tastzelle.” J. Cell Biol. 26}, 79–

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munger, B. L. 1971. Patterns of organization of peripheral sensory receptors. In W. R. Loewenstein (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology (Vol. 1, pp. 523–556). Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munger, B. L., Yoshida, Y, Hayashi, S., Osawa, T., and Ide, C. 1988. A re-evaluation of the cytology of cat Pacinian corpuscles: I. The inner core and clefts. Cell Tissue Res. 253, 83–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munglani, R. and Hunt, S. P. 1995. Molecular biology of pain. Br. J. Anaesth. 75, 186–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munglani, R., Harrison, S. M., Smith, G. D., Bountra, C, Birch, P. J., Elliot, P. J., and Hunt, S. P. 1996. Neuropeptide changes persist in spinal cord despite resolving hyperalgesia in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 743, 102–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, F. E., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Parker, R. M., and Mitchell, R. 1993. The effects of neurokinin receptor antagonists on mustard oil-evoked activation of rat dorsal horn neurons. Neuropeptides 25, 299–305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, F. E., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., and Mitchell, R. 1994. Evidence for a role of protein kinase C in the sustained activation of rat dorsal horn neurons evoked by cutaneous mustard oil application. Neurosci. Lett. 170, 199–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, S., Thomas, K. L., Abu-Shaar, M. 1993. Molecular characterization of a peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. Nature 365, 61–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, T, Araki, T, Yamano, M., Wanaka, A., Betz, H., and Tohyama, M. 1988. Localization of the glycine receptors in the rat central nervous system: An immunocytochemical analysis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 236, 71–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murase, K. and Randic, M. 1984. Actions of substance P on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. J. Physiol. 346, 20–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murase, K., Nedeljkov, V., and Randic, M. 1982. The actions of neuropeptides on dorsal horn neurons in rat spinal cord slice preparation: An intracellular study. Brain Res. 234, 170–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murase, K., Ryu, P. D., and Randic, M. 1986. Substance P augments a persistent slow inward calcium-sensitive current in voltage-clamped spinal dorsal horn neurons of the rat. Brain Res. 365, 369–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murase, K., Ryu, P. D., and Randic, M. 1989a. Tachykinins modulate multiple ionic conductances in voltage-clamped rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 61, 854–865.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murase, K., Ryu, P. D., and Randic, M. 1989b. Excitatory and inhibitory amino acids and peptide-induced responses in acutely isolated rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 103, 56–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murone, C., Paxinos, G., McKinley, M. J., Oldfield, B. J., Müller-Esteri, W, Mendelsohn, F. A. O., and Chai, S. Y 1997. Distribution of bradykinin B2 receptors in sheep brain and spinal cord visualized by in vitro autoradiography. J. Comp. Neurol. 381, 203–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. G., Ramer, M. S., Borthwick, L., Gauldie, J., Richardson, P. M., and Bisby, M. A. 1999. Endogenous interleukin-6 contributes to hypersensitivity to cutaneous stimuli and changes in neuropeptides associated with chronic nerve constriction in mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 2243–2253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, R. M. and Zemlan, F. P. 1992. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of a novel serotonin receptor-5-HT1S. NeuroReport 3, 837–840.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, S. N. and Miller, R. J. 1989. Regulation of Ca++ influx into striatal neurons by kainic acid. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 249, 184–193.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, M. and Goldberger, M. E. 1974. Restitution of function and collateral sprouting in the cat spinal cord: The partially hemisected animal. J. Comp. Neurol. 155, 19–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, M. and Goldberger, M. E. 1986. Replacement of synaptic terminals in lamina II and Clarke’s nucleus after unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy in adult cats. J. Neurosci. 6, 3205–3217.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Na, H. S., Han, J. S., Ko, K. H., and Hong, S. K. 1994. A behavioral model for peripheral neuropathy produced in rat’s tail by inferior caudal trunk injury. Neurosci. Lett. 177, 50–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Na, H. S., Kim, H. J., Sung, B., Back, S. K., Kim, D. Y, Kim, J. S., and Hong, S. K. 2001. Decrease in spinal CGRP and substance P is not related to neuropathic pain in a rat model. NeuroReport 12, 175–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nade, S., Newbold, P. J., and Straface, S. F. 1987. The effects of direction and acceleration of movement of the knee joint of the dog on medial articular nerve discharge. J. Physiol. 388, 505–519.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nadelhaft, I., Roppolo, J., Morgan, C, and De Groat, W. C. 1983. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons and visceral primary afferents in monkey sacral spinal cord revealed following application of horseradish peroxidase to pelvic nerve. J. Comp. Neurol. 216, 36–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nafe, J. P. 1927. The psychology of felt experience. Am. J. Psychol. 39, 367–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nafe, J. P. 1929. A quantitative theory of feeling. J. Gen. Psychol. 2, 199–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naftchi, N. E., Abrahams, S. J., St. Paul, H. M., and Vacca, L. L. 1981. Substance P and leucine-enkephalin changes after cordotomy and morphine treatment. Peptides 2, 61–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagano, I., Shapshak, P., Yoshioka, M., Xin, K., Nakamura, S., and Bradley, W. G. 1996a. Increased NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and cytokine expression in dorsal root ganglia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci. 136, 117–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagano, I., Shapshak, P., Yoshioka, M., Xin, K.-Q., Nakamura, S., and Bradley, W. G. 1996b. Parvalbumin and calbindin D-28 k immunoreactivity in dorsal root ganglia in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome}. Neuropath. Appl. Neurobiol. 22, 293–301.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naguib, M. and Yaksh, T. L. 1997. Characterization of muscarinic receptor subtypes that mediate antinociception in the rat spinal cord. Anesth. Analg. 85, 847–853.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I. and Rang, H. 1999a. Noxious heat activates all capsaicin-sensitive and also a sub-population of capsaicin-insensitive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 88, 995–997.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I. and Rang, H. P. 1999b. Similarities and difference between the responses of rat sensory neurons to noxious heat and capsaicin. J. Neurosci. 19, 10647–10655.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I., Urban, L., and Woolf, C. J. 1993a. Morphological and membrane properties of young rat lumbar and thoracic dorsal root ganglion cells with unmyelinated axons. Brain Res. 609, 193–200.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I., Pabla, R., Matesz, C, Dray, A., Woolf, C. J., and Urban, L. 1993b. Cobalt uptake enables identification of capsaicin-and bradykinin-sensitive subpopulations of rat dorsal root ganglion cells in vitro. Neuroscience 56, 241–246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I., Woolf, C. J., Dray, A., and Urban, L. 1994. Cobalt accumulation in neurons expressing ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors in young rat spinal cord: Morphology and distribution. J. Comp. Neurol. 344, 321–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I. and Woolf, C. J. 1996. Lignocaine selectively reduced C fibre-evoked neuronal activity in rat spinal cord in vitro by decreasing N-methyl-D-aspartate and neurokinin receptor-mediated postsynaptic depolarizations: implications for the development of novel centrally acting analgesics. Pain 64, 59–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, I., Dray, A., and Urban, L. 1995. Possible branching of myelinated primary afferent fibres in the dorsal root of the rat. Brain Res. 703, 223–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. I. and Daddona, P. E. 1985. Anatomical and cytochemical relationships of adenosine deaminase-containing primary afferent neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 15, 799–813.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. I. and Hunt, S. P. 1982. Fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase-containing neurones in dorsal root ganglia are separate from those containing substance P or somatostatin. Neuroscience 7, 89–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. I. and Hunt, S. P. 1983. The termination of primary afferents within the rat dorsal horn: Evidence for rearrangement following capsaicin treatment. J. Comp. Neurol. 218, 145–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. I., Hunt, S. P., Iverson, L. L., and Emson, P. C. 1981. Biochemical and anatomical observations on the degeneration of peptide containing primary afferent neurons after neonatal capsaicin. Neuroscience 6, 1923–1934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. I., Iversen, L. L., Goedert, M, Chapman, D., and Hunt, S. P. 1983. Dose-dependent effect of capsaicin on primary sensory neurons in the neonatal rat. J. Neurosci. 3, 399–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagy, J. I., Buss, M, LaBella, L. A., and Daddona, P. E. 1984. Immunohistochemical localization of adenosine deaminase in primary afferent neurons of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 48, 133–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahin, R. L. 1988. Immunocytochemical identification of long ascending, peptidergic lumbar spinal neurons terminating in either the medial or lateral thalamus in the rat. Brain Res. 443, 345–349.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahin, R. L. and Byers, M. R. 1994. Adjuvant-induced inflammation of rat paw is associated with altered calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity within cell bodies and peripheral endings of primary afferent neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 349, 475–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahin, R. L., Madsen, A. M., and Giesler, G. J. 1983. Anatomical and physiological studies of the gray matter surrounding the spinal cord central canal. J. Comp. Neurol. 220, 321–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahin, R. L., Hylden, J. L. K., Iadarola, M. J., and Dubner, R. 1989. Peripheral inflammation is associated with increased dynorphin immunoreactivity in both projection and local circuit neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 96, 247–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nahin, R. L., Ren, K., De Leon, M., and Ruda, M. 1994. Primary sensory neurons exhibit altered gene expression in a rat model of neuopathic pain. Pain 58, 95–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nairn, M., Spike, R. C, Watt, C, Shehab, S. A., and Todd, A. J. 1997. Cells in laminae m and IV of the rat spinal cord that possess the neurokinin-1 receptor and have dorsally directed dendrites receive a major synaptic input from tachykinin-containing primary afferents. J. Neurosci. 17, 5536–5548.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nairn, M. M., Shehab, S. A. S., and Todd, A. J. 1998. Cells in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord which possess the neurokinin-1 receptor receive monosynaptic input from myelinated primary afferents. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 3012–3019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, A. and Shiomi, H. 1999. Recent advances in neuropharmacology of cutaneous nociceptors. Jpn. J. Pharmacol 79, 427–431.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, F. and Strittmatter, S. M. 1996. P2Y1 purinergic receptors in sensory neurons: contribution to touch-induced impulse generation. Proc. Natl. Acid. Sci. 93, 10465–10470.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, H. 1997. NADPH-diaphorase and cytosolic urea cycle enzymes in the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 385, 616–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, R., Kamakura, K., and Kwak, S. 1994. Late-onset selective neuronal damage in the rat spinal cord induced by continuous intrathecal administration of AMPA. Brain Res. 654, 279–285.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, T. and Takasaki, M. 2001. Intrathecal pre-administration of fentanyl effectively suppresses formalin evoked c-Fos expression in spinal cord of rat. Can. J. Anaesth. 48, 993–999.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura-Craig, M. and Gill, B. K. 1991. Effect of neurokinin A, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in peripheral hyperalgesia in the rat paw. Neurosci. Lett. 124, 49–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakanishi, S. 1992. Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and implications for brain function. Science 258, 597–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakata, Y., Kusaka, Y., and Segawa, T. 1979. Supersensitivity to substance P after dorsal root section. Life Sci. 24, 1651–1654.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatsuka, T. and Gu, J. G. 2001. ATP P2X receptor-mediated enhancement of glutamate release and evoked EPSCs in dorsal horn neurons of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 21, 6522–6531.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakatsuka, T., Mena, N., Ling, J., and Gu, J. G. 2001. Depletion of substance P from rat primary sensory neurons by ATP, an implication of P2X receptor-mediated release of substance P. Neuroscience 107, 293–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakaya, Y, Kaneko, T., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1994. Immunohistochemical localization of substance P receptor in the central nervous system of the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 347, 249–274.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nam, S. C, Kim, K. J., Leem, J. W., Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 1989. Fiber counts at multiple sites along the rat ventral root after neonatal peripheral neurectomy or dorsal rhizotomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 290, 336–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Namba, M., Ghatei, M. A., Gibson, S. J., Polak, J. M., and Bloom, S. R. 1985. Distribution and localization of neuromedin b-like immunoreactivity in pig, cat and rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 15, 1217–1226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nandy, K. and Bourne, G. H. 1964. The effects of D-lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate (LSD-25) on the cholinesterases and monoamine oxidase in the spinal cord: A possible factor in the mechanism of hallucination. J. Neurol, Neurosurg. Psychiat. 27, 259–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narikawa, K., Furue, H., Kumamoto, E., and Yoshimura, M. 2000. In vivo patch-clamp analysis of IPSCs evoked in rat substantia gelatinosa neurons by cutaneous mechanical stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 2171–2174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narita, M., Dun, S. L., Dun, N. J., and Tseng, L. F. 1996. Hyperalgesia induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in the mouse spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 311, 121–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narita, M., Mizoguchi, H., Oji, D. E., Dun, N. J., Hwang, B. H., Nagase, H., and Tseng, L. F. 1999. Identification of the G-protein-coupled ORL1 receptor in the mouse spinal cord by [35S]-GTPgammaS binding and immunohistochemistry. Br. J Pharmacol. 128, 1300–1306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Narotzky, R. A. and Kerr, F. W. 1978. Marginal neurons of the spinal cord: Types, afferent synaptology and functional considerations. Brain Res. 139, 1–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nashold, B. S. 1987. Introduction to second international symposium on dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions. Appl. Neurophysiol 51, 76–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nashold, B. S. and Friedman, H. 1972. Dorsal column stimulation for control of pain: Preliminary report on 30 patients. J. Neurosurg. 36, 590–597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nässtrom, J., Schneider, S. P., and Perl, E. R. 1994. Differential L-glutamate responsiveness among superficial dorsal horn neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 2956–2965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, P. W. 1947. On the pathogenesis of causalgia in peripheral nerve injuries. Brain 70, 145–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, P. W. 1976. The gate-control theory of pain: A critical review. Brain 99, 123–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nauta, H. J. W., Wehman, J. C, Koliatsos, V. E., Terrell, M. A., and Chung, K. 1999. Intraventricular infusion of nerve growth factor as the cause of sympathetic fiber sprouting in sensory ganglia. J Neurosurg. 91, 447–453.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navaratnam, V. and Lewis, P. R. 1970. Cholinesterase-containing neurones in the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 18, 411–425.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naveilhan, P., Neveu, I., Arenas, E., and Ernfors, P. 1998. Complementary and overlapping expression of Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors in the developing and adult mouse nervous system. Neuroscience 87, 289–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naveilhan, P., Hassani, H., Lucas, G., Blakeman, K. H., Hao, J. X., Xu, X. J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Thoren, P., and Ernfors, P. 2001. Reduced antinociception and plasma extravasation in mice lacking a neuropeptide Y receptor. Nature 409, 5213–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nazli, M. and Morris, R. 2000. Comparison of localization of the neurokinin 1 receptor with AMPA-type glutamate receptors in the rat spinal cord. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 29, 277–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, C. R., Mansour, A., Reinscheid, R., Nothacker, H.-P, Civelli, O., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J. 1999. Opioid receptor-like (ORL1) receptor distribution in the rat central nervous system: Comparison of ORL1 receptor mRNA expression with 125I-[14 Tyr]-orphanin FQ binding. J. Comp. Neurol. 412, 563–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neal, M. J. 1971. The uptake of [14C]glycine by slices of mammalian spinal cord. J. Physiol. 215, 103–117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neil, A., Attal, N., and Guilbaud, G. 1994. Effects of guanethidine on sensitization to natural stimuli and self-mutilating behavior in rats with a peripheral mononeuropathy. Brain Res. 565, 237–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neil, E. (ed.) 1972. Enteroceptors. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ness, T. J. and Gebhart, G. F. 1987. Characterization of neuronal responses to noxious visceral and somatic stimuli in the medial lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 57, 1867–1892.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness, T. J. and Gebhart, G. F. 1988. Characterization of neurons responsive to noxious colorectal distension in the T13-L2 spinal cord of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 60, 1419–1438.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ness, T. J. and Gebhart, G. F. 1989. Characteristics of superficial T13-L2 dorsal horn neurons encoding for colorectal distension in the rat: Comparison with neurons in deep laminae. Brain Res. 485, 301–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V. and Schaible, H. G. 1990. Evidence for a central component in the sensitization of spinal neurons with joint input during development of acute arthritis in cat’s knee. J. Neurophysiol. 64, 299–311.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Schaible, H. G., and Schmidt, R. F. 1989. Sensitization of articular afferents to mechanical stimuli by bradykinin. Pfluegers Arch. 415, 330–335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Lücke, T., and Schaible, H.-G. 1993. N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptor antagonists block the hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons during development of acute arthritis in rat’s knee joint. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 1365–1377.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V, Lücke, T., and Schaible, H.-G. 1994a. Requirement of metabotropic glutamate receptors for the generation of inflammation-evoked hyperexcitability in rat spinal cord neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 1179–1186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Lücke T., Grubb, B., and Schaible, H.-G. 1994b. The involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA receptors in the reponsiveness of rat spinal neurons with input from the chronically inflamed ankle. Neurosci.Lett. 170, 237–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Schaible, H.-G., Weiretter, R, and Freudenberger, U. 1994c. The involvement of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptors in the responses of rat dorsal horn neurons to noxious but not to innocuous mechanical stimuli applied to the knee joint. Brain Res. 666, 207–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Weiretter, E, and Schaible, H.-G. 1995. Involvement of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptors in the hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons during development of acute arthritis in rat’s knee joint. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 1574–1583.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Rumenapp, P., and Schaible, H. G. 1996a. The role of spinal neurokinin-2 receptors in the processing of nociceptive information from the joint and in the generation and maintenance of inflammation-evoked hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 249–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Rumenapp, P., and Schaible, H. G. 1996b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide is involved in the spinal processing of mechanosensory input from the rat’s knee joint and in the generation and maintenance of hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons during development of acute inflammation. Neuroscience 71, 1095–1109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Chen, P.-S., and Willis, W. D. 1999. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype mGluRl in brief nociception and central sensitization of primate STT cells. J Neurophysiol 82, 272–282.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neugebauer, V., Chen, P.-S., and Willis, W. D. 2000. Groups II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors differentially modulate brief and prolonged nociception in primate STT cells. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 2998–3009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, S., Doubell, T. P., Leslie, T, and Woolf, C. J. 1996. Inflammatory pain hypersensitivity mediated by phenotypic switch in myelinated primary sensory neurons. Nature 384, 360–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, B. W and Hamill, R. W. 1988. The morphology and distribution of rat serotoninergic intraspinal neurons: An immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 20, 349–360.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newton, R. A., Bingham, S., Case, P. C, Sanger, G. J., and Lawson, S. N. 2001. Dorsal root ganglion neurons show increased expression of the calcium channel alpha2delta-l subunit following partial sciatic nerve injury. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 95, 1–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ni, T. S., Wu, S. X., and Li, Y. Q. 2002. Co-existence of protein kinase C gamma and calcium-binding proteins in neurons of the medullary dorsal horn of the rat. Neurosignals 11, 88–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, A. P., Pieribone, V. A., Elde, R., and Hokfelt, T. 1991. Initial observations on the localization of mRNA for α and ß adrenergic receptors in brain and peripheral tissues of rat using in situ hybridization. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2, 344–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholas, A. P., Pieribone, V., and Hokfelt, T. 1993. Distributions of mRNAs for alpha-2 adrenergic receptor subtypes in rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 328, 575–594.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, M. L., Allen, B. J., Rogers, S. D., Ghilardi, J. R., Honore, P., Luger, N. M., Finke, M. P., Li, J., Lappi, D. A., Simone, D. A., and Mantyh, P. W 1999. Transmission of chronic nociception by spinal neurons expressing the substance P receptor. Science 286, 1558–1561.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicol, G. D., Vasko, M. R., and Evans, A. R. 1997. Prostaglandins suppress an outward potassium current in embryonic rat sensory neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 77, 167–176.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll, R. A. 1979. Dorsal root potentials and changes in extracellular potassium in the spinal cord of the frog. J. Physiol. 290, 113–127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll, R. A. and Alger, B. E. 1979. Presynaptic inhibition: Transmitter and ionic mechanisms. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 21, 217–258.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll, R. A., Schenker, C, and Leeman, S. E. 1980. Substance P as a transmitter candidate. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 227–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsch, U. and Keen, P. 1989. Reciprocal regulation of tachykinin-and vasoactive intestinal peptide-gene expression in rat sensory neurones following cut and crush injury. Brain Res. 481, 25–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsch, U., Bisby, M. A., and Keen, P. 1987. Effect of cutting or crushing the rat sciatic nerve on synthesis of substance P by isolated L5 dorsal root ganglia. Neuropeptides 10, 137–145.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, H. S., Hannibal, J., and Fahrenkrug, J. 1998. Embryonic expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in sensory and autonomic ganglia and in spinal cord of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 394, 403–415.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, B. Y. 1969a. Structure and function of the tactile hair receptors on the cat’s foreleg. Acta Physiol. Scand. 77, 396–416.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, B. Y. 1969b. Hair discs and Pacinian corpuscles functionally associated with the carpal tactile hairs in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 77, 417–428.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, B. Y. and Skoglund, C. R. 1965. The tactile hairs on the cat’s foreleg. Acta Physiol. Scand. 65, 364–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic, M. and Hunt, S. P. 1983. α-Bungarotoxin binding sites on sensory neurones and their axonal transport in sensory afferents}. Brain Res. 272, 57–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic, M. and Hunt, S. P. 1985. Opiate and histamine H1 receptors are present on some substance P-containing dorsal root ganglion cells. Neurosci. Lett. 53, 133–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic, M., Hunt, S. P., and Kelly, J. S. 1981. Effect of dorsal rhizotomy on the autoradiographic distribution of opiate and neurotensin receptors and neurotensin-like immunoreactivity within the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 230, 111–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic, M., Hunt, S. P., and Cleave, J. R. W. 1982. Localization of opiate and histamine H1-receptors in the primate sensory ganglia and spinal cord. Brain Res. 241, 197–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic, M., Beaujouan, J. C, Torrens, Y, Saffroy, M., Hall, M. D., and Glowinski, J. 1984. Differential localization of tachykinin receptors in rats spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106, 463–464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ninkovic, M., Beaujouan, J. C, Torrens, Y, Saffroy, M., Hall, M. D., and Glowinski, J. 1985. Differential localization of tachykinin receptors in rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 106, 463–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ninomiya, T., Vuillemin, M., Walter-Barakat, I., Winking, H., Pexieder, T., and Droz, B. 1993. Mouse fetal trisomy 13 and hypotrophy of the spinal cord: Effect on calbindin-D28k and calretinin expressed by neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion. Neuroscience 57, 1109–1120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nirenberg, M. J., Tate, S. S., Mosckovitz, R., Udenfriend, S., and Pickel, V. M. 1995. Immunocytochemical localization of the renal neutral and basic amino acid transporter in rat adrenal gland, brainstem and spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 356, 505–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishi, K., Oura, C., and Pallie, W. 1969. Fine structure of Pacinian corpuscles in the mesentery of the cat. J. Cell Biol 43, 539–552.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nishikawa, N., Bennett, G. J., Ruda, M. A., Lu, G. W., and Dubner, R. 1983. Immunocytochemical evidence for a serotoninergic innervation of dorsal column postsynaptic neurons in cat and monkey: light-and electron-microscopic observations. Neuroscience 10, 1333–1340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nissinen, M. J. and Panula, P. 1995. Developmental patterns of histamine-like immunoreactivity in the mouse. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43, 211–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nissl, F. 1894. Über die sogenannten Granula der Nervenzellen. Neurol. Zbl. 13, 676–685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsos, I. and Rees, S. 1993. Development of immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P and glutamate in primary sensory neurons, and for serotonin in the spinal cord of fetal sheep. Neuroscience 54, 239–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nitsos, I., Sexton, P. M., and Rees, S. 1994. The ontogeny of [125I]rat-α-CGRP binding sites in the spinal cord of sheep: A prenatal and postnatal study. Neuroscience. 62, 257–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niwa, M., Kawaguchi, T., Himeno, A., Fujimoto, M., Kurihara, M, Yamashita, K., Kataoka, Y., Shigematsu, K., and Taniyama, K. 1992. Specific binding sites for 125I-endothelin-l in the porcine and human spinal cord. Eur. J Pharmacol. 225, 281–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noback, C. R. 1951. Morphology and phylogeny of hair. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 53, 476–491.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K. and Ruda, M. A. 1992. Gene regulation in an ascending nociceptive pathway: inflammation-induced increase in preprotachykinin mRNA in rat lamina I spinal projection neurons. J. Neurosci. 12, 2563–2572.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Morita, Y, Kiyama, H., Sato, M, Ono, K., and Tohyama, M. 1989a. Preproenkephalin gene expression in the rat spinal cord after noxious stimuli. Mol. Brain Res. 5, 227–234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Senba, E., Morita, Y, Saito, M., and Tohyama, M. 1989b. Prepro-VIP and preprotachykinin mRNAs in the dorsal root ganglion cells following peripheral axotomy. Mol. Brain Res. 6, 327–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Senba, E., Morita, Y, Sato, M., and Tohyama, M. 1990a. Co-expression of α-CGRP and ß-CGRP mRNAs in the rat dorsal root ganglion cells. Neurosci. Lett. 100, 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Senba, E., Morita, Y, Sato, M., and Tohyama, M. 1990b. α-CGRP and ß-CGRP mRNAs are differentially regulated in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Mol. Brain Res. 7, 299–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Kowalski, K., Traub, R., Solodkin, A., Iadarola, M. J., and Ruda, M. A. 1991. Dynorphin expression and fos-like immunoreactivity following inflammation induced hyperalgesia are colocalized in spinal cord neurons. Mol. Brain Res. 10, 227–233.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Dubner, R., and Ruda, M. A. 1992. Preproenkephalin mRNA in spinal dorsal horn neurons is induced by peripheral inflammation and is co-localized with Fos and Fos-related proteins. Neuroscience 46, 561–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., De Leon, M., Nahin, R. L., Senba, E., and Ruda, M. A. 1993. Quantification of axotomy-induced alteration of neuropeptide mRNAs in dorsal root ganglion neurons with special reference to neuropeptide Y mRNA and the effects of neonatal capsaicin treatment. J. Neurosci. Res 35, 54–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noguchi, K., Kawai, Y, Fukuoka, T, Senba, E., and Miki, K. 1995. Substance P induced by peripheral nerve injury in primary afferent sensory neurons and its effect on dorsal column nucleus neurons. J. Neurosci. 15, 7633–7643.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nohr, D., Weihe, E., Zentel, H., and Arendt, R. M. 1989. Atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactivity in spinal cord and in primary sensory neurons of spinal and trigeminal ganglia of guinea-pig: Correlation with tachykinin immunoreactivity. Cell Tissue Res. 258, 387–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nohr, D., Schafer, M. K., Persson, S., Romeo, H., Nyberg, F., Post, C., Ekstrom, G., and Weihe, E. 1999. Calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in collagen-induced arthritis is differentially regulated in primary afferents and motoneurons: Influence of glucocorticoids. Neuroscience 93, 759–773.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolano, M., Crisci, C, Santoro, L., Barbieri, F, Casale, R., Kennedy, W. R., Wendelschafer-Crabb, G., Provitera, V., Di Lorenzo, N., and Caruso, G. 2000. Absent innervation of skin and sweat glands in congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111, 1596–1601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noordenbos, W. 1959. Pain. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noordenbos, W. and Wall, P. D. 1976. Diverse sensory functions with an almost totally divided spinal cord: A case of spinal cord transection with preservation of part of one anterolateral quadrant. Pain 2, 185–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, M. 1990. Low-threshold mechanoreceptive and nociceptive units with unmyelinated (C) fibres in the human supraorbital nerve. J. Physiol. 426, 229–240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nothias, F, Tessler, A., and Murray, M. 1993. Restoration of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn after neonatal sciatic nerve lesion. J. Comp. Neurol. 334, 370–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novakovic, S. D., Tzoumaka, E., McGivern, J. G., Haraguchi, M., Sangameswaran, L., Gogas, K. R., Eglen, R. M., and Hunter, J. C. 1998a. Distribution of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel PN3 in rat sensory neurons in normal and neuropathic conditions. J. Neurosci. 18, 2174–2187.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novakovic, S. D., Levinson, S. R., Schachner, M., and Shrager, P. 1998b. Disruption and reorganization of sodium channels in experimental allergic neuritis. Muscle Nerve 21, 1019–1032.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novakovic, S. D., Kassotakis, L. C, Oglesby, I. B., Smith, J. A. M., Eglen, R. M., Ford, A. P. D. W., and Hunter, J. C. 1999. Immunocytochemical localization of P2 x 3 purinoceptors in sensory neurons in naive rats and following neuropathic injury. Pain 80, 273–282.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novikoff, A. B., Quintana, N., Villanerde, H., and Forschirm, R. 1966. Nucleoside phosphatase and cholinesterase activities in dorsal root ganglia and peripheral nerve. J. Cell Biol. 29, 525–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Novikoff, P. M., Novikoff, A. B., Quintana, N., and Hauw, J.-J. 1971. Golgi apparatus, gerl, and lysosomes of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia, studied by thick section and thin section cytochemistry. J. Cell Biol. 50, 859–886.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, L. M. and MacDonald, R. L. 1982. Substance P: Ionic basis for depolarizing responses of mouse spinal cord neurons in cell culture. J. Neurosci. 2, 1119–1128.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowycky, M. C., Fox, A. P., and Tsien, R. W. 1985. Three types of neuronal calcium channel with different calcium agonist sensitivity. Nature 316, 440–443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, G. and Blomqvist, A. 1982. The termination of forelimb nerves in the feline cuneate nucleus demonstrated by the transganglionic transport method. Brain Res. 248, 209–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, G. and Blomqvist, A. 1984. The central projections of muscle afferent fibers to the lower medulla and upper spinal cord: an anatomical study in the cat with the transganglionic transport method. J Comp. Neurol. 230, 99–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nyberg, G. and Blomqvist, A. 1985. The somatotopic organization of forelimb cutaneous nerves in the brachial dorsal horn: An anatomical study in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 242, 28–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien C., Woolf, C. J., Fitzgerald, M, Lindsay, R. M, and Molander, C. 1989. Differences in the chemical expression of rat primary afferent neurons which innervate skin, muscle or joint. Neuroscience 32, 493–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa, J. and Torebjörk, E. 1983. Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of single mechanoreceptor units innervating the human hand. J. Physiol. 342, 633–654.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ochoa, J. and Torebjörk, E. 1989. Sensations evoked by intraneural microstimulation of C nociceptor fibres in human skin nerves. J. Physiol. 415, 583–599.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Conner, B. L. and McConnaughey, J. S. 1978. The structure and innervation of cat knee menisci and their relation to a “sensory hypothesis” of meniscal function. Am. J. Anat. 153, 431–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Conner B. L., and Woodbury, P. 1982. The primary articular nerves to the dog knee. J. Anat. 134, 563–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, D., Ahmad, S., Wahlestedt, C., and Walker, P. 1999. Expression of the novel galanin receptor subtype GALR2 in the adult rat CNS: Distinct distribution from GALR1. J. Comp. Neurol. 409, 469–481.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donohue, T. L., Massari, V. J., Pazoles, C. J., Chronwall, B. M, Shults, C. W., Quirion, R., Chase, T. N., and Moody, T. W. 1984. A role for bombesin in sensory processing in the spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 4, 2956–2962.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odutola, A. B. 1972. The organization of cholinesterase-containing systems of the monkey spinal cord. Brain Res. 39, 353–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Flynn, N. M., Helme, R. D., Watkins, D. J., and Burcher, E. 1989. Autoradiographic localization of substance P binding sites in rat footpad skin. Neurosci. Lett. 106, 43–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ogawa, T, Kanazawa, I., and Kimura, S. 1985. Regional distribution of substance P, neurokinin and neurokinin ß in rat spinal cord, nerve roots and dorsal root ganglia, and the effects of dorsal root section or spinal transection. Brain Res. 359, 152–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oh, U. T, Kim, K. J., Baik-Han, E. J., and Chung, J. M. 1989. Electrophysiological evidence for an increase in the number of ventral root afferent fibers after neonatal peripheral neurectomy in the rat. Brain Res. 501, 90–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Halloran, K. D. and Perl, E. R. 1997. Effects of partial nerve injury on the responses of C-fiber polymodal nociceptors to adrenergic agonists. Brain Res. 759, 233–240.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohishi, H., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1993a. Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR3) in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 335, 252–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohishi, H., Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1993b. Distribution of the messenger RNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR2, in the central nervous system of the rat}. Neuroscience 53, 1009–1018.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohishi, H., Nomura, S., Ding, Y. Q., Shigemoto, R., Wada, E., Kinoshita, A., Li, J. L., Neki, A., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1995a. Presynaptic localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in the primary afferent neurons: An immunohistochemical study in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 202, 85–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohishi, H., Akazawa, C, Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1995b. Distributions of the mRNAs for L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate-sensitive metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR4 and MGluR7, in the rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 360, 555–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohishi, H., Nomura, S., Ding, Y. Q., Shigemoto, R., Wada, E., Kinoshita, A., Li, J. L., Neki, A., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1995c. Presynaptic localization of a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR7, in the primary afferent neuons: An immunohistochemical study in the rat}. Neurosci. Lett. 202, 85–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohki-Hamazaki, H. 2000. Neuromedin B. Prog. Neurobiol. 62, 297–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohnishi, A. and Ogawa, M. 1986. Preferential loss of large lumbar primary sensory neurons in carcinomatous sensory neuropathy. Ann. Neurol. 20, 102–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohsawa, M., Mizoguchi, H., Narita, M, Nagase, H., Kampine, J. P., and Tseng, L. F. 2001. Differential antinociception induced by spinally administered endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 298, 592–597.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtori, S., Chiba, T., Takahashi, K., Ino, H., Yamagata, M, Sameda, H., Murata, Y, and Moriya, H. 2000. Neonatal capsaicin treatment decreased substance P receptor immunoreactivity in lamina III neurons of the dorsal horn. Neurosci. Res. 38, 147–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtori, S., Takahashi, K., Chiba, T., Yamagata, M, Sameda, H., and Moriya, H. 2001. Phenotypic inflammation switch in rats shown by calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating the lumbar facet joints. Spine 26, 1009–1013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtori, S., Takahashi, K., Ino, H., Chiba, T, Yamagata, M., Sameda, H., and Moriya, H. 2002. Up-regulation of substance P and NMDA receptor mRNA in dorsal horn and preganglionic sympathetic neurons during adjuvant-induced noxious stimulation in rats. Ann. Anat. 184, 71–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okano, S., Ikeura, Y, and Inatomi, N. 2002. Effects of tachykinin NK1 receptor antagonists on the viscerosensory response caused by colorectal distension in rabbits. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 300, 925–931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okazaki, K., lino, S., Inoue, S., Kobayashi, S., and Hidaka, H. 1994. Differential distribution of neurocalcin isoforms in rat spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia and muscle spindle. Biochim. et Bìophys. Acta 1223, 311–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oku, R., Satoh, M., Fujii, N., Otaka, A., Yajima, H., and Takagi, H. 1987. Calcitonin gene-related peptide promotes mechanical nociception by potentiating release of substance P from the spinal dorsal horn in rats. Brain Res. 403, 350–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oku, R., Nanayama, T, and Satoh, M. 1988. Calcitonin gene-related peptide modulates calcium mobilization in synaptosomes of rat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 475, 356–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda-Ashitaka, E., Minami, T., Tachibana, S., Yoshihara, Y, Nishiuchi, Y, Kimura, T., and Ito, S. 1998. Nocistatin, a peptide that blocks nociception action in pain transmission. Nature 392, 286–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olave, M. J. and Maxwell, D. J. 2002. An investigation of neurones that possess the alpha(2C)-adrenergic receptor in the rat dorsal horn. Neuroscience 115, 31–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olave, M. J., Puri, N., Kerr, R., and Maxwell, D. J. 2002. Myelinated and unmyelinated primary afferent axons form contacts with cholinergic interneurons in the spinal dorsal horn. Exp. Brain Res. 145, 448–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldfield, B. J., Allen, A. M., Hards, D. K., McKinley, M. J., Schlawe, I., and Mendelsohn, F. A. O. 1994. Distribution of angiotensin II receptor binding in the spinal cord of the sheep. Brain Res. 650, 40–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary J. L., Heinbecker, P., and Bishop, G. H. 1932. Dorsal root fibers which contribute to the tract of Lissauer. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. 30, 302–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olivar, T, Cervero, F, and Laird, J. M. A. 2000. Responses of rat spinal neurones to natural and electrical stimulation of colonic afferents: Effect of inflammation. Brain Res. 866, 168–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olschowka, J. A., O’Donohue, T. L., Mueller, G. P., and Jacobwitz, D. M. 1982. The distribution of corticotrophin releasing factor-like immunoreactive neurons in rat brain. Peptides 3, 995–1015.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, G. A., Olson, R. D., and Kastin, A. J. 1989. Endogeous opiates: 1988. Peptides 10, 1253–1280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, T. H., Riedl, M. S., Vulchanova, L., Ortiz-Gonzalez X. R., and Elde, R. 1998. An acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) localizes to small primary afferent neurons in rats. NeuroReport 9, 1109–1113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Omana-Zapata I., Khabbaz, M. A., Hunter, J. C, Clarke, D. E., and Bley, K. R. 1997. Tetrodotoxin inhibits neuropathic ectopic activity in neuromas, dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn neurons. Pain 72, 41–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Onaka, M., Minami, T, Nishihara, I., and Ito, S. 1996. Involvement of glutamate receptors in strychnine-and bicuculline-induced allodynia in conscious mice. Anesthesiology 84, 1215–1222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, W. Y and Mackie, K. 1999. A light-and electron-microscopic study of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the primate spinal cord. J. Neurocytol. 28, 39–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ongjoco, R. S., Richardson, C. D., Rudner, X. L., Stafford-Smith, M., and Schwinn, D. A. 2000. Alpha2-adrenergic receptors in human dorsal root ganglia: Predominance of alpha2b and alpha2c subtype mRNAs. Anesthesiology 92, 968–976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orr, D. and Rows, R. G. 1901. The nerve cells of the human posterior root ganglia and their changes in general paralysis of the insane. Brain 24, 286–309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortiz-Rey, J. A., Álvarez-Álvarez, C, Antón-Badiola, I., San Miguel-Fraile, P., and De la Fuente-Buceta, A. 2002. Human Meissner corpuscles express Bcl-2 but not Bax protein. Neurosci. Lett. 329, 240–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Shaughnessy D. J., McGregor, G. P., Ghatei, M. A., Blank, M. A., Springall, D. R., Gu, J., Polak, J. M., and Bloom, S. R. 1983. Distribution of bombesin, somatostatin, substance-P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in feline and porcine skin. Life Sci. 32, 2827–2836.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ositelu, D. O., Morris, R., and Vaillant, V. 1987. Innervation of facial skin but not masticatory muscles or the tongue by trigeminal primary afferents containing somatostatin in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 78, 271–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka, M. and Konishi, S. 1976. Release of substance P-like immunoreactivity from isolated spinal cord of newborn rat. Nature 264, 83–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Otsuka, M. and Takahashi, T. 1977. Putative peptide neurotransmitters. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 17, 425–439.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Otten, U. and Lorez, H. P. 1983. Nerve growth factor increases substance P, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivities in primary sensory neurones of newborn rats. Neurosci. Lett. 34, 153–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottersen, O. P. and Storm-Mathisen, J. 1987. Distribution of inhibitory amino acid neurons in the cerebellum with some observations on the spinal cord: An immunocytochemical study with antisera against fixed GABA, glycine, taurine, and ß-alanine. J. Mind Behav. 8, 503–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oudega, M., Lakke, E. A. J. F., Marani, E., and Thomeer, R. T. W. M. 1993. In Development of the Rat Spinal Cord: Immuno-and Enzyme Histochemical Approaches (pp. 1–165). Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ouseph, A. K., Khasar, S. G., and Levine, J. D. 1995. Multiple second messenger systems act sequentially to mediate rolipram-induced prolongation of prostaglandin E2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat. Neuroscience 64, 769–776.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ovelman-Levitt, J., Johnson, B., Bedenbaugh, P., and Nashold, B. S. 1984. Dorsal root rhizotomy and avulsion in the cat: A comparison of long term effects on dorsal horn neuronal activity. Neurosurgery 15, 921–927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovelmen-Levitt, J., Gorecki, J., Nguyen, K., Iskandar, K., and Nashold, B. S. 1995. Spontaneous and evoked dysesthesias observed in the rat after spinal cordotomies. Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg. 65, 157–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owens, C. M., Zhang, D., and Willis, W. D. 1992. Changes in the response states of primate spinothalamic tract cells caused by mechanical damage of the skin or activation of descending controls. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 1509–1527.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Owman, C. and Santini, M. 1966. Adrenergic nerves in spinal ganglia of the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 68, 127–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pacini, F. 1840. Nuovi Organi Scoperti nel Corpo Umano. Ciro, Pistoia. Cited in Pease and Quilliam, 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagni, C. A. 1998. Central Pain. A Neurosurgical Challenge. Turin, Edizioni Minerva Medica.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paik, K. S., Nam, S. C, and Chung, J. M. 1988. Differential inhibition produced by peripheral conditioning stimulation on noxious mechanical and thermal responses of different classes of spinal neurons in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 99, 498–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, A. S. 1957. Responses from mucosal mechanoreceptors in the small intestine of the cat. J. Physiol. 139, 353–368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paintal, A. S. 1960. Functional analysis of group III afferent fibres of mammalian muscles. J. Physiol. 152, 250–270.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palacios, J. M., Wamsley, J. K., and Kuhar, M. J. 1981. High affinity GABA receptors-autoradiographic localization. Brain Res. 222, 285–307.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palacios, J. M., Waeber, C, Hoyer, D., and Mengod, G. 1990. Distribution of serotonin receptors. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 600, 36–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., Dougherty, P. M., Carlton, S. M., and Willis, W. D. 1992a. Responses of spinothalamic tract cells to mechanical and thermal stimulation of skin in rats with experimental peripheral neuropathy. J. Neurophysiol. 67, 1562–1573.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek, J., Dougherty, P. M., Kim, S. H., Paleckova, V., Lekan, H., Chung, J. M., Carlton, S. M., and Willis, W D. 1992b. Responses of spinothalamic tract neurons to mechanical and thermal stimuli in an experimental model of peripheral neuropathy in primates. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 1951–1966.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., Dougherty, P. M., and Willis, W D. 1994a. The effects of phorbol esters on the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to mechanical and thermal stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 71, 529–537.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., Dougherty, P. M., and Willis, W. D. 1994b. The effect of trans-ACPD, a metabotropic excitatory amino acid receptor agonist, on the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons. Pain 56, 261–269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., and Willis, W. D. 1999. The effect of phorbol esters on spinal cord amino acid concentrations and responsiveness of rats to mechanical and thermal stimuli. Pain 80, 597–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palecek, J., Paleckova, V., and Willis, W. D. 2003. Postsynaptic dorsal column neurons express NK1 receptors following colon inflammation. Neuroscience, 116, 565–572.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paleckova, V., Palecek, J., McAdoo, D. J., and Willis, W. D. 1992. The non-NMDA antagonist CNQX prevents release of amino acids into the rat spinal cord dorsal horn evoked by sciatic nerve stimulation. Neurosci. Lett. 148, 19–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, C. I. and Gardner, E. P. 1990. Simulation of motion on the skin: IV. Responses of Pacinian corpuscle afferents innervating the primate hand to stripe patterns on the OPTACON. J. Neurophysiol 64, 236–247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, H. L., Stahl, G. L., Rendig, S. V., Carretero, O. A., and Longhurst, J. C. 1994. Endogenous BK stimulates ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral C fiber afferents through kinin B2 receptors. Am. J. Physiol. 267, H2398–H2406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, H. L., Stahl, G. L., and Longhurst, J. C. 1995. Differential effect of 5-and 15-lipoxygenase products on ischemically sensitive abdominal visceral afferents. Am. J. Physiol. 269, H96–H105.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang, X., Marchand, J., Sant, G. R., Kream, R. M., and Theoharides, T. C. 1995. Increased number of substance P positive nerve fibres in interstitial cystitis. Br. J. Urol. 75, 744–750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P. 1986. Histochemistry and function of bombesin-like peptides. Med. Biol. 64, 177–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Yang, H.-Y. T., and Costa, E. 1982. Neuronal location of the bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the rat. Reg. Pept. 4, 275–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Hadjiconstantinou, M., Yang, H. Y. T., and Costa, E. 1983. Immunohistochemical localization of bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide and substance P in primary sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 3, 2021–2029.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Kivipelto, L., Nieminen, O., Majane, E. A., and Yank, H. T. T. 1987. Neuroanatomy of morphine-modulating peptides. Med. Biol. 65, 127–135.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Nieminen, O., Falkenberg, M., and Auvinen, S. 1988. Localization and development of bombesin/GRP-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 547, 54–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Pirvola, U., Auvinen, S., and Airaksinen, M. S. 1989. Histamine-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the rat brain. Neuroscience 28, 585–610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Aarnisalo, A. A., and Wasowicz, K. 1996. Neuropeptide FF, a mammalian neuropeptide with multiple functions. Prog. Neurobiol. 48, 461–487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panula, P., Kalso, E., Nieminen, M., Kontinen, V. K., Brandt, A., and Pertovaara, A. 1999. Neuropeptide FF and modulation of pain. Brain Res. 848, 191–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos, G. C, Karamanlidis, A. N., Antonopoulos, J., and Dinopoulos, A. 1986a. Neurotensinlike immunoreactive neurons in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and the sheep (Ovis aries) central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 244, 193–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos, G. C, Karamanlidis, A. N., Dinopoulos, A., and Antonopoulos, J. 1986b. Somatostatinlike immunoreactive neurons in the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) and the sheep (Ovis aries) central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 244, 174–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papka, R. E. and McNeill, D. L. 1992. Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerves in the uterine cervix and neurons in dorsal root and paracervical ganglia of the female rat. Neurosci. Lett. 147, 224–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papka, R. E., Srinivasan, B., Miller, K. E., and Hayashi, S. 1997. Localization of estrogen receptor protein and estrogen receptor messenger RNA in peripheral autonomic and sensory neurons. Neuroscience 79, 1153–1163.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pardutz, A., Multon, S., Malgrange, B., Parducz, A., Vecsei, L., and Schoenen, J. 2002. Effect of systemic nitroglycerin on CGRP and 5-HT afferents to rat caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus and its modulation by estrogen. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 1803–1809.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paré, M., Elde, R., Mazurkiewicz, J. E., Smith, A. M., and Rice, F. L. 2001. The Meissner corpuscle revised: A multiafferented mechanoreceptor with nociceptor immunochemical properties. J. Neurosci. 21, 7236–7246.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paré, M., Smith, A. M., and Rice, F. L. 2002. Distribution and terminal arborizations of cutaneous mechanore-ceptors in the glabrous finger pads of the monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 445, 347–359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, J. S., Higashi, H., Nagata, K., and Yoshimura, M. 1999. Bicuculline-resistant, C1-dependent GABA response in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci. Res. 33, 261–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, M. J., Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 1994. Immunohistochemical evidence for sprouting of ventral root afferents after neonatal sciatic neurectomy in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 165, 125–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park, S. K., Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 2000. Effects of purinergic and adrenergic antagonists in a rat model of painful peripheral neuropathy. Pain 87, 171–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parker, R. M., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Rosie, R., Munro, F. E., and Mitchell, R. 1993. Inhibition by NK2 but not NK1 antagonists of carrageenan-induced preprodynorphin mRNA expression in rat dorsal horn lamina I neurons. Neuropeptides 25, 213–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pasternak, G. W. 2001. Insights into mu opioid pharmacology: The role of mu opioid receptor subtypes. Life Sci. 68, 2213–2219.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel, R., Kerr, R., and Maxwell, D. J. 1997. Absence of co-localized glutamic acid decarboxylase and neuropeptides in noradrenergic axons of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 749, 164–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrone, C, Andersson, S., Korhonen, L., and Lindholm, D. 1999. Estrogen receptor-dependent regulation of sensory neuron survival in developing dorsal root ganglion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10905–10910.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. T, Head, P. A., McNeill, D. L., Chung, K., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1989. Ascending unmyelinated primary afferent fibers in the dorsal funiculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 290, 384–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, J. T., Coggeshall, R. E., Lee, W. T., and Chung, K. 1990. Long ascending unmyelinated primary afferent axons in the rat dorsal column: Immunohistochemical localizations. Neurosci. Lett. 108, 6–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pazos, A. and Palacios, J. M. 1985. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain: I. Serotonin-1 receptors. Brain Res. 346, 205–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pazos, A., Cortes, R., and Palacios, J. M. 1985. Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of serotonin receptors in the rat brain: II. Serotonin-2 receptors. Brain Res. 346, 231–249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pazos, A., Probst, A., and Palacios, J. M. 1987a. Serotonin receptors in the human brain: III. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-1 receptors. Neuroscience 21, 97–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pazos, A., Probst, A., and Palacios, J. M. 1987b. Serotonin receptors in the human brain: IV. Autoradiographic mapping of serotonin-2 receptors. Neuroscience 21, 123–139.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peach, R. 1972. Acid phosphatase distribution in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat. Anat. Rec. 174, 239–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, A. A. 1952. Role of gelatinous substance of spinal cord in conduction of pain. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 68, 515–529.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, J., Brandeis, L., Simon, E., and Hiller, J. 1980. Radioautography of binding of tritiated diprenorphine to opiate receptors in the rat. Life Sci. 26, 1047–1052.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pearson, J. C. and Jennes, L. 1988. Localization of serotonin-and substance P-like immunofluorescence in the caudal spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 88, 151–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pease, D. C. and Quilliam, T. A. 1957. Electron microscopy of the Pacinian corpuscle. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 3, 331–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peet, M. J., Leah, J. D., and Curtis, D. R. 1983. Antagonists of synaptic and amino acid excitation of neurones in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 266, 83–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peier, A. M., Moqrich, A., Hergarden, A. C, Reeve, A. J., Andersson, D. A., Story, G. M., Earley, T. J., Dragoni, I., McIntyre, P., Bevan, S., and Patapoutian, A. 2002a. A TRP channel that senses cold stimuli and menthol. Cell 108, 705–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peier, A. M., Moqrich, A., Hergarden, A. C, Reeve, A. J., Andersson, D. A., Story, G. M., Earley, T. J., Dragoni, I., Mclntyre, P., Bevan, S., and Patapoutian, A. 2002b. A TRP channel that senses cold stimuli and menthol}. Cell 108, 705–715.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini-Giampietro, D. E., Fan, S., Ault, B., Miller, B. E., and Zukin, R. S. 1994. Glutamate receptor gene expression in spinal cord of arthritic rats. J. Neurosci. 14, 1576–1583.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, G., LeClerc, R., and Dupont, A. 1977. Electron microscope immunohistochemical localization of substance P in the central nervous system of the rat. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 25 or 12}, 1373–1380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Y. B., Lin, Q., and Willis, W. D. 1997. Involvement of protein kinase C in responses of rat dorsal horn neurons to mechanical stimuli and periaqueductal gray descending inhibition. Exp. Brain Res. 114, 561–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peng, Y. B, Wu, J., Willis, W. D., and Kenshalo, D. R. 2001. GABAA and 5-HT3 receptors are involved in dorsal root reflexes: Possible role in periaqueductal gray descending inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 86, 49–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira da Silva, J. A. and Carmo-Fonseca, M. 1990. Peptide containing nerves in human synovium: Immunohistochemical evidence for decreased innervation in rheumatoid arthritis. J. Rheumatol. 17, 1592–1599.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perez de la Mora, M., Possani, L. D., Tapia, R., Teran, L., Palacios, R., Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T., and Ljungdahl, A. 1981. Demonstration of central y-aminobutyrate-containing nerve terminals by means of antibodies against glutamate decarboxylase. Neuroscience 6, 875–895.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, E. R. 1968. Myelinated afferent fibres innervating the primate skin and their response to noxious stimuli. J.Physiol. 197, 593–615.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perl, E. R. 1984. Characterization of nociceptors and their activation of neurons in the superficial dorsal horn: First steps for the sensation of pain. In L. Kruger and J. C. Liebeskind (eds.) Neural Mechanisms of Pain, Adv. Pain Res. Therapy (Vol. 6, pp. 23–51). Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, M. J. and Lawson, S. N. 1998. Differences in expression of oligosaccharides, neuropeptides, carbonic anhydrase and neurofilament in rat primary afferent neurons retrogradely labelled via skin, muscle or visceral nerves. Neuroscience 85, 293–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, M. J., Lawson, S. N., and Robertson, J. 1991. Neurofilament immunoreactivity in populations of rat primary afferent neurons: A quantitative study of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated subunits. J. Neurocytol. 20, 746–758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persohn, E., Malherbe, P., and Richards, J. G. 1991. In situ hybridization histochemistry reveals a diversity of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in neurons of the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 42, 497–507.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persohn, E., Malherbe, P., and Richards, J. G. 1992. Comparative molecular neuroanatomy of cloned GABAA receptor subunits in the rat CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 326, 193–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, J. K., Lindh, B., Elde, R., Robertson, B., Rivero-Melian, C, Eriksson, N. P., Hökfelt, T., and Aldkogius, H. 1995. The expression of different cytochemical markers in normal and axotomised dorsal root ganglion cells projecting to the nucleus gracilis in the adult rat. Exp. Brain Res. 105, 331–344.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, S., Schafer, M. K., Nohr, D., Ekstrom, G., Post, C., Nyberg, F., and Weihe, E. 1994. Spinal prodynorphin gene expression in collagen-induced arthritis: Influence of the glucocorticosteroid budesonide. Neuroscience 63, 313–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pert, C. B., Kuhar, M. J., and Snyder, S. H. 1975. Autoradiographic localization of the opiate receptor in rat brain. Life Sci. 16, 1849–1854.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pert, C. B., Kuhar, M. J., and Snyder, S. H. 1976. Opiate receptor: Autoradiographic localization in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3729–3733.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pertwee, R. G. 2001. Cannabinoid receptors and pain. Prog. Neurobiol 63, 569–611.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterfreund, R. A., Kosofsky, B. E., and Fink, J. S. 1995. Cellular localization of dopamine D2 receptor messenger RNA in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Anesth. Analg. 81, 1181–1185.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A. A., Palay, S., and Webster, H. de F. 1976. The Fine Structure of the Nervous System: The Neurons and Supporting Cells. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, M, Zhang, J., Zhang, J.-M, and LaMotte, R. H. 1996. Abnormal spontaneous activity and response to norepinephrine in dissociated dorsal root ganglion cells after chronic nerve constriction. Pain 67, 391–397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, M., Eckert, A. S., Von Banchet, G. S., Heppelmann, B., Klusch, A., and Kniffki, K.-D. 1998a. Plasticity in the expression of bradykinin binding sites in sensory neurons after mechanical nerve injury. Neuroscience 83, 949–959.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, M, Segond von Banchet, G., Heppelmann, B., and Koltzenburg, M. 1998b. Nerve growth factor regulates the expression of bradykinin binding sites on adult sensory neurons via the neurotrophin receptor p75. Neuroscience 83, 161–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, D. F. and Brown, A. M. 1973. Functional afferent innervation of testis. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 425–433.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petko, M. and Antal, M. 2000. Propriospinal afferent and efferent connections of the lateral and medial areas of the dorsal horn (laminae I-IV) in the rat lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 422, 312–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petralia, R. S., Wang, Y.-X., and Wenthold, R. J. 1994a. Histological and ultrastructural localization of the kainate receptor subunits, KA2 and GluR6/7, in the rat nervous system using selective antipeptide antibodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 349, 85–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petralia, R. S., Yokotani, N., and Wenthold, R. J. 1994b. Light-and electron-microscope distribution of the NMDA receptor subunit NMDAR1 in the rat nervous system using a selective anti-peptide antibody. J. Neurosci. 14, 667–696.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petralia, R. S., Wang, Y.-X., and Wenthold, R. J. 1996a. The NMDA receptor subunits NR2A and NR2B show histological and ultrastructural localization patterns similar to those of NR1. J. Neurosci. 14, 6102–6120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petralia, R. S., Wang, Y X., Niedzielski, A. S., and Wenthold, R. J. 1996b. The metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR2 and mGluR3, show unique postsynaptic, presynaptic and glial localizations. Neuroscience 71, 949–976.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petralia, R. S., Wang, Y X., Mayat, E., and Wenthold, R. J. 1997. Glutamate receptor subunit 2-selective antibody shows a differential distribution of calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors among populations of neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 385, 456–476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petruska, J. C, Cooper, B. Y, Gu, J. G., Rau, K. K., and Johnson, R. D. 2000. Distribution of P2XI, P2X2, and P2X3 receptor subunits in rat primary afferents: relation to population markers and specific cell types. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 20, 141–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petrusz, P., Merchenthaler, I., Maderdrut, J. L., and Heitz, P. U. 1985. Central and peripheral distribution of corticotropin-releasing factor. Fed. Proc. 44, 229–235.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pettersson, L. M., Sundler, F, and Danielsen, N. 2002. Expression of orphanin FQ/nociceptin and its receptor in rat peripheral ganglia and spinal cord. Brain Res. 945, 266–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peyronnard, J. M., Charron, L., Lavoie, J., and Messier, J. 1986. Motor, sympathetic and sensory innervation of rat skeletal muscles. Brain Res. 373, 288–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peyronnard, J. M., Charron, L., Messier, J., and Zlavoie, J. 1988a. Differential effects of distal and proximal nerve lesions on carbonic anhydrase activity in rat primary sensory neurons, ventral and dorsal root axons. Exp. Brain Res. 70, 550–560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peyronnard, J. M., Charron, L., Lavoie, J., Messier, J. P., and Dubreuil 1988b. Carbonic anhydrase and horseradish peroxidase: Double labeling of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons innervating motor and sensory peripheral nerves. Anat. Embryol. 177, 353–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pezet, S., Onteniente, B., Jullien, J., Junier, M. P., Grannec, G., Rudkin, B. B., and Calvino, B. 2001. Differential regulation of NGF receptors in primary sensory neurons by adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat. Pain 90, 113–125.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, P. E., Barber, R. P., Houser, C. R., Crawford, G. D., Salvaterra, P. M., and Vaughn, J. E. 1984. Postnatal development of neurons containing choline acetyltransferase in rat spinal cord: An immunocytochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol. 229, 347–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, P. E., Barber, R. P., and Vaughn, J. E. 1988. Generation patterns of four groups of cholinergic neurons in rat cervical spinal cord: A combined tritiated thymidine autoradiographic and choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemical study. J. Comp. Neurol 273, 459–472.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, P. E., Barber, R. P., Brennan, L. A., Maines, V. M., Salvaterra, P. M., and Vaughn, J. E. 1990. Embryonic development of four different subsets of choünergic neurons in rat cervical spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol 291, 9–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. H., Park, T. S., Shaffrey, M. E., and Shaffrey, C. L. 2000. Electrophysiological evidence for afferent nerve fibers in human ventral roots. Muscle Nerve 23, 410–415.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pickel, V. M., Reis, D. J., and Leeman, S. E. 1977. Ultrastructural localization of substance P in neurons of rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 122, 534–540.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piehl, E, Arvidsson, U., Johnson, H., Dagerlind, Å Hökfelt, T., Terenius, L., and Ulfhake, B. 1992. Reappearance of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn in long-term root transected rat. Brain Res. 585, 400–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Piepmeier, J. M., Kauer, J. S. and Greer, C. A. 1983. Laminar distributions of 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat spinal cord following electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve. Brain Res. 259, 167–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierau, F. K., Torrey, P., and Carpenter, D. O. 1975. Afferent nerve fiber activity responding to temperature changes of scrotal skin of the rat. J. Neurophysiol 38, 601–612.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierau, F. K., Taylor, D. C. M., Abel, W., and Friedrich, B. 1982. Dichotomizing peripheral fibres revealed by intracellular recording from rat sensory neurones. Neuroscì. Lett. 31, 123–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierau, F. K., Fellmer, G., and Taylor, D. C. 1984. Somato-visceral convergence in cat dorsal root ganglion neurones demonstrated by double-labelling with fluorescent tracers. Brain Res. 321, 63–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, P. A., Xie, G.-X., Levine, J. D., and Peroutka, S. J. 1996. 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype messenger RNAs in rat peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia: A polymerase chain reaction study. Neuroscience 70, 553–559.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, P. A., Xie, G.-X., Meuser, T, and Peroutka, S. J. 1997. 5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype messenger RNAs in human dorsal root ganglia: A polymerase chain reaction study. Neuroscience 81, 813–819.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, T. L. and Wessendorf, M. W. 2000. Immunocytochemical mapping of endomorphin-2-immunoreactivity in rat brain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 18, 181–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierce, T. L., Grahek, M. D., and Wessendorf, M. W. 1998. Immunoreactivity for endomorphin-2 occurs in primary afferents in rats and monkey. NeuroReport 9, 385–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pin, J. P. and Duvoisin, R. 1995. The metabotropic glutamate receptors: Structure and functions. Neuropharmacology 34, 1026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pindzola, R. R., Ho, R. H., and Martin, G. F. 1988. Catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord in the North American opossum, Didelphis virgìniana. Brain Behav. Evol. 32, 281–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pindzola, R. R., Ho, R. H., and Martin, G. F. 1990. Development of catecholaminergic projections to the spinal cord in the North American opossum, Didelphis virgìniana. J. Comp. Neurol. 294, 399–417.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinkus, H. 1964. Pinkus’s Haarscheibe and tactile receptors in cats. Science 144, 891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirker, S., Schwarzer, C, Wieselthaler, A., Sieghart, W., and Sperk, G. 2000. GABA(A) receptors: Immunocytochemical distribution of 13 subunits in the adult rat brain. Neuroscience 101, 815–850.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plantinga, L. C, Verhaagen, J., Edwards, P. M., Schrama, L. H., Burbach, J. P., and Gispen, W. H. 1992. Expression of the pro-opiomelanocortin gene in dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord and sciatic nerve after sciatic nerve crush in the rat. Mol Brain Res. 16, 135–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plenderleith, M. B., Cameron, A. A., Key, B., and Snow, P. J. 1988. Soybean agglutinin binds to a subpopulation of primary sensory neurones in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 86, 257–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plenderleith, M. B., Haller, C. J., and Snow, P. J. 1990. Peptide coexistence in axon terminals within the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Synapse 6, 344–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plourde, V, St-Pierre, S., and Quirion, R. 1997. Calcitonin gene-related peptide in viscerosensitive response to colorectal distension in rats. Am. J. Physiol 273, G191–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poggio, G. F. and Mountcastle, V. B. 1960. A study of the functional contributions of the lemniscal and spinothalamic systems to somatic sensibility. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp. 106, 266–316.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poggio, G. F. and Mountcastle, V. B. 1963. The functional properties of ventrobasal thalamic neurons studied in unanesthetized monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 775–806.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl, M., Benoliel, J. J., Bourgoin, S., Lombard, M. C, Mauborgne, A., Taquet, H., Carayon, A., and Besson, J. M. 1990. Regional distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-, substance P-, cholecystokinin-, met5-enkephalin-, and dynorphin A (l-8)-like materials in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of adult rats: Effects of dorsal rhizotomy and neonatal capsaicin. J. Neurochem. 55, 1122–1130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl, M., Collin, E., Bourgoin, S., Conrath, M., Benoliel, J. J., Nevo, I., Hamon, M., Giraud, P., and Cesselin, F. 1994. Expression of preproenkephalin A gene and presence of met-enkephalin in dorsal root ganglia of the adult rat. J. Neurochem. 63, 1226–1234.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pohl, M., Ballet, S., Collin, E., Mauborgne, A., Bourgoin, S., Benoliel, J. J., Hamon, M., and Cesselin, F. 1997. Enkephalinergic and dynorphinergic neruons in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the polyarthritic rat-in vivo release and cDNA hybridization studies. Brain Res. 749, 18–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pokabla, M. J., Dickerson, I. M., and Papka, R. E. 2002. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-receptor component protein expression in the uterine cervix, lumbosacral spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia. Peptides 23, 507–514.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polacek, P. 1961. Differences in the structure and variability of encapsulated nerve endings in the joints of some species of mammals. Acta Anat. 47, 112–124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polak, J. M. and Bloom, S. R. 1982. The central and peripheral distribution of neurotensin. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 400, 75–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polgar, E. and Antal, M. 1995. The colocalization of parvalbumin and calbindin-D28k with GABA in the subnucleus caudalis of the rat spinal trigeminal nucleus. Exp. Brain Res. 103, 402–408.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polgar, E., Szuca, P., Urban, L., and Nagy, I. 1998. Alterations of substance P immunoreactivity in lumbar and thoracic segments of rat spinal cord in ultraviolet irradiation induced hyperalgesia of the hindpaw. Brain Res. 786, 248–251.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polgar, E., Fowler, J. H., McGill, M. M, and Todd, A. J. 1999a. The types of neuron which contain protein kinase C gamma in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 833, 71–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polgar, E., Shehab, S. A., Watt, C, and Todd, A. J. 1999b. GABAergic neurons that contain neuropeptide Y selectively target cells with the neurokinin 1 receptor in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 19, 2637–2646.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polgar, E., Szucs, P., Urban, L., Matesz, K., and Nagy, I. 1999c. Immunohistochemical localization of neurokinin-1 receptor in the lumbar spinal cord of young rats: Morphology and distribution. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 16, 361–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polgar, E., Puskar, Z., Watt, C, Matesz, C, and Todd, A. J. 2002. Selective innervation of lamina I projection neurones that possess the neurokinin 1 receptor by serotonin-containing axons in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 109, 799–809.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polistina, D. C, Murray, M., and Goldberger, M. E. 1990. Plasticity of dorsal root and descending serotoninergic projections after partial deafferentation of the adult rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 299, 349–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polz-Tejera, G., Hunt, S. P., and Schmidt, J. 1980. Nicotinic receptors in sensory ganglia. Brain Res. 195, 223–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomeranz, B. and Cheng, R. 1979. Suppression of noxious responses in single neurons of cat spinal cord by electroacupuncture and its reversal by the opiate antagonist naloxone. Exp. Neurol. 64, 327–341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomeranz, B., Wall, P. D., and Weber, W. V. 1968. Cord cells responding to fine myelinated afferents from viscera, muscle, and skin. J. Physiol. 199, 511–532.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomonis, J. D., Rogers, S. D., Peters, C. M., Ghilardi, J. R., and Mantyh, P. W. 2001. Expression and localization of endothelin receptors: Implications for the involvement of peripheral glia in nociception. J. Neurosci 21, 999–1006.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pompeiano, M., Palacios, J. M., and Mengod, G. 1992. Distribution and cellular localization of mRNA coding for 5-HT1A receptor in the rat brain: Correlation with receptor binding. J. Neurosci. 12, 440–453.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pompeiano, M., Palacios, J. M., and Mengod, G. 1994. Distribution of the serotonin 5-HT2 receptor family mRNAs: Comparison between 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors. Mol. Brain Res. 23, 163–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poorkhalkali, N., Juneblad, K., Jonsson, A. C, Lindberg, M., Karlsson, O., Wallbrandt, P., Ekstrand, J., and Lehmann, A. 2000. Immunocytochemical distribution of the GABA(B) receptor splice variants GABA(B) Rla and Rib in the rat CNS and dorsal root ganglia. Anat. Embryol. (Berl.) 201, 1–13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Popratiloff, A., Weinberg, R. J., and Rustioni, A. 1996. AMPA receptor subunits underlying terminals of fine-caliber primary afferent fibers. J. Neurosci. 16, 3363–3372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popratiloff, A., Weinberg, R. J., and Rustioni, A. 1998a. AMPA receptors at primary afferent synapses in substantia gelatinosa after sciatic nerve section. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 3220–3230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Popratiloff, S. A., Weinberg, J. R., and Rustioni, A. 1998b. NMDAR1 and primary afferent terminals in the superficial spinal cord. NeuroReport 9, 2423–2429.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Porreca, F., Tang, Q.-B., Bian, D., Ried, M., Elde, R., and Lai, J. 1998. Spinal opioid mu receptor expression in lumbar spinal cord of rats following nerve injury. Brain Res. 795, 197–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulos, D. A. 1971. Temperature related changes in discharge patterns of squirrel monkey thermoreceptors. In F. F. Kao, K. Koizumi, and M. Vassalle (eds.), Research in Physiology (pp. 441-455). A. Gaggi, Bologna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulos, D. A. and Lende, R. A. 1970a. Response of trigeminal ganglion neurons to thermal stimulation of oral-facial regions: I. Steady-state response. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 508–517.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulos, D. A. and Lende, R. A. 1970b. Response of trigeminal ganglion neurons to thermal stimulation of oral-facial regions: II. Temperature change response. J. Neurophysiol. 33, 518–526.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulter, M. O., Barker, J. L., O’Carroll, A.-M., Lolait, S. J., and Mahan, L. C. 1992. Differential and transient expression of GABAA receptor α-subunit mRNAs in the developing rat CNS. J. Neurosci. 12, 2888–2900.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poulter, M. O., Barker, J. L., O’Carroll, A.-M., Lolait, S. J., and Mahan, L. C. 1993. Co-existent expression of GABAA receptor ß2, ß3 and δ2 subunit messenger RNAs during embryogenesis and early postnatal development of the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 53, 1019–1033.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, J. J. and Todd, A. J. 1992. Light-and electron-microscope study of GABA-immunoreactive neurones in lamina III of rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 315, 125–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhakar, E. and Lawson, S. N. 1995. The electrophysiological properties of rat primary afferent neurones with carbonic anhydrase activity. J. Physiol 482(Pt 3), 609–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Presley, R. W., Menétrey D., Levine, J. D., and Basbaum, A. I. 1990. Systemic morphine suppresses noxious stimulus-evoked Fos protein-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 10, 323–335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pretel, S. and Piekut, D. T. 1991. Enkephalin, substance P, and serotonin axonal input to c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons of the rat spinal cord. Peptides 12, 1243–1250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D. 1999. Psychological Mechanisms of Pain and Analgesia. Progress in Pain Research and Management, Vol. 15. IASP Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D. and Browe, A. C. 1973. Responses of spinal cord neurons to graded noxious and non-noxious stimuli. Brain Res. 64, 425–429.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D. and Dubner, R. 1977. Neurons that subserve the sensory-discriminative aspects of pain. Pain 3, 307–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D. and Mayer, D. J. 1974. Physiological laminar organization of the dorsal horn of M. mulatta.Brain Res. 79, 321–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D. and Wagman, I. H. 1970. Physiological roles of A and C fiber inputs to spinal dorsal horn of Macaca mulatta. Exp. Neurol. 29, 383–399.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D., Hull, C. D., and Buchwald, N. A. 1971. Intracellular responses of dorsal horn cells to cutaneous and sural nerve A and C fiber stimuli. Exp. Neurol. 33, 291–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D., Hayashi, H., Dubner, R., and Ruda, M. A. 1979. Functional relationships between neurons of marginal and substantia gelatinosa layers of primate dorsal horn. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 1590–1608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D., Bushnell, M. C, and Iadarola, M. J. 1981. Primary afferent and sacral dorsal horn neuronal responses to vaginal probing in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 26, 67–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D. D., Mao, J., Coghill, R. C, d’Avella, D., Cicciarello, R., Fiori, M. G., Mayer, D. J., and Hayes, R. L. 1991. Regional changes in spinal cord glucose metabolism in a rat model of painful neuropathy. Brain Res. 564, 314–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, G. W., Wilkin, G. P., Turnbull, M. J., and Bowery, N. G. 1984. Are baclofen-sensitive GABAB receptors present on primary afferent terminals of the spinal cord? Nature 307, 71–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, G. W., Kelly, J. S., and Bowery, N. G. 1987. The location of GABAB receptor binding sites in mammalian spinal cord. Synapse 1, 530–538.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. 1985. An immunohistochemical and quantitative examination of dorsal root ganglion neuronal subpopulations. J. Neurosci. 5, 2051–2059.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. and Mudge, A. W. 1983. A subpopulation of rat dorsal root ganglion neurones is catecholaminergic. Nature 301, 241–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, M. P., Snyder, P. M., and Welsh, M. J. 1996. Cloning and expression of a novel human brain Na+ channel. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 7879–7882.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, M. P., Lewin, G. R., McIlwrath, S. L., Cheng, C, Xie, J., Heppenstall, P. A., Stucky, C. L., Mannsfeldt, A. G., Brennan, T. J., Drummond, H. A., Qiao, J., Benson, C. J., Tarr, D. E., Hrstka, R. R, Yang, B., Williamson, R. A., and Welsh, M. J. 2000. The mammalian sodium channel BNC1 is required for normal touch sensation. Nature 407, 1007–1011.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price, M. P., Mcllwrath, S. L., Xie, J., Cheng, C, Qiao, J., Tarr, D. E., Sluka, K. A., Brennan, T. J., Lewin, G. R., and Welsh, M. J. 2001. The DRASIC cation channel contributes to the detection of cutaneous touch and acid stimuli in mice. Neuron 32, 1071–1083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Priestley, J. V., Bramwell, S., Butcher, L. L., and Cuello, A. C. 1982a. Effect of capsaicin on neuropeptides in areas of termination of primary sensory neurones. Neurochem. Intern. 4, 57–65.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Priestley, J. V., Somogyi, P., and Cuello, A. C. 1982b. Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the spinal trigeminal nucleus of the rat: A light-and electron-microscopy study. J. Comp. Neurol. 211, 31–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Probst, A., Cortest, R., and Palacios, J. M. 1986. The distribution of glycine receptors in the human brain: A light micorscopic autoradiographic study using [3H] strychnine. Neuroscience 17, 11–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prochazka, A., Stephens, J. A., and Wand, P. 1979. Muscle spindle discharges in normal and obstructed movements. J. Physiol. 287, 57–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proshansky, E. and Egger, M. D. 1977. Staining of the dorsal root projection to the cat’s dorsal horn by anterograde movement of horseradish peroxidase. Neurosci. Lett. 5, 103–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proshansky, E., Kauer, J. S., Stewart, W. B., and Egger, M. D. 1980. 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the cat spinal cord during sustained and habituated activity in the plantar cushion reflex pathway}. J. Comp. Neurol. 194, 505–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proudlock, F., Spike, R. C, Todd, A. J. 1993. Immunocytochemical study of somatostatin, neurotensin, GABA and glycine in rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 327, 289–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocka, B., Lason, W., and Przewlocki, R. 1992. Time-dependent changes in the activity of opioid systems in the spinal cord of monoarthritic rats-a release and in situ hybridization study. Neuroscience 46, 209–216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocki, R. and Przewlocka, B. 2001. Opioids in chronic pain, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 429, 79–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocki, R., Gramsch, C, Pasi, A., and Herz, A. 1983. Characterization and localization of immunoreactive dynorphin, alpha-neo-endorphin, met-enkephalin and substance P in human spinal cord. Brain Res. 280, 95–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocki, R., Haarmann, I., Nikolarakis, K., Herz, A., and Hollt, V. 1988. Prodynorphin gene expression in spinal cord is enhanced after traumatic injury in the rat. Mol. Brain Res. 4, 37–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocki, R., Hassan, A. H. S., Lason, W., Epplen, C, Herz, A., and Stein, C. 1992. Gene expression and localization of opioid peptides in immune cells of inflamed tissue: Functional role in antinociception. Neuroscience 48, 491–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocka, B., Machelska, H., Rekowski, P., Kupryszewski, G., and Przewlocki, R. 1995. Intracerebroventricular galanin and N-terminal galanin fragment enhance the morphine-induced analgesia in the rat. J. Neural Transm. Gen. Sect. 102, 229–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Przewlocka, B., Mika, J., Labuz, D., Toth, G., and Przewlocki, R. 1999. Spinal analgesic action of endomorphins in acute, inflammatory and neuropathic pain in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 367, 189–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, B. H. 1990. Slowly adapting Type I mechanoreceptor discharge as a function of dynamic force versus dynamic displacement of glabrous skin of raccoon and squirrel monkey hand. Neurosci. Lett. 110, 86–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, B. H. and Benkich, M. E. 1986. Relations between stimulus force, skin displacement, and discharge characteristics of slowly adapting type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of squirrel monkey hand. Somatosens. Res. 4, 111–125.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, B. H. and Pubols, L. M. 1976. Coding of mechanical stimulus velocity and indentation depth by squirrel monkey and raccoon glabrous skin mechanoreceptors. J Neurophysiol. 39, 773–787.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, B. H. and Pubols, L. M. 1983. Tactile receptor discharge and mechanical properties of glabrous skin. Fed. Proc. 42, 2528–2535.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M. 1984. The boundary of proximal hindlimb representation in the dorsal horn following peripheral nerve lesions in cats: A reevaluation of plasticity in the somatosensory map. Somatosens. Res. 2, 19–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M. and Bowen, D. C. 1988. Lack of central sprouting of primary afferent fibers after ricin deafferentation. J. Comp. Neurol. 275, 282–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M. and Brenowitz, G. L. 1981. Maintenance of dorsal horn somatotopic organization and increased high-threshold response after single root or spared root deafferentation in cats. J. Neurophysiol. 47, 103–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M. and Goldberger, M. E. 1980. Recovery of function in dorsal horn following partial deafferentation. J. Neurophysiol. 43, 102–117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M., Pubols, B. H., and Munger, B. L. 1971. Functional properties of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin of the raccoon’s forepaw. Exp. Neurol. 31, 165–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M., Foglesong, M. E., and Vahle-Hinz, C. 1986. Electrical stimulation reveals relatively ineffective sural nerve projections to dorsal horn neurons in the cat. Brain Res. 371, 109–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, L. M., Bernau, N. A., Kane, L. A., Dawson, S. D., Burleigh, A. L., and Polans, A. S. 1992. Distribution of 5-HT1 binding sites in cat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 142, 111–114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puder, B. A. and Papka, R. E. 2001a. Distribution and origin of corticotropin-releasing factor-immunoreactive axons in the female rat lumbosacral spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Res. 66, 1217–1225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puder, B. A. and Papka, R. E. 2001b. Hypothalamic paraventricular axons projecting to the female rat lumbosacral spinal cord contain oxytocin immunoreactivity. J. Neurosci. Res. 64, 53–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puig, S. and Sorkin, L. S. 1995. Formalin-evoked activity in identified primary afferent fibers: Systemic lidocaine suppresses phase-2 activity. Pain 64, 345–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puil, E. 1981. S-glutamate: Its interactions with spinal neurons. Brain Res. Rev. 3, 299–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pullen, A. H., Humphreys, P., and Baxter, R. G. 1997. Comparative analysis of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in the sacral cord of the cat, macaque and human. J. Anat. 191, 161–175.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puskar, Z., Polgar, E., and Todd, A. J. 2001. A population of large lamina I projection neurons with selective inhibitory input in rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 102, 167–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puttfarcken, P. S., Manelli, A. M, Arneric, S. P., and Donnelly-Roberts, D. L. 1997. Evidence for nicotinic receptors potentially modulating nociceptive transmission at the level of the primary sensory neuron: Studies with F11 cells. J. Neurochem. 69}, 930–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quartara, L. and Maggi, C. A. 1998. The tachykinin NK1 receptor: Part II: Distribution and pathophysiological roles. Neuropeptides 32, 1–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quartu, M., Serra, M. P., Bachis, A., Lai, M. L., Ambu, R., and Del Fiacco, M. 1999. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-like immunoreactivity in human trigeminal ganglion and nucleus. Brain Res. 847, 196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quevedo, L, Eguibar, J. R., Lomeli, J., and Rudomin, P. 1997. Patterns of connectivity of spinal interneurons with single muscle afferents. Exp. Brain Res. 115, 387–402.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qui, S. H., Dai, S. J., and Wu, H. X. 1984. The segmental and regional projections of the sciatic, tibial and common peroneal nerves to the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord in rats-an experimental study by means of an acid phosphatase (ACP) method. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 61, 245–251.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quillium, T. A. 1975. Neuro-cutaneous relationships in fingerprint skin. In H. H. Kornhuber (ed.), The Somatosensory System (pp. 193-199)}. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quillium, T. A. and Sato, M. 1955. The distribution of myelin on nerve fibres from Pacinian corpuscles. J. Physiol 129, 167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirion, R., van Rossum, D., Dumont, Y., St-Pierre, S., and Fournier, A. 1992. Characterization of CGRP1 and CGRP2 receptor subtypes. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 657, 88–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Racca, C., Gardiol, A., and Triller, A. 1998. Cell-specific dendritic localization of glycine receptor α subunit messenger RNAs. Neuroscience 84, 997–1012.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, V. and Henry, J. L. 1991. Novel substance P antagonist, CP-96,345, blocks responses of cat spinal dorsal horn neurons to noxious cutaneous stimulation and to substance P. Neurosci. Lett. 132, 39–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, V. and Henry, J. L. 1993. Excitatory amino acid receptor mediation of sensory inputs to functionally identified dorsal horn neurons in cat spinal cord. Neuroscience 55, 531–544.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, V. and Henry, J. L. 1995. Antagonism of nociceptive responses of cat spinal dorsal horn neurons in vivo by the NK-1 receptor antagonists CP-96,345 and CP-99, 994, but not by CP-96,344. Neuroscience 64, 943–958.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, V. and Henry, J. L. 1997. Electrophysiological evidence that neurokinin A acts via NK-1 receptors in the cat dorsal horn. Eur. J. Neurosci. 9, 1977–1985.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radhakrishnan, V., Iyengar, S., and Henry, J. L. 1998. The nonpeptide NK-1 receptor antagonists LY303870 and LY306740 block the responses of spinal dorsal horn neurons to substance P and to peripheral noxious stimuli. Neuroscience 893, 1251–1260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radja, F, Laporte, A.-M, Daval, G., Verge, D., Gozlan, H., and Hamon, M. 1991. Autoradiography of serotonin receptor subtypes in the central nervous system. Neurochem. Int. 18, 1–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, W., Dashwood, M. R., Fitzgerald, M., Aynsley-Green, A., and Dickenson, A. H. 1998. Postnatal development of multiple opioid receptors in the spinal cord and development of spinal morphine analgesia. Dev. Brain Res. 108, 239–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raidoo, D. M. and Bhoola, K. D. 1997. Kinin receptors on human neurones. J. Neuroimmunol. 77, 39–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raja, S. N., Treede, R.-D., Davis, K. D., and Campbell, J. N. 1991. Systemic alpha-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine: A diagnostic test for sympathetically maintained pain. Anesthesiology 74, 691–698.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaofetra, N., Sandillon, F, Geffard, ML, and Privat, A. 1989. Pre-and post-natal ontogeny of serotonergic projections to the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Res. 22, 305–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaofetra, N., Ridet, J.-L., Poulat, P., Marlier, L., Sandillon, F, Geffard, M, and Privat, A. 1992a. Immunocytochemical mapping of noradrenergic projections to the rat spinal cord with an antiserum against noradrenaline. J. Neurocytol. 21, 481–494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaofetra, N., Poulat, P., Marlier, L., Geffard, M., and Privat, A. 1992b. Pre-and postnatal development of noradrenergic projections to the rat spinal cord: An immunocytochemical study}. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 67, 237–246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rakic, P. 1975. Local circuit neurons. Neurosci Res. Prog. Bull. 13, 295–416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, D. D., Behbehani, M., Sehlhorst, S. C, Meng, X. W., and Ralston, H. J. 1997. Decreased GABA immunoreactivity in rat dorsal horn is correlated with pain behavior: A light-and electron-microscopic study. In T. S. Jensen, J. A. Turner, and Z. Wiesenfeld-Hallin (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Pain (pp. 547–560). IASP Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. 1965. The organization of the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi in the cat lumbosacral cord. Z Zellforsch. 67, 1–23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. 1968a. The fine structure of neurons in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 132, 275–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. 1968b. Dorsal root projections to dorsal horn neurons in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 132, 303–330.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. 1971. The synaptic organization in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord and in the ventrobasal thalamus in the cat. In R. Dubner and Y. Kawamura (eds.), Oral-Facial Sensory and Motor Mechanisms (pp. 229–250). Appleton-Century Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. 1979. The fine structure of laminae I, II and III of the macaque spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 184, 619–642.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. 1982. The fine structure of laminae IV, V, and VI of the macaque spinal cord. 7. Comp. Neurol. 212, 425–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. and Ralston, D. D. 1979. The distribution of dorsal root axons in laminae I, II and III of the macaque spinal cord: A quantitative electron microscope study. J. Comp. Neurol. 184, 643–684.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J. and Ralston, D. D. 1982. The distribution of dorsal root axons to laminae IV, V, and VI of the macaque spinal cord: A quantitative electron-microscope study. J. Comp. Neurol. 212, 435–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ralston, H. J., Light, A. R., Ralston, D. D., and Perl, E. R. 1984. Morphology and synaptic relationships of physiologically identified low-threshold dorsal root axons stained with intra-axonal horseradish in the cat and monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 51, 777–792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rambourg, A., Clermont, Y, and Beaudet, A. 1983. Ultrastructural features of six types of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Neurocytol 12, 47–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S. and Bisby, M. A. 1997a. Rapid sprouting of sympathetic axons in dorsal root ganglia of rats with a chronic constriction injury. Pain 70, 237–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. and Bisby, M. 1997b. Reduced sympathetic sprouting occurs in dorsal root ganglia after axotomy in mice lacking low-affinity neurotrophin receptor. Neurosci. Lett. 228, 9–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S. and Bisby, M. A. 1998. Sympathetic axons surround neuropeptide-negative axotomized sensory neurons. NeuroReport 9, 3109–3113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S. and Bisby, M. A. 1999. Adrenergic innervation of rat sensory ganglia following proximal or distal painful sciatic neuropathy: Distinct mechanisms revealed by anti-NGF treatment. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 837–846.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S., French, G. D., and Bisby, M. A. 1997. Wallerian degeneration is required for both neuropathic pain and sympathetic sprouting into the DRG. Pain 72, 71–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S., Kawaja, M. D., Henderson, J. T., Roder, J. C, and Bisby, M. A. 1998a. Glial overexpression of NGF enhances neuropathic pain and adrenergic sprouting into DRG following chronic sciatic constriction in mice. Neurosci. Lett. 251, 53–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S., Murphy, R G., Richardson, R M., and Bisby, M. A. 1998b. Spinal nerve lesion-induced mechanoal-lodynia and adrenergic sprouting in sensory ganglia are attenuated in interleukin-6 knockout mice. Pain 78, 115–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S., Ma, W., Murphy, P. G., Richardson, P. M., and Bisby, M. A. 1998c. Galanin expression in neuropathic pain: Friend or foe? Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 863, 390–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S., Thompson, S. W., and McMahon, S. B. 1999. Causes and consequences of sympathetic basket formation in dorsal root ganglia. Pain Suppl. 6, S111–S120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramer, M. S., Bradbury, E. J., and McMahon, S. B. 2001. Nerve growth factor induces P2X(3) expression in sensory neurons. J Neurochem. 11, 864–875.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramón y Cajal, S. 1909. Histology of the Nervous System of Man and Vertebrates. 1995 edition translated from the 1909 French edition by N. Swanson and L. W. Swanson, Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M. and Miletic, V 1977. Effects of substance P in cat dorsal horn neurones activated by noxious stimuli. Brain Res. 128, 164–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M. and Miletic, V 1978. Depressant actions of methionine-enkephalin and somatostatin in cat dorsal horn neurones activated by noxious stimuli. Brain Res. 152, 196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M., Carstens, E., Zimmermann, M., and Klumpp, D. 1982. Dual effects of substance P on the excitability of single cutaneous primary afferent C-and A-fibers in the cat spinal cord. Brain Res., 233, 389–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M., Ryu, P. D., and Urban, L. 1986. Effects of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to substance P on slow excitatory transmission in rat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 383, 15–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M., Hecimovic, H., and Ryu, P. D. 1990. Substance P modulates glutamate-induced currents in acutely isolated rat spinal dorsal horn neurones. Neurosci. Lett. 117, 74–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M., Jiang, M. C, and Cerne, R. 1993. Long-term potentiation and long-term depression of primary afferent neurotransmission in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 13, 5228–5241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Randic, M., Kolaj, M., Kojic, L., Cerne, R., Cheng, G., and Wang, R. A. 1995. Interaction of neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids in the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn. Prog. Brain Res. 104, 225–253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranieri, F, Mei, N., and Crousillat 1973. Les afferences splanchniques provenant des mecanorécepteurs gastro-intestinaux et péritoneaux. Exp. Brain Res. 16, 276–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranson, S. W. 1912. Degeneration and regeneration of nerve fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 22, 487–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranson, S. W. 1913. The course within the spinal cord of the non-medullated fibers of the dorsal roots: A study of Lissauer’s tract in cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 23, 259–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranson, S. W. 1914. An experimental study of Lissauer’s tract and the dorsal roots. J. Comp. Neurol. 24, 531–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranson, S. W. and Billingsley, P. R. 1916. The conduction of painful afferent impulses in the spinal nerves. Am. J. Anat. 40, 571–584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rao, G. S., Breazile, J. E., and Kitchell, R. L. 1969. Distribution and termination of spinoreticular afferents in the brain stem of sheep. J. Comp. Neurol. 137, 185–196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, T. S., Correa, L. D., Reid, R. T., and Lloyd, G. K. 1996. Evaluation of antinociceptive effects of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (NAChR) ligands in the rat-tail flick assay. Neuropharmacology 35, 393–405.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasband, M. N., Park, E. W., Vanderah, T. W., Lai, J., Porreca, F., and Trimmer, J. S. 2001. Distinct potassium channels on pain-sensing neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 13373–13378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasmusson, D. D. and Turnbull, B. G. 1986. Sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 2. Response properties and classification of slowly adapting fibers. Somatosens. Res. 4, 63–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool, C. G., Schwartz, A. L., Bollinger, J. A., Reichlin, S., and Bradley, W. G. 1981. Immunoreactive somatostatin distribution and axoplasmic transport in rat peripheral nerve. Endocrinology 108, 996–1001.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, R. H., Mallach, L. E., and Kruger, L. 1985. The response of single guard and down hair mechanoreceptors to moving air-jet stimulation. Brain Res. 346, 333–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, S. B. and Wadhwa, S. 1999. Mu opioid receptors in developing human spinal cord. J. Anat. 195, 11–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raybould, H. E., Gschossman, J. M., Ennes, H., Lembo, T., and Mayer, E. A. 1999. Involvement of stretchsensitive calcium flux in mechanical transduction in visceral afferents. J. Autonom. Nerv. Syst. 75, 1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, S. A., Thalhammer, J. G., Pipitz-Bergez, E, and Strichartz, G. R. 1990. Changes in axonal impulse conduction correlate with sensory modality in primary afferent fibers in the rat. Brain Res. 526, 318–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebeck, G. W., Maynard, K. I., Hyman, B. T., and Moskowitz, M. A. 1994. Selective 5-HT1D serotonin receptor gene expression in trigeminal ganglia: Implications for antimigraine drug development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 91, 3666–3669.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, V. K., Cassini, P., Ho, R. H., and Martin, G. F. 1990a. Origins and terminations of bulbospinal axons that contain serotonin and either enkephalin or substance-P in the North American opossum. J. Comp. Neurol. 294, 96–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, V. K., Fung, S. J., Zhuo, H., and Barnes, C. D. 1990b. Localization of enkephalinergic neurons in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum projecting to the spinal cord of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 291, 195–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Redman S. J. 1998. The relative contributions of GABAA and GABAB receptors to presynaptic inhibition of group Ia EPSPs. In P. Rudomin R. Romo and L. M. Mendell (eds.) Presynaptic Inhibition and Neural Control (pp. 162–177). Oxford University Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeh, P. W. 1986. Sensory receptors in mammalian skin in an in vitro preparation. Neurosci. Lett. 66, 141–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeh, P. W., Kocher, L., and Jung., S. 1986. Does neurogenic inflammation alter the sensitivity of unmyelinated nociceptors in the rat? Brain Res. 384, 42–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeh, P. W., Bayer, J., Kocher, L., and Handwerker, H. O. 1987. Sensitization of nociceptive cutaneous nerve fibers from the rat’s tail by noxious mechanical stimulation. Exp. Brain Res. 65, 505–512.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, H., Sluka, K. A., Westlund, K. N., and Willis, W. D. 1994. Do dorsal root reflexes augment peripheral inflammation? NeuroReport 5, 821–824.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, H., Sluka, K. A., Westlund, K. N., and Willis, W. D. 1995. The role of glutamate and GABA receptors in the generation of dorsal root reflexes by acute arthritis in the anaesthetized rat. J. Physiol. 484, 437–445.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, H., Sluka, K. A., Lu, Y., Westlund, K. N., and Willis, W. D. 1996. Dorsal root reflexes in articular afferents occur bilaterally in a chronic model of arthritis in rats. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 4190–4193.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees, H., Sluka, K. A., Urban, L., Walpole, C. J., and Willis, W. D. 1998. The effects of SDZ NKT 343, a potent NK1 receptor antagonist, on cutaneous responses of primate spinothalamic tract neurons sensitized by intradermal capsaicin injection. Exp. Brain Res. 121, 355–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehfeld, J. F. and Lundberg, J. M. 1983. Cholecystokinin in feline vagal and sciatic nerves: Concentration, molecular form and transport velocity. Brain Res. 275, 341–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reid, G. and Flonta, M. L. 2001. Physiology: Cold current in thermoreceptive neurons. Nature 413, 480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reimann, W, Englberger, W, Friderichs, E., Selve, N., and Wilffert, B. 1994. Spinal antinociception by morphine in rats is antagonized by galanin receptor antagonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol. 350, 380–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt, R. R., Chin, E., Zhang, B., Roth, R. A., and Bondy, C. A. 1993. Insulin receptor-related receptor messenger ribonucleic acid is focally expressed in sympathetic and sensory neurons and renal distal tubule cells. Endocrinology 133, 3–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt, R. R., Chin, E., Zhang, B., Roth, R. A., and Bondy, C. A. 1994. Selective coexpression of insulin receptor-related receptor (IRR) and TRK in NGF-sensitive neurons. J. Neurosci. 14, 4674–4683.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reinscheid, R. K., Nothacker, H. P., Bourson, A., Ardati, A., Henningsen, R. A., Bunzow, J. R., Grandy, D. K., Langren, H., Monsma, F. J., and Civelli, O. 1995. Orphanin FQ a neuropeptide that activates an opioid-like G protein-coupled receptor. Science 270, 792–794.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reiter, M. K., Kremarik, P., Freund-Mercier, M. J., Stoeckel, M. E., Desaulles, E., and Feltz, P. 1994. Localization of oxytocin binding sites in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord of the adult and postnatal rat: A histoautoradiographic study. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 98–104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K. and Dubner, R. 1993. NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate mechanical hyperalgesia in rats with unilateral inflammation of the hindpaw. Neurosci. Lett. 163, 22–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K. and Ruda, M. A. 1994. A comparative study of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin-D28K, calretinin, calmodulin and parvalbumin in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 19, 163–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K. and Ruda, M. A. 1995. Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in sensory ganglia of the rat are susceptible to capsaicin-induced cytotoxicity. Neuroscience 65, 505–511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K., Williams, G. M., Hylden, J. L., Ruda, M. A., and Dubner, R. 1992. The intrathecal administration of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists selectively attenuated carrageenan-induced behavioral hyperalgesia in rats. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 291, 235–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K., Ruda, M. A., and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1993a. Immunohistochemical localization of calretinin in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 31, 13–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K., Williams, G. M., Ruda, M. A., and Dubner, R. 1994. Inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats neonatally treated with capsaicin: effect on two classes of nociceptive neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. Pain 59, 287–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ren, K., Iadarola, M. J., and Dubner, R. 1996. An isobolographic analysis of the effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate and NK1 tachykinin receptor antagonists on inflammatory hyperalgesia in the rat. Br. J. Pharmacol. 117, 196–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Repkin, A. H., Wolf, P., and Anderson, E. G. 1976. Non-GABA mediated primary afferent depolarization. Brain Res. 117, 147–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reppert, S. M., Weaver, D. R., Stehle, J. H., and Rivkees, S. A. 1991. Molecular cloning and characterization of a rat A1-adenosine receptor that is widely expressed in brain and spinal cord. Mol. Endocrinol. 5, 1037–1048.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Resibois, A. and Rogers, J. H. 1992. Calretinin in rat brain: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 46, 101–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M. 1977. Preterminal and terminal axon arborizations in the substantia gelatinosa of cat’s spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 172, 511–528.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M. 1984. Synaptic connectivity in the spinal dorsal horn, In R. A. Davidoff (ed.), Handbook of the Spinal Cord (pp. 137–175). Dekker, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M. and Capowski, J. J. 1977. The terminal arborization pattern of primary afferent fibers in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord in the cat. J. Physiol. 73, 269–277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Réthelyi, M. and Szentágothai, J. 1969. The large synaptic complexes of the substantia gelatinosa. Exp. Brain Res. 7, 258–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Réthelyi, M. and Szentágothai, J. 1973. Distribution and connections of afferent fibres in the spinal cord. In A. Iggo (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. II. Somatosensory System (pp. 207–252). Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M., Trevino, D. L., and Perl, E. R. 1979. Distribution of primary afferent fibers within the sacrococcygeal dorsal horn: An autoradiographic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 185, 603–622.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M., Light, A. R., and Perl, E. R. 1982. Synaptic complexes formed by functionally defined primary afferent units with fine myelinated fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 207, 381–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M., Metz, C. B., and Lund, P. K. 1989a. Distribution of neurons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNAs in the brain stem, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of rat and guinea-pig. Neuroscience 29, 225–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M., Light, A. R., and Perl, E. R. 1989b. Synaptic ultrastructure of functionally and morphologically characterized neurons of the superficial spinal dorsal horn of cat. J. Neurosci. 9, 1846–1863.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reubi, J. C. and Maurer, R. 1985. Autoradiographic mapping of somatostatin receptors in the rat central nervous system and pituitary. Neuroscience 15, 1183–1193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reuss, M. A. and Reuss, S. 2001. Nitric oxide synthase neurons in the rodent spinal cord: Distribution, relation to substance P fibers, and effects of dorsal rhizotomy. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 21, 181–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rexed, B. 1952. The cytoarchitectonic organization of the spinal cord in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 96, 415–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rexed, B. 1954. A cytoarchitectonic atlas of the spinal cord in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 100, 297–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rexed, B. and Therman, P. 1948. Calibre spectra of motor and sensory nerve fibres to flexor and extensor muscles. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 133–139.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoades, R. W, Chiaia, N. L., Hess, P. R., and Miller, M. W. 1988. Effect of neonatal infraorbital nerve transection on substance P-and leucine enkephalin-like immunoreactivities in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 8, 2234–2247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. 1995. Ultrastructural features of the colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide with substance P or somatostatin in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 73, 940–944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. and Coimbra, A. 1980. Neuronal uptake of [3H]GABA and [3H]glycine in laminae I-III (substantia gelatinosa Rolandi) of the rat spinal cord: An autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 188, 449–464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. and Coimbra, A. 1982. Two types of synaptic glomeruli and their distribution in laminae I-III of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 209, 176–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. and Cuello, A. C. 1990a. Choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive profiles are presynaptic to primary sensory fibers in the rat superficial dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol 295, 370–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. and Cuello, A. C. 1990b. Ultrastructural evidence for the occurrence of two distinct somatostatin-containing systems in the substantia gelatinosa of rat spinal cord. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 3, 141–153.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. and Cuello, A. C. 1995. Organization of peptidergic neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: Anatomical and functional correlates. Progr. Brain Res. 104, 41–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A. and Hökfelt, T. 2000. Neuroanatomical localisation of substance P in the CNS and sensory neurons. Neuropeptides 34, 256–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., Pignatelli, D., and Coimbra, A. 1985. Synaptic architecture of glomeruli in superficial dorsal horn of rat spinal cord, as shown in serial reconstructions. J. Neurocytol. 14, 203–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., Pioro, E. P., and Cuello, A. C. 1991. Substance P-and enkephalin-like immunoreactivities are colocalized in certain neurons of the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord: An ultrastructural double-labeling study. J. Neurosci. 11, 1068–1080.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, A. S. C, McMahon, S. B., and Wall, P. D. 1993. The electrophysiological consequences of electrode impalement of peripheral nerves in the rat. Brain Res. 631, 221–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, A. S. C, Andreev, N. Y., and McMahon, S. B. 1994. The consequences of microneurography electrode-induced injury of peripheral nerves observed in the rat and man. Pain 59, 385–393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, F. L. and Rasmusson, D. D. 2000. Innervation of the digit on the forepaw of the raccoon. J. Comp. Neurol. 417, 467–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, J. G., Schoch, P., Haring, P., Takacs, B., and Mohler, H. 1987. Resolving ABAA/benzodiazepine receptors: cellular and subcellular localization in the CNS with monoclonal antibodies. J. Neurosci. 7, 1866–1886.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, J. D., Kilo, S., and Hargreaves, K. M. 1998. Cannabinoids reduce hyperalgesia and inflammation via interaction with peripheral CBα receptors. Pain 75, 111–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, J. S., Jankowska, E., and Huber, J. 1995. Organization of neuronal systems mediating presynaptic inhibition of group II muscle afferents in the cat. J. Physiol. 483, 461–471.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridet, J.-L., Sandillon, E, Rajaofetra, N., Geffard, M., and Privat, A. 1992. Spinal dopaminergic system of the rat: Light-and electron-microscopic study using an antiserum against dopamine, with particular emphasis on synaptic incidence. Brain Res. 598, 233–241.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridet, J.-L., Rajaofetra, N., Teilhac, J.-R., Geffard, M., and Pravat, A. 1993. Evidence for nonsynaptic serotonergic and noradrenergic innervation of the rat dorsal horn and possible involvement of neuron-glia interations. Neuroscience 52, 143–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridet, J.-L., Geffard, M., and Privat, A. X. 1994a. Light-and electron-microscopic studies of the effect of p-chloroamphetamine on the monoaminergic innervation of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 343, 281–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ridet, J.-L., Tamir, H., and Privat, A. 1994b. Direct immunocytochemical localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the adult rat spinal cord: A light-and electron-microscopic study using an anti-idiotypic antiserum. J. Neurosci. Res. 38, 109–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riedl, M., Shuster, S., Vulchanova, L., Wang, J., Loh, H. H., and Elde, R. 1996. Orphanin FQ/nociceptin-immunoreactive nerve fibers parallel those containing endogenous opioids in rat spinal cord. NeuroReport 7, 1369–1372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, D. A., Ellis, S., and Bain, J. L. W. 1984. Ultrastructural cytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase activity in rat peripheral sensory and motor nerves, dorsal root ganglia and dorsal column nuclei. Neuroscience 13, 189–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, D. A., Sanger, J. R., Matloub, H. S., Yousif, N. J., Bain, J. L. W., and Moore, G. H. 1988. Identifying motor and sensory myelinated axons in rabbit peripheral nerves by histochemical staining for carbonic anhydrase and cholinesterase activities. Brain Res. 453, 79–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risling, M. and Hildebrand, C. 1982. Occurence of unmyelinated axon profiles at distal, middle and proximal levels in the ventral root L7 of cats and kittens. J. Neurol. Sci. 56, 219–231.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risling, M., Hildebrand, C, and Aldskogius, H. 1981. Postnatal increase of unmyelinated axon profiles in the feline ventral root L7. J. Comp. Neurol. 201, 343–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risling, M., Dalsgaard, C. J., and Cuello, A. C. 1984a. Invasion of lumbosacral ventral roots and spinal pia mater by substance P-immunoreactive axons after sciatic nerve lesion in kittens. Brain Res. 307, 351–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risling, M., Dalsgaard, C. J., Cukierman, A., and Cuello, A. C. 1984b. Electron microscopic and immunohisto-chemical evidence that unmyelinated ventral root axons make U-turns or enter the spinal pia mater. J. Comp. Neurol. 225, 53–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risling, M., Hildebrand, C, and Cullheim, S. 1984c. Invasion of the L7 ventral root and spinal pia mater by new axons after sciatic nerve division in kittens. Exp. Neurol. 83, 84–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risling, M., Dalsgaard, C.-J., Frisen, J., Sjogren, A.-M, and Fried, K. 1994. Substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide, growth-associated protein-43, and neurotrophin receptor-like immunoreactivity associated with unmyelinated axons in feline ventral roots and pia mater. J. Comp. Neurol. 339, 365–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rittenhouse, P. A., Marchand, J. E., Chen, J., Kream, R. M., and Leeman, S. E. 1996. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes is associated with altered expression of peptide-encoding mRNAs in rat sensory neurons. Peptides 17, 1017–1022.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, A. M. and Mendell, L. M. 1992. Somal membrane properties of physiologically identified sensory neurons in the rat: Effects of nerve growth factor. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 2033–2041.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, A. M., Lewin, G. R., Kremer, N. E., and Mendell, L. M. 1991. Requirement for nerve growth factor in the development of myelinated nociceptors in vivo. Nature 350, 500–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritter, A. M., Woodbury, C. J., Albers, K., Davis, B. M., and Koerber, H. R. 2000. Maturation of cutaneous sensory neurons from normal and NGF-overexpressing mice. J. Neurophysiol 83, 1722–1732.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz, L. A., Brown, P. B., and Bailey, S. M. 1989. Crossed and uncrossed projections to cat sacrocaudal spinal cord: I. Axons from cutaneous receptors. J. Comp. Neurol. 289, 284–293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz, L. A. and Greenspan, J. D. 1985. Morphological features of lamina V neurons receiving input in cat sacrocaudal spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 238, 440–452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ritz, L. A., Murray, C. R., and Foli, K. 2001. Crossed and uncrossed projections to the cat sacrocaudal spinal cord: III. Axons expressing calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 438, 388–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivero-Melian, C. and Grant, G. 1990. Distribution of lumbar dorsal root fibers in the lower thoracic and lumbosacral spinal cord of the rat studied with choleragenoid horseradish peroxidase conjugate. J. Comp. Neurol. 299, 470–481.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzoli, A. A. 1968. Distribution of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, 7-aminobutyric acid and glycine in six areas of cat spinal cord before and after transection. Brain Res. 11, 11–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robain, O. and Jardin, L. 1972. Histoenzymologie du ganglion spinal du lapin. J. Neurol. Sci. 17, 419–433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, A., Sato, Y., Hotta, H., and Berkley, K. J. 1990. Responses of hypogastric nerve afferent fibers to uterine distension in estrous or metestrous rats. Neurosci. Lett. 110, 82–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, A., Berkley, K. J., and Sato, Y. 1992. Estrous cycle variation of afferent fibers supplying reproductive organs in the female rat. Brain Res. 596, 353–356.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. J. 1974. Amino acid release from isolated dorsal root ganglia. Brain Res. 74, 327–332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. J and Keen, P. 1974. Effect of dorsal root section on amino acids of rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 74, 333–337.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, P. J., Keen, P., and Mitchell, J. F. 1973. The distribution and axonal transport of free amino acids and related compounds in the dorsal sensory neuron of the rat, as determined by the dansyl reaction. J. Neurochem. 21, 199–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. G., Stevenson, J. E., Westerman, R. A., and Pennefather, J. 1995. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on capsaicin-sensitive nerves. NeuroReport 6, 1578–1582.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, W. J. 1986. A hypothesis on the physiological basis for causalgia and related pains. Pain 24, 297–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, W. J. and Elardo, S. M. 1985. Sympathetic activation of A-delta nociceptors. Somatosens. Res. 3, 33–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, W. J. and Elardo, S. M. 1986. Clustering of primary afferent fibers in peripheral nerve fascicles by sensory modality. Brain Res. 370, 149–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, B. and Arvidsson, J. 1985. Transganglionic transport of wheat germ agglutinin-HRP and choleragenoid-HRP in rat trigeminal primary sensory neurons. Brain Res. 348, 44–51.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, B. and Grant, G. 1985. A comparison between wheat germ agglutinin-and choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase as anterogradely transported markers in central branches of primary sensory neurones in the rat with some observations in the cat. Neuroscience 14, 895–905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, B. and Grant, G. 1989. Immunocytochemical evidence for the localization of the GM1 ganglioside in carbonic anhydrase-containing and RT 97-immunoreactive rat primary sensory neurons. J. Neurocytol. 18, 77–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, B., Schulte, G., Elde, R., and Grant, G. 1999. Effects of sciatic nerve injuries on delta-opioid receptor and substance P immunoreactivities in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat. Eur. J. Pain 3, 115–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, T. E. and Justice, J. B. (eds.) 1991. Microanalysis in the Neurosciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roby-Brami, A., Bussel, B., Wilier, J. C, and Le Bars, D. 1987. An electrophysiological investigation into the pain-relieving effects of heterotopic nociceptive stimuli: Probable involvement of a supraspinal loop. Brain 110, 1497–1508.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, B. E. and Kruger, L. 1984. Deafferentation in animals as a model for the study of pain: An alternative hypothesis. Brain Res. Rev. 7, 213–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodin, B. E., Sampogna, S., and Kruger, L. 1983. An examination of intraspinal sprouting in dorsal root axons with the tracer horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol 215, 187–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrigo, J., Springall, D. R., Uttenthal, O., Bentura, M. L., Abadia-Molina, F., Riveros-Moreno, V., Martinez-Murillo, R., Polak, J. M., and Moncada, S. 1994. Localization of nitric oxide synthase in the adult rat brain. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 345, 175–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, R. E., Hill, R. G., and Hughes, J. 1987. Cholecystokinin releases [3H]GABA from the perfused subarachnoid space of the anaesthetized rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 83, 173–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roessmann, U. and Friede, R. L. 1967. The segmental distribution of acetyl cholinesterase in the cat spinal cord. J. Anat. 101, 27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, J. H. and Resibois, A. 1992. Calretinin and calbindin-D28k in rat brain: Patterns of partial co-localization. Neuroscience 51, 843–865.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rokaeus, A., Melander, T., Hökfelt, T., Lundberg, J. M., Tatemoto, K., Carlquist, M., and Mutt, V. 1984. A galanin-like peptide in the central nervous system and intestine of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 47, 161–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romano, C., Sesma, M. A., McDonald, C. T., O’Malley K., Van den Pol, A. N., and Olney, J. W. 1995. Distribution of metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 inmmunoreactivity in rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 355, 455–469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romero, M. I., Rangappa, N., Garry, M. G., and Smith, G. M. 2001. Functional regeneration of chronically injured sensory afferents into adult spinal cord after neurotrophin gene therapy. J. Neurosci. 21, 8408–8416.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romualdi, P., Lesa, G., Cox, B. M., and Ferri, S. 1990. Distribution and characterization of VIP-related peptides in the rat spinal cord. Neuropeptides 16, 219–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, R. D., Koerber, H. R., Sedivec, M. J., and Mendell, L. M. 1986. Somal action potential duration differs in identified primary afferents. Neurosci. Lett. 63, 259–264.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosemberg, S., Marie, S. K., and Kliemann, S. 1994. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV). Pediatr. Neurol. 11, 50–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A., Lundeberg, T., Bytner, B., and Nylander, I. 2000. Central changes in nociceptin dynorphin B and metenkephalin-Arg-Phe in different models of nociception. Brain Res. 857, 212–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenfeld, M. G., Mermod, J. J., Amara, S. G., Swanson, L. W., Sawchenko, P. E., Rivier, J., Vale, W. W., and Evans, R. M. 1983. Production of a novel neuropeptide encoded by the calcitonin gene via tissue-specific RNA processing. Nature 304, 129–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, B. M. and Ho, R. H. 1989. An electron microscopic study of somatostatin immunoreactive structures in lamina II of the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull 22, 439–451.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosin, D. L., Zeng, D., Stornetta, R. L., Norton, F. R., Riley, T., Okusa, M. D., Guyenet, P. G., and Lynch, K. R. 1993. Immunohistochemical localization alpha2a-adrenergic receptors in catecholaminergic and other brainstem neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 56, 139–155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosin, D. L., Talley, E. M., Lee, A., Stornetta, R. L., Gaylin, B. D., Guyenet, P. G., and Lynch, K. R. 1996. Distribution of α2c-adrenergic receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 372, 135–165.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, M. H., Romrell, L. J., and Kaye, G. I. 1995. Histology; A Text and Atlas (3rd ed). Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, A. and Grigg, P. 1982. Characteristics of hip joint mechanoreceptors in the cat. J. Neurophysiol 47, 1029–1042.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, A. and Rossi, B. 1985. Characteristics of the receptors in the isolated capsule of the hip in the cat. Int. Orthop. 9, 123–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rössler, W., Gerstberger, R., Sann, H., and Pierau, F.-K. 1993. Distribution and binding sites of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide and their capsaicin-sensitivity in the spinal cord of rats and chicken: A comparative study. Neuropeptides 25, 241–253.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roudet, C., Savasta, M., and Feuerstein, C. 1993. Normal distribution of alpha-1-adrenoceptors in the rat spinal cord and its modification after noradrenergic denervation: A quantitative autoradiographic study. J. Neurosci. Res. 34, 44–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roudet, C., Mouchet, P., Feuerstein, C., and Savata, M. 1994. Normal distribution of alpha 2-adrenoreceptors in the rat spinal cord and its modification after noradrenergic denervation: A quantitative autoradiography study. J. Neurosci. Res. 39, 319–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roumy, M. and Zajac, J. M. 1998. Neuropeptide FF, pain and analgesia. Eur. J. Pharmcol 345, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rousselot, P., Papadopoulos, G., Merighi, A., Poulain, D. A., and Theodosis, D. T. 1990. Oxytocinergic innervation of the rat spinal cord. An electron-microscopic study. Brain Res. 529, 178–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Routh, V. H. and Helke, C. J. 1995. Tachykinin receptors in the spinal cord. Prog. Brain Res. 104, 93–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan, S., Todd, A. J., and Spike, R. C. 1993. Evidence that neuropeptide Y is present in GABAergic neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 53, 537–545.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roza, C., Laird, J. M. A., and Cervero, F. 1998. Spinal mechanisms underlying persisent pain and referred hyperalgesia in rats with an experimental ureric stone. J. Neurophysiol. 79, 1603–1612.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, G., Kaspi, T., Rappaport, Z. H., Cohen, S., Ravikovitch, M., Lomazov, P., and Devor, M. 1997. Adrenosensitivity of injured afferent neurons does not require the presence of postganglionic sympathetic terminals. Pain 72, 183–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A. 1982. Opiates and pain pathways: Demonstration of enkephalin synapses on dorsal horn projection neurons. Science 215, 1523–1525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A. 1988. Spinal dorsal horn circuitry involved in the brain stem control of nociception. Prog. Brain Res. 77, 129–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A. and Gobel, S. 1980. Ultrastructural characterization of axonal endings in the substantia gelatinosa which take up [3H]serotonin. Brain Res. 184, 57–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A., Coffield, J., and Steinbusch, H. W. M. 1982. Immunocytochemical analysis of serotonergic axons in laminae I and II of the lumbar spinal cord of the cat. J. Neurosci. 2, 1660–1671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A., Coffield, J., and Dubner, R. 1984. Demonstration of postsynaptic opioid modulation of thalamic projection neurons by the combined techniques of retrograde horseradish peroxidase and enkephalin immunocytochemistry. J. Neurosci. 4, 2117–2132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A., Bennett, G. J., and Dubner, R. 1986. Neurochemistry and neural circuitry in the dorsal horn. Prog. Brain Res. 66, 219–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A., Iadarola, M. J., Cohen, L. V., and Young, W. S. 1988. In situ hybridization histochemistry and immunocytochemistry reveal an increase in spinal dynorphin biosynthesis in a rat model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 622–626.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A., Besse, D., Inagaki, S., and DeLeon, M. 1994. Nitric oxide expression and regulation in the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 738, 181–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruda, M. A., Ling, Q.-D., Hohmann, A. G., Peng, Y. B., and Tachibana, T. 2000. Altered nociceptive neuronal circuits after neonatal peripheral inflammation. Science 289, 628–631.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudomin, P. and Schmidt, R. F. 1999. Presynaptic inhibition in the vertebrate spinal cord revisited. Exp. Brain Res. 129, 1–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudomin, P., Engberg, I., and Jimenez, I. 1981. Mechanisms involved in presynaptic depolarization of group I and rubrospinal fibers in cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 46, 532–548.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudomin, P., Jimenez, I., Solodkin, M., and Dueñas, S. 1983. Sites of action of segmental and descending control of transmission on pathways mediating PAD of la-and lb-afferent fibers in cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 50, 743–769.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudomin, P. Solodkin, M., and Jimenez, I. 1987. Synaptic potentials of primary afferent fibers and motoneurons evoked by single intermediate nucleus interneurons in the cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 57, 1288–1313.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudomin, P., Jimenez, J., Quevedo, J., and Solodkin, M. 1990. Pharmacologic analysis of inhibition produced by last-order intermediate nucleus interneurons mediating nonreciprocal inhibition of motoneurons in cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 63, 147–160.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudomin, P., Romo, R., and Mendell, L. M. (eds.) 1998. Presynaptic Inhibition and Neural Control. Oxford University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rueff, A. and Dray, A. 1993a. Sensitization of peripheral afferent fibres in the in vitro neonatal rat spinal cord-tail by bradykinin and prostaglandins}. Neuroscience 54, 527–535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rueff, A. and Dray, A. 1993b. Pharmacological characterization of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and different prostaglandins on peripheral sensory neurons in vitro. Agents Actions 38, C13–C15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rueff, A. and Mendell, L. M. 1996. Nerve growth factor and NT-5 induce increased thermal sensitivity of cutaneous nociceptors in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 76, 3593–3596.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruffini, A. 1894. Sur un nouvel organe nerveux terminal et sur la presence des corpuscles Golgi-Mazzoni dans le conjunctif sous-cutane de la pulpe des doigts de l’homme. Arch. Ital. Biol. 21, 249–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruggiero, D. A., Regunathan, S., Wang, H., Milner, T. A., and Reis, D. J. 1995. Distribution of imidazoline receptor binding protein in the central nervous system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 763, 208–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruggiero, D. A., Regunathan, S., Wang, H., Milner, T. A., and Reis, D. J. 1998. Immunocytochemical localization of an imidazoline receptor protein in the central nervous system. Brain Res. 780, 270–293.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rumio, C., Castano, P., Veraldi, S., Morini, M., and Castano, M. 1995. The innervation of human skin studied with confocal scanning laser microscopy: A comparison between PGP 9.5 immunofluorescence and silver impregnation. Neuroimage 2, 102–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rush, A. M., Brau, M. E., Elliott, D. A., and Elliott, J. R. 1998. Electrophysiological properties of sodium current subtypes in small cells from adult rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Physiol. 511, 771–789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusin, K. I., Ryu, P. D., and Randic, M. 1992. Modulation of excitatory amino acid responses in rat dorsal horn neurons by tachykinins. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 265–286.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusin, K. I., Bleakman, D., Chard, P. S., Randic, M., and Miller, R. J. 1993a. Tachykinins potentiate N-methyl-D-aspartate responses in acutely isolated neurons from the dorsal horn. J. Neurochem. 60, 952–960.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rusin, K. L., Jiang, M. C., Cerne, R., and Randic, M. 1993b. Interactions between excitatory amino acids and tachykinins in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. Bull. 30, 329–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rustioni, A. and Cuenod, M. 1982. Selective retrograde transport of d-asparate in spinal interneurons and cortical neurons of rats. Brain Res. 236, 143–155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryall, R. W. and Piercey, M. F. 1970. Visceral afferent and efferent fibers in sacral ventral roots in cats. Brain Res. 23, 57–65.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rydh-Rinder, M., Holmberg, K., Elfvin, L.-G., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1996. Effects of peripheral axotomy on neuropeptides and nitric oxide synthase in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the guinea pig: An immunohistochemical study. Brain Res. 707, 180–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rygh, L. J., Svendsen, F., Hole, K., and Tjølsen, A. 1999. Natural noxious stimulation can induce long-term increase of spinal nociceptive responses. Pain 82, 305–310.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rymer, W. Z. and D’Almeida, A. 1980. Joint position sense: The effects of muscle contraction. Brain 103, 1–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu, P. D., Gerber, G., Murase, K., and Randic, M. 1988a. Actions of calcitonin gene-related peptide on rat spinal dorsal horn neurons. Brain Res. 441, 357–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryu, P. D., Gerber, G., Murase, K., and Randic, M. 1988b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances calcium current of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons and spinal excitatory synaptic transmission. Neurosci. Lett. 89, 305–312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saito, S., Kidd, G. J., Trapp, B. D., Dawson, T. M., Bredt, D. S., Wilson, D. A., Traystman, R. J., Snyder, S. H., and Hanley, D. F. 1994. Rat spinal cord neurons contain nitric oxide synthase. Neuroscience 59, 447–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakamoto, H., Spike, R. C., and Todd, A. J. 1999. Neurons in laminae III and IV of the rat spinal cord with the neurokinin-1 receptor receive few contacts from unmyelinated primary afferents which do not contain substance P. Neuroscience 94, 903–908.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakanaka, M., Inagaki, S., Shiosaka, S., Senba, E., Takagi, H., Takatsuki, K., Kawai, Y., Iida, H., Hara, Y., and Tohyama, M. 1982. Ontogeny of substance P-containing neuron system of the rat: Immunohistochemical analysis: II. Lower brain stem. Neuroscience 7, 1097–1126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurada, S., Hayashi, T, Yuhki, M., Orito, T, Zadina, J. E., Kastin, A. J., Fujimura, T., Murayama, K., Sakurada, C., Sakurada, T., Narita, M., Suzuki, T., Tan-no, K., and Tseng, L. F. 2001. Differential antinociceptive effects induced by intrathecally administered endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 427, 203–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurada, T., Sakurada, S., Katsuyama, S., Sakurada, C., Tan-No, K. and Terenius, L. 1999a. Nociceptin (1-7) antagonizes nociceptin-induced hyperalgesia in mice. Br. J. Pharmacol. 128, 941–944.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurada, T, Katsuyama, S., Sakurada, S., Inoue, M., Tan-No, K., Kisara, K., Sakurada, C., Ueda, H. and Sasaki, J. 1999b. Nociceptin-induced scratching, biting and licking in mice: involvement of spinal NK1 receptors. Br. J. Pharmacol. 127, 1712–1718.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saldanha, G., Hongo, J., Plant, G., Acheson, J., Levy, I., and Anand, P. 1999. Decreased CGRP, but preserved Trk A immunoreactivity in nerve fibres in inflamed human superficial temporal arteries. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 66, 390–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sales, N., Charnay, Y., Zajac, J. M., Dubois, P. M., and Roques, B. P. 1989. Ontogeny of mu and delta opioid receptors and of neural endopeptidases in human spinal cord: An autoradiographic study. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 2, 179–188.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salio, C., Fischer, J., Franzoni, M. F., Mackie, K., Kaneko, T., and Conrath, M. 2001. CBl-cannabinoid and μ-opioid receptor co-localization on postsynaptic target in the rat dorsal horn. NeuroReport 12, 3689–3692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salio, C., Fischer, J., Franzoni, M. F., and Conrath, M. 2002. Pre-and postsynaptic localizations of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 110, 755–764.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salo, P. T. and Theriault, E. 1997. Number, distribution and neuropeptide content of rat knee joint afferents. J.Anat. 190, 515–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salt, T. E. and Hill, R. G. 1983. Neurotransmitter candidates of somatosensory primary afferent fibres. Neuroscience 10, 1083–1103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salt, T. E., Crozier, C. S., and Hill, R. G. 1982. The effects of capsaicin pre-treatment on the responses of single neurones to sensory stimuli in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of the rat: Evidence against a role for substance P as the neurotransmitter serving thermal nociception. Neuroscience 7, 1141–1148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, M. W. and Henry, J. L. 1985. Effects of adenosine 5’-monophosphate and adenosine 5’-triphosphate on functionally identified units in the cat spinal dorsal horn. Evidence for a differential effect of adenosine 5’-triphosphate on nociceptive vs. non-nociceptive units. Neuroscience 15, 815–825.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, M. W. and Henry, J. L. 1991. Responses of functionally identified neurones in the dorsal horn of the cat spinal cord to substance P, neurokinin A and physalaemin. Neuroscience 43, 601–610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, M. W., De Koninck, Y, and Henry, J. L. 1993. Physiological roles for adenosine and ATP in synaptic transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. Prog. Neurobiol. 41, 125–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samarasinghe, S., Virgo, L., and de Belleroche, J. 1996. Distribution of the N-methyl-D-asparate glutamate receptor subunit NR2A in control and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spinal cord. Brain Res. 727, 233–237.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sameda, H., Takahashi, Y., Takahashi, K., Chiba, T., Ohtori, S., and Moriya, H. 2001. Primary sensory neurons with dichotomizing axons projecting to the facet joint and the sciatic nerve in rats. Spine 26, 1105–1109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samsam, M., Covenas, R., Csillik, B., Ahangari, R., Yajeya, J., Riquelme, R., Narvaez, J. A., and Tramu, G. 2001. Depletion of substance P, neurokinin A and calcitonin gene-related peptide from the contralateral and ipsilateral caudal trigeminal nucleus following unilateral electrical stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion: A possible neurophysiological and neuroanatomical link to generalized head pain. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 21, 161–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel, E. P. 1952. The autonomic and somatic innervation of the articular capsule. Anat. Rec. 113, 53–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandkühler, J. and Liu, X. 1998. Induction of long-term potentiation at spinal synapses by noxious stimulation or nerve injury. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 2476–2480.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandkühler, J., Chen, J. G., Cheng, G., and Randić, M. 1997. Low-frequency stimulation of afferent Aδ-fibers induces long-term depression at primary afferent synapses with substantia gelatinosa neurons in the rat. J. Neurosci. 17, 6483–6491.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sangameswaran, L., Delgado, S. G., Fish, L. M., Koch, B. D., Stewart, G. R., Sze, P., Hunter, J. C, Eglen, R. M., and Herman, R. S. 1996. Structure and function of a novel voltage-gated, tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel specific to sensory neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5953–5956.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanjue, H. and Jun, Z. 1989. Sympathetic facilitation of sustained discharges of polymodal nociceptors. Pain 38, 85–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sann, H., McCarthy, P. W., Mäder, M., and Schemann, M. 1995a. Choline acetyltransferase-like immunoreactivity in small diameter neurones of the rat dorsal root ganglion. Neurosci. Lett. 198, 17–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sann, H., Jancso, G., Rossler, W., and Pierau, F.-K. 1995b. Reduction of substance P binding sites in the spinal dorsal horn after perineural capsaicin treatment in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 190, 151–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanner, C. A., Cunningham, T. J., and Goldberger, M. E. 1994. NMDA receptor blockade rescues Clark’s and Red nucleus neurons after spinal hemisection. J. Neurosci. 14, 6472–6480.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santini, M., Ibata, Y, and Pappas, G. D. 1971. The fine structure of the sympathetic axons within the Pacinian corpuscle. Brain Res. 33, 279–287.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanudo-Pena, M. C., Strangman, N. M., Mackie, K., Walker, J. M., and Tsou, K. 1999. CB1 receptor localization in rat spinal cord and roots, dorsal root ganglion, and peripheral nerve. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue. Bao. 20, 1115–1120.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanyal, S. and Rustioni, A. 1974. Phosphatases in the substantia gelatinosa and motoneurones: A comparative histochemical study. Brain Res. 76, 161–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saper, C. B., Hurley, K. M., Moga, M. M., Holmes, H. R., Adams, S. A., Leahy, K. M., and Needleman, P. 1989. Brain natriuretic peptides: Differential localization of a new family of neuropeptides. Neurosci. Lett. 96, 29–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sar, M. and Stumpf, W. E. 1977. Androgen concentration in motor neurons of cranial nerves and spinal cord. Science 197, 77–79.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saria, A., Gamse, R., Petermann, J., Fischer, J. A., Theodorsson-Norheim, E., and Lundberg, J. M. 1986. Simultaneous release of several tachykinins and calcitonin gene-related peptide from rat spinal cord slices. Neurosci. Lett. 63, 310–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sarrat, R. 1970. Zur Chemodifferenzierung des Rückenmarks und der Spinalganglien der Ratte. Histochemie 24, 202–213.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, M., Tohda, C., and Kuraishi, Y 1998. Region-specific increase in glutamate release from dorsal horn of rats with adjuvant inflammation. NeuroReport 9, 3219–3222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, S., Komori, T., and Iwata, M. 2000. Excitatory amino acid transporter 1 and 2 immunoreactivity in the spinal cord in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl.) 100, 138–144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasek, C. A. and Elde, R. P. 1985. Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and its relationship to FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity in the sixth lumbar and first sacral spinal cord segments of the rat. J. Neurosci. 7, 1729–1739.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasek, C. A., Baldwin, C., and Zigmond, R. E. 1991. Distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide-and peptide histidine isoleucine amide-like immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the thoracic spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 561, 159–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry, B. R. 1978. Morphine and met-enkephalin effects on sural A-delta afferent terminal excitability. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 50, 269–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry, B. R. 1979a. Presynaptic effects of morphine and methionine-enkephalin in feline spinal cord. Neuropharmacology 18, 367–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry, B. R. 1979b. Substance P effects on spinal nociceptive neurones. Life Sci. 24, 2169–2178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sastry, B. R. and Goh, J. W. 1983. Action of morphine and met-enkephaline-amide on nociceptor driven neurones in substantia gelatinosa and deeper dorsal horn. Neuropharmacology 22, 119–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, J. and Perl, E. R. 1991. Adrenergic excitation of cutaneous pain receptors induced by peripheral nerve injury. Science 251, 1608–1610.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, J., Mizumura, K., and Kumazawa, T. 1989. Effect of ionic calcium on the responses of canine testicular poly modal receptors to algesic substances. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 119–125.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K., Zhang, J.-H., Saika, T., Sato, M., Tadao, K., and Tohyama, T. 1991. Localization of glycine receptor α1 subunit mRNA-containing neurons in the rat brain: An analysis using in situ hybridization histochemistry. Neuroscience 43, 381–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K., Kiyama, H., Park, H. T., and Tohyama, M. 1993a. AMPA, KA and NMDA receptors are expressed in the rat DRG neurons. NeuroReport 4, 1263–1265.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, K., Kiyama, H., and Tohyama, M. 1993b. The differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding non-N-methyl-D-asparate glutamate receptor subunits (GluRl-4) in the rat brain. Neuroscience 52, 515–539.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Satoh, K., Kashiba, A., Kimura, H., and Maeda, T. 1982. Noradrenergic axon terminals in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord: An electron-microscopic study using glyoxylic acid-potassium permanganate fixation. Cell Tissue Res. 222, 359–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saugstad, J. A., Segerson, T. P., and Westbrook, G. L. 1995. Modulation of ion channels and synaptic transmission by metabotropic glutamate receptors. In H. Wheal and A. Thompson (eds.), Excitatory Amino Acids and Synaptic Transmission (pp. 77–88). New York, Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawynok, J. and Sweeney, M. I. 1989. The role of purines in nociception. Neuroscience 32, 557–569.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scadding, J. W. 1981. Development of ongoing activity, mechanosensitivity, and adrenaline sensitivity in severed peripheral nerve axons. Exp. Neurol. 73, 345–364.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scatton, B., Dubois, A., Javoy-Agid, E, and Camus, A. 1984. Autoradiographic localization of muscarinic cholinergic receptors at various segmental levels of the human spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 49, 239–245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schady, W. and Torebjörk, H. E. 1983. Projected and receptive fields. A comparison of projected areas of sensations evoked by intraneural stimulation of mechanoreceptive units and their innervation territories. Acta Physiol. Scand. 119, 267–275.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schady, W. J. L., Torebjörk, H. E., and Ochoa, J. L. 1983. Peripheral projections of nerve fibres in the human median nerve. Brain Res. 277, 249–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, K. 1987. A quantitative study of the dependence of feline cold receptor activity on the calcium concentration. Pfluegers Arch. 409, 208–213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, M. K., Nohr, D., Krause, J. E., and Weihe, E. 1993. Inflammation-induced upregulation of NK1 receptor mRNA in dorsal horn neurones. NeuroReport 4, 1007–1010.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, M. K. H., Bette, M., Romeo, H., Schwaeble, W., and Weihe, E. 1994. Localization of k-opioid receptor mRNA in neuronal subpopulations of rat sensory ganglia and spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 167, 137–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G. and Grubb, B. D. 1993. Afferent and spinal mechanisms of joint pain. Pain 55, 5–54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G. and Schmidt, R. F. 1983a. Activation of groups III and IV sensory units in medial articular nerve by local mechanical stimulation of knee joint. J. Neurophysiol. 49, 35–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G. and Schmidt, R. F. 1983b. Responses of fine medial articular nerve afferents to passive movements of knee joint. J. Neurophysiol. 49, 1118–1126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G. and Schmidt, R. F. 1985. Effects of an experimental arthritis on the sensory properties of fine articular afferent units. J. Neurophysiol. 54, 1109–1126.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G. and Schmidt, R. F. 1988a. Time course of mechanosensitivity changes in articular afferent during developing experimental arthritis. J. Neurophysiol. 60, 2180–2195.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G. and Schmidt, R. F. 1988b. Excitation and sensitization of fine articular afferents from cat’s knee joint by prostaglandin E2. J. Physiol. 403, 91–104.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G., Schmidt, R. F., and Willis, W. D. 1986. Responses of spinal cord neurones to stimulation of articular afferent fibres in the cat. J. Physiol. 372, 575–593.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G., Schmidt, R. F., and Willis, W. D. 1987a. Convergent inputs from articular, cutaneous and muscle receptors onto ascending tract cells in the cat spinal cord. Exp. Brain Res. 66, 479–488.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G., Schmidt, R. F, and Willis, W. D. 1987b. Enhancement of the responses of ascending tract cells in the cat spinal cord by acute inflammation of the knee joint. Exp. Brain Res. 66, 489–499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G., Jarrott, B., Hope, P. J., and Duggan, A. W 1990. Release of immunoreactive substance P in the spinal cord during development of acute arthritis in the knee joint of the cat: A study with antibody microprobes. Brain Res. 529, 214–223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schaible, H. G., Freudenberger, U., Neugebauer, V., and Stiller, R. U. 1994. Intraspinal release of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide during development of inflammation in the joint in vivo-a study with antibody microprobes in cat and rat. Neuroscience 62, 1293–1305.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharf, J. H. 1958. Nervensystem Dritter Teil, Sensible Ganglien, In Handbook der Mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen (pp. 1–485) Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schechter, R., Beju, D., Gaffney, T., Schaefer, F., and Whetsell, L. 1996. Preproinsulin I and II mRNAs and insulin electron microscopic immunoreaction are present within the rat fetal nervous system. Brain Res. 736, 16–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheibel, M. E. and Scheibel, A. B. 1968. Terminal axon patterns in cat spinal cord: II. The dorsal horn. Brain Res. 9, 32–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schenker, M. and Birch, R. 2000. Intact myelinated fibres in biopsies of ventral spinal roots after preganglionic traction injury to the brachial plexus: A proof that Sherrington’s “wrong way afferents” exist in man? J.Anat. 197, 383–391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schepelmann, K., Messlinger, K., Schaible, H. G., and Schmidt, R. F. 1992. Inflammatory mediators and nociception in the joint: Excitation and sensitization of slowly conducting afferent fibers of cat’s knee by prostaglandin I2. Neuroscience 50, 237–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schepelmann, K., Messlinger, K., and Schmidt, R. F. 1993. The effects of phorbol ester on slowly conducting afferents of the cat’s knee joint. Exp. Brain Res. 92, 391–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schicho, R. and Donnerer, J. 1999. Nerve growth factor stimulates synthesis of calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal root ganglion cells during sensory regeneration in capsaicin-treated rats. Neurosci. Res. 35, 183–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schicho, R., Skofitsch, G., and Donnerer, J. 1999. Regenerative effect of human recombinant NGF on capsaicinlesioned sensory neurons in the adult rat. Brain Res. 815, 60–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schiffmann, S. N., Teugels, E., Halleux, P., Menu, R., and Vanderhaeghen, J. J. 1991. Cholecystokinin mRNA detection in rat spinal cord motoneurons but not in dorsal root ganglia neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 123, 123–126.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, M., Sellers, L. A., Humphrey, P. P. A., and Emson, P. C. 1997. Immunohistochemical localization of the somatostatin SST2(A) receptor in the rat brain and spinal cord. Neuroscience 76, 225–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, M., Holloway, S., Hathway, G., Woolf, C. J., Humphrey, P. P., and Emson, P. C. 1998. Identification of somatostatin sst2(a) receptor expressing neurones in central regions involved in nociception. Brain Res. 798, 25–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, M., Humphrey, P. P. A., Löhrke, S., and Friauf, E. 1999a. Immunohistochemical localization of the somatostatin sst2(b) receptor splice variant in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 90, 859–874.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, M., Selmer, I. S., Helboe, L., Hick, G. A., Jenkins, D., Papotti, M., Feniuk, W., and Humphrey, P. P. A. 1999b. Localization of somatostatin receptors in the CNS and peripheral tissues. Regul. Pept. 80, 136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schindler, M., Harris, C. A., Hayes, B., Papotti, M., and Humphrey, P. P. 2001. Immunohistochemical localization of adenosine Al receptors in human brain regions. Neurosci. Lett. 297, 211–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schipper, J., Steinbuch, W. M., Vermes, I., and Tilders, F. J. 1983. Mapping of CRF-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the medulla oblongata and spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 267, 145–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schlaepfer, W. W. 1968. Acetylcholinesterase activity of motor and sensory nerve fibers in the spinal nerve roots of the rat. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung 88, 441–456.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmalbruch, H. 1987. The number of neurons in dorsal root ganglia L4-L6 of the rat. Anat. Rec. 219, 315–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelz, M., Schmidt, R., Ringkamp, M., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1994. Sensitization of insensitive branches of C nociceptors in human skin. J. Physiol. 480, 389–394.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelz, M., Forster, C., Schmidt, R., Ringkamp, M., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1995. Delayed responses to electrical stimuli reflect C-fiber responsiveness in human microneurography. Exp. Brain Res. 104, 331–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelz, M., Schmidt, R., Ringkamp, M., Forster, C, Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1996. Limitation of sensitization to injured parts of receptive fields in human skin C-nociceptors. Exp. Brain Res. 109, 141–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelz, M., Schmidt, R., Bickel, A. Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1997. Specific C-receptors for itch in human skin. J. Neurosci. 17, 8003–8008.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmelz, M., Schmid, R., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 2000. Encoding of burning pain from capsaicin-treated human skin in two categories of unmyelinated nerve fibres. Brain 123, 560–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R., Schmelz, M., Forster, C., Ringkamp, M., Torebjörk, E., and Handwerker, H. O. 1995. Novel classes of responsive and unresponsive C nociceptors in human skin. J. Neurosci. 15, 333–341.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R., Schmelz, M., Ringkamp, M., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1997. Innervation territories of mechanically activated C nociceptor units in human skin. J. Neurophysiol. 78, 2641–2648.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R., Schmelz, M., Torebjörk, H. E., and Handwerker, H. O. 2000. Mechano-insensitive nociceptors encode pain evoked by tonic pressure to human skin. Neuroscience 98, 793–800.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R. F. 1971. Presynaptic inhibition in the vertebrate central nervous system. Eregeb. Physiol. 63, 20–101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, A., Asan, E., Puschel, B., Jons, T., and Kugler, P. 1996. Expression of the glutamate transporter GLT1 in neural cells of the rat central nervous system: Non-radioactive in situ hybridization and comparative immunocytochemistry. Neuroscience 71, 989–1004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. P. and Perl, E. R. 1985. Selective excitation of neurons in the mammalian spinal dorsal horn by aspartate and glutamate in vitro: Correlation with location and synaptic input. Brain Res. 360, 339–343.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, S. P. and Perl, E. R. 1988. Comparison of primary afferent and glutamate excitation of neurons in the mammalian spinal dorsal horn. J. Neurosci 8, 2062–2073.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenen, J. 1978. Histoenzymology of the developing rat spinal cord. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 4, 37–46.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenen, J. 1982. The dendritic organization of the human spinal cord: The dorsal horn. Neuroscience 7, 2057–2087.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenen, J., Budo, C., and Poncelet, G. 1968. Effet de la section du sciatique sur l’activité de l’isoenzyme fluororésistant de la phosphatase acide dans la moelle épinière du rat. Comp. Rend. 162, 2035–2037.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoenen, J., Lotstra, F., Vierendeels, G., Reznik, M., and Vanderhaeghen, J. J. 1985a. Substance P, enkephalins, somatostatin, cholecystokinin, oxytocin, and vasopressin in human spinal cord. Neurology 35, 881–890.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenen, J., Hees, J. V., Gybels, J., Costa, M. C., and Vanderhaeghen, J. J. 1985b. Histochemical changes of substance P, FRAP, serotonin and succinic dehydrogenase in the spinal cord of rats with adjuvant arthritis. Life Sciences 36, 1247–1254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenen, J., Lotstra, F., Liston, D., Rossier, J., and Vanderhaeghen, J. J. 1986. Synkephalin in human and bovine spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res. 246, 641–645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepp, D. D. 2001. Unveiling the functions of presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors in the central nervous system. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 299, 12–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoepp, D. D., Jane, D. E., and Monn, J. A. 1999. Pharmacological agents acting at subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 38, 1431–1476.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schouenborg, J. 1984. Functional and topographical properties of field potentials evoked in rat dorsal horn by cutaneous C-fibre stimulation. J. Physiol. 356, 169–192.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schouenborg, J. and Sjölund, B. H. 1986. First-order nociceptive synapses in rat dorsal horn are blocked by an amino acid antagonist. Brain Res. 379, 394–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoultz, T. W. and Swett, J. E. 1972. The fine structure of the Golgi tendon organ. J. Neurocytol. 1, 1–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoultz, T. W. and Swett, J. E. 1974. Ultrastructural organization of the sensory fibers innervating the Golgi tendon organ. Anat. Rec. 179, 147–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schreff, M., Schulz, S., Wilbrony, D., and Höllt, V. 1998. Immunofluorescent identification of endomorphin-2-containing nerve fibers and terminals in the rat brain and spinal cord. NeuroReport 9, 1031–1034.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, H. D. 1983. Localization of cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord, with particular reference to the autonomic innervation of the pelvic organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 217, 176–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, H. D. 1984. Somatostatin in the caudal spinal cord: An immunohistochemical study of the spinal centers involved in the innervation of pelvic organs. J. Comp. Neurol. 223, 400–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schroder, H. D. and Skagerberg, G. 1985. Catecholamine innervation of the caudal spinal cord in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 242, 358–368.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schuligoi, R., Donnerer, J., and Amann, R. 1994. Bradykinin-induced sensitization of afferent neurons in the rat paw. Neuroscience 59, 211–215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulman, H., Tsodikow, V, Einhorn, M., Levy, Y., Shorer, Z., and Hertzanu, Y. 2001. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA): The spectrum of radiological findings. Pediatr. Radiol. 31, 701–705.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, R. A., Miller, D. G., Kerr, C. S., and Micheli, L. 1984. Mechano-receptors in human cruciate ligaments: A histological study. J. Bone Joint Surg. 66A, 1072–1076.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, S., Schreff, M., Gramsch, C., and Höllt, V. 1996. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid peptides show overlapping distribution but not co-localization in pain-modulatory brain regions. NeuroReport 7, 3021–3025.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, S., Schreff, M., Schmidt, H., Handel, M., Przewlocki, R., and Hollt, V. 1998a. Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin receptor SST2a in the rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia}. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 3700–3708.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz, S., Schmidt, H., Handel, M., Schreff, M., and Hollt, V. 1998b. Differential distribution of alternatively spliced somatostatin receptor 2 isoforms (sst2A and sst2B) in rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 257, 37–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schultzberg, M., Dockray, G. J., and Williams, R. G. 1982. Capsaicin depletes CCK-like activity detected by immunohistochemistry, but not that measured by radioimmunoassay in rat dorsal spinal cord. Brain Res. 235, 198–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher, M. A., Jong, B. E., Frey, S. L., Sudanagunta, S. P., Capra, N. E, and Levine, J. D. 2000. The stretchinactivated channel, a vanilloid receptor variant, is expressed in small-diameter sensory neurons in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 287, 215–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seabrook, G. R., Bowery, B. J., Heavens, R., Ford, B. H., Sirinathsinghi, D. J. S., Borkowski, J. A., Hess, J. F., Strader, C. D., and Hill, R. G. 1997. Expression of B1 and B2 bradykinin receptor mRNA and their functional roles in sympathetic ganglia and sensory dorsal root ganglia neruones from wild-type and B2 receptor knockout mice. Neuropharmacology. 36, 1009–1017.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segu, L. and Calas, A. 1978. The topographical distribution of serotoninergic terminals in the spinal cord of the cat: Quantitative radioautographic studies. Brain Res. 153, 449–464.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seifert, H., Chesnut, J., DeSouza, E., Rivier, J., and Vale, W. 1985. Binding sites for calcitonin gene-related peptide in distinct areas of rat brain. Brain Res. 346, 195–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selmer, I., Schindler, M., Allen, J. P., Humphrey, P. P., and Emson, P. C. 2000. Advances in understanding neuronal somatostatin receptors. Regul Pept. 90, 1–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selzer, M. and Spencer, W. A. 1969. Convergence of visceral and cutaneous afferent pathways in the lumbar spinal cord. Brain Res. 14, 331–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selzer, Z. and Devor, M. 1984. Effect of nerve section on the spinal distribution of neighboring nerves. Brain Res. 306, 31–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, Z., Dubner, R., and Shir, Y. 1990. A novel behavioral model of neuropathic pain disorders produced in rats by partial sciatic nerve injury. Pain 43, 205–218.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, Z., Cohn, S., Ginzburg, R., and Berlin, B. 1991. Modulation of neuropathic pain behavior in rats by spinal disinhibition and NMDA receptor blockade of injury discharge. Pain 45, 69–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semba, K., Masarachia, P., Malamed, S., Jacquin, M., and Harris, S. 1983. An electron-microscopic study of primary afferent terminals from slowly adapting type I receptors in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 221, 466–481.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semba, K., Masarachia, P., Malamed, S., Jacquin, M., Harris, S., Yang, G., and Egger, M. D. 1985. An electronmicroscopic study of terminals of rapidly adapting mechanoreceptive afferent fibers in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 232, 229–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Semenenko, F. M. and Cervero, F. 1992. Afferent fibres from the guinea-pig ureter: Size and peptide content of the dorsal root ganglion cells of origin. Neuroscience 47, 197–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senaris, R. M., Schindler, M., Humphrey, P. P. A., and Emson, P. C. 1995. Expression of somatostatin receptor 3 mRNA in the motorneurones of the rat spinal cord, and the sensory neurones of the spinal ganglia. Mol Brain Res. 29, 185–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senba, E. and Kashiba, H. 1996. Sensory afferent processing in multi-responsive DRG neurons, In T. Kumazawa, L. Kruger, and K. Mizumura (eds.), Progress in Brain Research (24, pp. 387–410). Elsevier Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senba, E. and Tohyama, M. 1988. Calcitonin gene-related peptide containing autonomic efferent pathways to the pelvic ganglia of the rat. Brain Res. 449, 386–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senba, E., Shiosaka, S., Hara, Y, Inagaki, S., Shakanaka, M., Takatsuki, K., Kawai, Y., and Tohyama, M. 1982. Ontogeny of the peptidergic system in the rat spinal cord: Immunohistochemical analysis. J. Comp. Neurol. 208, 54–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senba, E., Yanaihara, C., Yanaihara, N., and Tohyama, M. 1988. Co-localization of substance P and Met-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu in the intraspinal neurons of the rat, with special reference to the neurons in the substantia gelantinosa. Brain Res. 453, 110–116.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, J. N. and Gebhart, G. F. 1994. Characterization of mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the colon of the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 71, 2046–2060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, J. N., Kauvar, D., and Goyal, R. K. 1989. Characteristics of vagal esophageal tension-sensitive afferent fibers in the opossum. J. Neurophysiol 61, 1001–1010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta, J. N., Saha, J. K. and Goyal, R. K. 1990. Stimulus-response function studies of esophageal mechanosensitive nociceptors in sympathetic afferents of opossum. J. Neurophysiol. 64, 796–812.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Senok, S. S. and Baumann, K. I. 1997. Functional evidence for calcium-induced calcium release in isolated rat vibrissal Merkel cell mechanoreceptors. J. Physiol. 500, 29–37.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sequier, J. M., Hunziker, W., Andressen, C., and Celio, M. R. 1990. Calbindin D-28k protein and mRNA localization in the rat brain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2, 1118–1126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seroogy, K., Mohapatra, N. K., Lund, P. K., Rethelyi, M., McGehee, D. S., and Perl, E. R. 1990. Species-specific expression of cholycystokinin messenger RNA in rodent dorsal root ganglia. Mol. Brain Res. 7, 171–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, J. S. and Tewari, H. B. 1971. Histochemical studies on the distribution of some hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes in the neurons of spinal and trigeminal ganglia and in the trigeminal of squirrel (Funambulus palmarum). Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica 9, 101–115.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sethi, J. S., Tewari, H. B., and Sood, P. P. 1969. On the distributive patterns of alkaline phosphatase activity and their functional significance amongst the spinal ganglion cells of squirrel. Acta Neurol. Belg. 69, 51–57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sexton, P. M., McKenzie, J. S., Mason, R. T., Moseley, J. M., Martin, T. J., and Mendelsohn, E A.O. 1986. Localization of binding sites for gene-related peptide in rat brain by in vitro autoradiography. Neuroscience 19, 1235–1245.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, V. S. 1985a. Distribution of histaminergic, muscarinic and serotoninergic binding sites in cat spinal cord with emphasis on the region surrounding the central canal. Brain Res. 342, 291–296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold V. S. 1985b. Neurotransmitter receptor sites in the spinal cord. In T. Yaksh (ed.) Spinal Afferent Processing (pp. 117–139). Plenum Press New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, V. S. and Elde, R. P. 1980. Immunohistochemical studies of peptidergic neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 28, 367–370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, V. S. and Elde, R. P. 1982. Neurotensin immunoreactivity in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat: I. Light-microscopic studies of cell bodies and proximal dendrites. J. Comp. Neurol 205, 89–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, V. S. and Elde, R. 1984. Receptor autoradiography in thoracic spinal cord: Correlation of neurotransmitter binding sites with sympathoadrenal neurons. J. Neurosci. 4, 2533–2542.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, V. S. and Malay, B. 1984. Ultrastructural study of neurotensin immunoreactivity in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat. Peptides 5, 1179–1189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seybold, V. S., Grkovic, I., Portbury, A. L., Ding, Y.-Q., Shigemoto, R., Mizuno, N., Furness, J. B., and Southwell, B. R. 1997. Relationship of NK3 receptor-immunoreactivity to subpopulations of neurons in rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol 381, 439–448.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shadiack, A. M., Sun, Y., and Zigmond, R. E. 2001. Nerve growth factor antiserum induces axotomy-like changes in neuropeptide expression in intact sympathetic and sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 21, 363–371.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, B. S., Stevens, E. B., Gonzalez, M. I., Bramwell, S., Pinnock, R. D., Lee, K., and Dixon, A. K. 2000. Beta3, a novel auxiliary subunit for the voltage-gated sodium channel, is expressed preferentially in sensory neurons and is upregulated in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 3985–3990.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah, B. S., Gonzalez, M. I., Bramwell, S., Pinnock, R. D., Lee, K., and Dixon, A. K. 2001. Beta3, a novel auxiliary subunit for the voltage gated sodium channel is upregulated in sensory neurones following streptozocin induced diabetic neuropathy in rat. Neurosci. Lett. 309, 1–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shantha, T. R., Manocha, C. L., and Bourne, G. H. 1967. Enzyme histochemistry of the mesentric and dorsal root ganglion cells of cat and squirrel monkey. Histochemie 10, 238–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, N. A. and Burt, D. R. 1985. Limbic, hypothalamic, cortical and spinal regions are enriched in receptors for thyrotropin-releasing hormone: Evidence from [3H] ultrofilm autoradiography and correlation with central effects of the tripeptide in rat brain. Neurosci. Lett. 60, 337–342.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, N. A. and Hughes, J. 1989. Discrete mapping of brain mu and delta opioid receptors using selective peptides: Quantitative autoradiography, species differences and comparison with kappa receptors. Peptides 10, 499–522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharif, N. A., Hunter, J. C., Hill, R. G., and Hughes, J. 1988. [125I] Dynorphin (1-8) produces a similar pattern of opioid receptor labelling to [3H]dynorphin(l-8) and [3H]etorphine in guinea pig brain: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Neurosci. Lett. 86, 272–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey, K. S. 1987. The organization of capsaicin-sensitive visceral afferent systems. Acta Physiol. Hung. 69, 447–458.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey, K. A., Sobrino, J. A., and Cervero, F. 1987. Evidence for a visceral afferent origin of substance P-like immunoreactivity in lamina V of the rat thoracic spinal cord. Neuroscience 22, 1077–1083.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharkey, K. A., Sobrino, J. A., Cervero, E, Varro, A., and Dockray, G. J. 1989. Visceral and somatic afferent origin of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the lower thoracic spinal cord of the rat. Neuroscience 32, 169–179.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, H. S., Westman, J., Olsson, Y., and Alm, P. 1996. Involvement of nitric oxide in acute spinal cord injury: An immunocytochemical study using light and electron microscopy in the rat. Neurosci Res. 24, 373–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shashidharan, Huntley G. W., Murray, J. M., Buku, A., Moran, T., Walsh, M. J., and Plaitakis, A. 1997. Immunohistochemical localization of the neuron-specific glutamate transporter EAACI (EAAT3) in rat brain and spinal cord revealed by a novel monoclonal antibody. Brain Res. 773, 139–148.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shatzky, S., Moses, S., Levy, J., Pinsk, V., Hershkovitz, E., Herzog, L., Shorer, Z., Luder, A., and Parvari, R. 2000. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) in Israeli-Bedouins: Genetic heterogeneity, novel mutations in the TRKA/NGF receptor gene, clinical findings, and results of nerve conduction studies. Am. J. Med. Genet. 92, 353–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J. 1992. Excitatory amino acid neurotransmission, excitotoxicity and excitotoxins. Cur. Opinion Neurol. Neurosurg. 5, 383–390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J. and Ince, P. G. 1994. A quantitative autoradiographic study of [3H]kainate binding sutes in the normal human spinal cord, brainstem and motor cortex. Brain Res. 641, 39–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J., Ince, P. G., Johnson, M., Perry, E. K., and Candy, J. 1991. The quantitative autoradiographic distribution of [3H]MK-801 binding sites in the normal human spinal cord. Brain Res. 539, 164–168.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J., Ince, P. G., Johnson, M., Perry, E. K., and Candy, J. M. 1992. The quantitative autoradiographic distribution of [3H]MK-801 binding sites in the normal human brainstem in relation to motor neuron disease. Brain Res. 572, 276–280.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J., Ince, P. G., Matthews, J. N., Johnson, M., and Candy, J. M. 1994a. N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the spinal cord and motor cortex in motor neuron disease: A quantitative autoradiographic study using [3H]MK-801. Brain Res. 637, 297–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. J., Chinnery, R. M., and Ince, P. G. 1994b. Non-NMDA receptors in motor neuron disease (MND): A quantitative autoradiographic study in spinal cord and motor cortex using [3H]CNQX and [3H]kainate. Brain Res. 655, 186–194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shealy, C. N., Mortimer, J. T., and Reswick, J. B. 1967. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns. Anesth. Anal. 46, 489–491.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shealy, C. N., Mortimer, J. T., and Hagfors, N. R. 1970. Dorsal column electroanalgesia. J. Neurosurg. 32, 560–564.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, D. 1932. The afferent nerve supply of the mesentery and its significance in the causation of abdominal pain. J. Anat. 67, 233–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheen, K. and Chung, J. M. 1993. Signs of neuropathic pain depend on signals from injured nerve fibers in a rat model. Brain Res. 610, 62–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shehab, S. A. S. and Atkinson, M. 1986a. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide increases in areas of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord from which other neuropeptides are depleted following peripheral axotomy. Exp. Brain Res. 62, 422–430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shehab, S. A. S. and Atkinson, M. E. 1986b. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) increases in the spinal cord after peripheral axotomy of the sciatic nerve originate from primary afferent neurons. Brain Res. 372, 37–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shehab, S. A. S., Atkinson, M. E., and Payne, J. N. 1986. The origins of the sciatic nerve and changes in neuropeptides after axotomy: A double labelling study using retrograde transport of true blue and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunohistochemistry. Brain Res. 376, 180–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, W. Z., Luo, C. B., Dong, L., Chan, W. Y., and Yew, D. T. 1994. Distribution of neuropeptide Y in the developing human spinal cord. Neuroscience 63, 251–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shen, H., Chung, J. M., and Chung, K. 1999. Expression of neurotrophin mRNAs in the dorsal root ganglion after spinal nerve injury. Mol. Brain Res. 64, 186–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C. S. 1893. Experiments in examination of the peripheral distribution of the fibres of the posterior roots of some spinal nerves. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B, 184, 641–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C. S. 1894. On the anatomical constitution of nerves of skeletal muscles, with remarks on recurrent fibres in the ventral spinal nerve-root. J. Physiol. 17, 211–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C. S. 1898. Experiments in examination of the peripheral distribution of the fibres of the posterior roots of some spinal nerves. Part II. Phil. Trans. B 190B, 45–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherrington, C. S. 1906. The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. (2nd ed., 1947) Yale University. Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheward, W. J., Lutz, E. M., and Harmar, A. J. 1995. The distribution of vasoactive intestinal peptide2 receptor messenger RNA in the rat brain and pituitary gland as assessed by in situ hybridization. Neuroscience 67, 409–418.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, T. J., Zhang, X., Holmberg, K., Xu, Z.-Q. D., and Hökfelt, T 1997. Expression and regulation of galanin-R2 receptors in rat primary sensory neurons: Effect of axotomy and inflammation. Neurosci. Lett. 237, 57–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, T. J., Zhang, X., Berge, O.-G., Erickson, J. C, Palmiter R. D., and Hökfelt, T. 1998. Effect of peripheral axotomy on dorsal root ganglion neuron phenotype and autotomy behaviour in neuropeptide Y-deficient mice. Regul. Pept. 75-76, 161–173.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, T. J., Cui, J. G., Meyerson, B. A., Linderoth, B., and Hökfelt, T. 1999a. Regulation of galanin and neuropeptide Y in dorsal root ganglia and dorsal horn in rat mononeuropathic models: Possible relation to tactile hypersensitivity}. Neuroscience 93, 741–757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, T. J., Winzer-Serhan, U., Leslie, F., and Hökfelt, T. 1999b. Distribution of alpha2-adrenoceptor mRNAs in the rat lumbar spinal cord in normal and axotomized rats. NeuroReport 10, 2835–2839.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, T. S., Winzer-Serhan, U., Leslie, F., and Hökfelt, T. 2000. Distribution and regulation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in rat dorsal root ganglia. Pain 84, 319–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shi, T. J., Tandrup, T., Bergman, E., Xu, Z. Q., Ulfhake, B., and Hökfelt, T. 2001. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root ganglion neurons in the C57 BL/6J mouse: Marked changes both in cell numbers and neuropeptide expression. Neuroscience 105, 249–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shigemoto, R., Ohishi, H., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1992a. Expression of the mRNA for the rat NMDA receptor (NMDAR1) in the sensory and autonomic ganglion neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 144, 229–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shigemoto, R., Nakanishi, S., and Mizuno, N. 1992b. Distribution of the mRNA for a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluRl) in the central nervous system: An in situ hybridization study in the adult and developing rat. F. Comp. Neurol. 322, 121–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimoji, K., Matsuki, M. and Shimizu, H. 1977. Wave-form characteristics and spatial distribution of evoked spinal electrogram in man. J. Neurosurg. 46, 304–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimosegawa, T., Koizumi, M., Toyota, T., Goto, Y., Yanaihara, C., and Yanaihara, N. 1986. An immunohisto-chemical study of methionine-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu-like immunoreactivity-containing liquor-contacting neurones (LCNs) in the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 379, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimosegawa, T., Foda, H. D., and Said, S. I. 1990. [Met]enkephalin-Arg6-Gly7-Leu8-immunoreactive nerves in guinea-pig and rat lungs: Distribution, origin, and co-existence with vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity}. Neuroscience 36, 737–750.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. K., Kim, J., and Chung, J. M. 1985. Flexion reflex elicited by ventral root afferents in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 62, 353–358.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. K., Kim, J., Nam, S. C., Paik, K. S., and Chung, J. M. 1986. Spinal entry route for ventral root afferent fibers in the cat. Exp. Neurol. 94, 714–725.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, J., Cho, H., Hwang, S. W., Jung, J., Shin, C. Y., Lee, S. Y., Kim, S. H., Lee, M. G., Choi, Y H., Kim, J., Haber, N. A., Reichling, D. B., Khaser, S., Levine, J. D., and Oh, U. 2002. Bradykinin-12-lipoxygenase-VR1 signaling pathway for inflammatory hyperalgesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 10150–10155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shinder, V., Govrin-Lippmann, R., Cohen, S., Belenky, M., Ilin, P., Fried, K., Wilkinson, H. A., and Devor, M. 1999. Structural basis of sympathetic-sensory coupling in rat and human dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury. J. Neurocytol. 28, 743–761.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shir, Y and Seltzer, Z. 1991. Effects of sympathectomy in a model of causalgiform pain produced by partial sciatic nerve injury in rats. Pain 45, 309–320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shorer, Z., Moses, S. W., Hershkovitz, E., Pinsk, V., and Levy, J. 2001. Neurophysiologic studies in congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Pediatr. Neurol. 25, 397–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shortland, P. and Woolf, C. J. 1993. Chronic peripheral nerve section results in a rearrangement of the central axonal arborizations of axotomized A beta primary afferent neurons in the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 330, 65–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shortland, P., Woolf, C. J., and Fitzgerald, M. 1989. Morphology and somatotopic organization of the central terminals of hindlimb hair follicle afferents in the rat lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 289, 416–433.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shriver, J. E., Stein, B. M., and Carpenter, M. B. 1968. Central projections of spinal dorsal roots in the monkey: I. Cervical and upper thoracic dorsal roots. Am. J. Anat. 123, 21–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue, P. J., Lane, M. V., and Merchenthaler, I. 1996. In situ hybridization analysis of the distribution of neurokinin-3 mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 372, 395–414.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shughrue, P. J., Lane, M. V., and Merchenthaler, I. 1997. Comparative distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha and beta mRNA in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 388, 507–525.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siddall, P., Xu, C. L., and Cousins, M. 1995. Allodynia following traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat. NeuroReport 6, 1241–1244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, S. M., Grove, B. D., and Carr, P. A. 2002. SSeCKS immunolabeling in rat primary sensory neurons. Brain Res. 926, 126–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sillar, K. T. and Roberts, A. 1988. Unmyelinated cutaneous afferent neurons activate two types of excitatory amino acid receptors in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis embryos. J. Neurosci. 8, 1350–1360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silos-Santiago, I., Molliver, D. C., Ozaki, S., Smeyne, R. J., Fagan, A. M. et al. 1995. Non-TrkA-expressing small DRG neurons are lost in TrkA deficient mice. J. Neurosci. 15, 5929–5942.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva, E., Cleland, C. L., and Gebhart, G. F. 1997. Contributions of glutamate receptors to the maintenance of mustard oil-induced hyperalgesia in spinalized rats. Exp. Brain Res. 117, 379–388.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, A. and Wolstencroft, J. H. 1971. The distribution of cholinesterases in relation to the structure of the spinal cord in the cat. Brain Res. 34, 205–227.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, J. D. and Kruger, L. 1988a. Lectin and neuropeptide labeling of separate populations of dorsal root ganglion neurons and associate “nociceptor” thin axons in rat testis and cornea whole-mount preparations. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 5, 259–267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, J. D. and Kruger, L. 1988b. Acid phosphatase as a selective marker for a class of small sensory ganglion cells in several mammals: Spinal cord distribution, histochemical properties, and relation to fluorideresistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) of rodents. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 5, 219–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, J. D. and Kruger, L. 1989. Calcitonin-gene-related peptide-immunoreactive innervation of the rat head with emphasis on specialized sensory structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 280, 303–330.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, J. D. and Kruger, L. 1990. Selective neuronal glycoconjugate expression in sensory and autonomic ganglia: Relation of lectin reactivity to peptide and enzyme markers. J. Neurocytol. 19, 789–801.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simantov, R., Kuhar, M. J., Uhl, G. R., and Snyder, S. H. 1977. Opioid peptide enkephalin: Immunohistochemical mapping in rat central nervous system. Neurobiology 74, 2167–2171.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simerly, R. B., Chang, C., Muramatsu, M., and Swanson, L. W. 1990. Distribution of androgen and estrogen receptor mRNA-containing cells in the rat brain: An in situ hybridization study. J. Comp. Neurol. 294, 76–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, D. R., Spike, R. C., and Todd, A. J. 1995. Galanin is contained in GABAergic neurons in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 187, 119–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, E. 2000. The enigma of deep-body thermosensory specificity. Int. J. Biometeorol. 44, 105–120.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, J., Wei, J. Y., Randic, M., and Burgess, P. R. 1984. Signaling of ankle joint position by receptors in different muscles. Somatosens. Res. 2, 127–147.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A. and Kajander, K. C. 1996. Excitation of rat cutaneous nociceptors by noxious cold. Neurosci. Lett. 213, 53–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A. and Kajander, K. C. 1997. Responses of cutaneous A-fiber nociceptors to noxious cold. J. Neurophysiol 77, 2049–2060.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A., Ngeow, J. Y. E, Putterman, G. J., and LaMotte, R. H. 1987. Hyperalgesia to heat after intradermal injection of capsaicin. Brain Res. 418, 201–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A., Baumann, T. K., and LaMotte, R. H. 1989a. Dose-dependent pain and mechanical hyperalgesia in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin. Pain 38, 99–107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A., Baumann, T. K., Collins, J. G., and LaMotte, R. H. 1989b. Sensitization of cat dorsal horn neurons to innocuous mechanical stimulation after intradermal injection of capsaicin. Brain Res. 486, 185–189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A., Sorkin, L. S., Oh, U., Chung, J. M., Owens, C., LaMotte, R. H., and Willis, W D. 1991. Neurogenic hyperalgesia: Central neural correlates in responses of spinothalamic tract neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 66, 228–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simone, D. A., Marchettini, P., Caputi, G., and Ochoa, J. L. 1994. Identification of muscle afferents subserving sensation of deep pain in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 883–889.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, K. L., Waterhouse, B. D., and Lin, R. C. 1999. Origin, distribution, and morphology of galaninergic fibers in the rodent trigeminal system. J. Comp. Neurol. 411, 524–534.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, T. J. and Vaughn, J. E. 1979. The generation of neurons involved in an early reflex pathway of embryonic mouse spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 183, 707–720.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, D. C. 1955. Cutaneous sensation and the doctrine of specific energy. Brain 78, 584–614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, D. C. 1981. Mechanisms of Cutaneous Sensation. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, D. C., Weddell, G., and Feindel, W. H. 1948. Referred pain and associated phenomena. Brain 71, 184–211.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sindou, M., Quoex, C., and Baleydier, C. 1974. Fiber organization at the posterior spinal cord-rootlet junction in man. J. Comp. Neurol. 153, 15–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sindou, M., Mifsud, J. J., Rosaiti, C., and Boisson, D. 1987. Microsurgical selective posterior rhizotomy in the dorsal root entry zone for treatment of limb spasticity. Acta neurochiurgica 39, 99–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, E. and Placheta, P. 1980. Reduction of [3H]muscimol binding sites in rat dorsal spinal cord after neonatal capsaicin treatment. Brain Res. 202, 484–487.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singhaniyom, W, Wreford, N. G., and Guldner, F. H. 1983. Asymmetric distribution of catecholamine-containing neuronal perikarya in the upper cervical spinal cord of rat. Neurosci. Lett. 41, 91–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siri, C. R., Shortland, P. J., Grant, G., and Olivius, N. P. 2001. Delayed administration of NGF reverses nerve injury induced central alterations of primary afferents. NeuroReport 12, 1899–1902.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sivilotti, L. and Woolf, C. J. 1994. The contribution of GABAA and glycine receptors to central sensitization: Disinhibition and touch-evoked allodynia in the spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 782, 169–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sivilotti, L. G., Thompson, S. W. N., and Woolf, C. J. 1993. The rate of rise of the cumulative depolarization evoked by repetitive stimulation of small-calibre afferents is a predictor of action potential windup in rat spinal neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 69, 1621–1631.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sjölander, P., Johansson, H., Sojka, P., and Rehnholm, A. 1989. Sensory nerve endings in the cat cruciate ligaments: A morphological investigation. Neurosci. Lett. 102, 33–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skagerberg, G. and Bjorklund, A. 1985. Topographic principles in the spinal projections of serotonergic and nonserotonergic brainstem neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 15, 445–480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skagerberg, G., Bjorklund, A., Lindvall, O., and Schmidt, R. H. 1982. Origin and termination of the diencephalospinal dopamine system in the rat. Brain Res. Bull. 9, 237–244.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skilling, S. R., Smullin, H. D., Beitz, A. J., and Larsson, A. A. 1988. Extracellular amino acid concentrations in the dorsal spinal cord of freely moving rats following veratridine and nociceptive stimulation. J. Neurochem. 51, 127–132.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skirboll, L., Hokfelt, T., Dockray, G., Rehfeld, J., Brownstein, M., and Cuello, A. C. 1983. Evidence for periaqueductal cholecystokinin-substance P neurons projecting to the spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 3, 1151–1157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch G. and Jacobowitz D. M. 1985a. Autoradiographic distribution of 125I-calcitonin gene-related peptide binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Peptides 4 975–986

    Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1985b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: Detailed immunohistochemical distribution in the central nervous system. Peptides 6, 721–745.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1985c. Calcitonin gene-related peptide coexists with substance P in capsaicin-sensitive neurons and sensory ganglia of the rat. Peptides 6, 747–754.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1985d. Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system. Peptides 6, 509–546.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G. and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1985e. Galanin-like immunoreactivity in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons and ganglia. Brain Res. Bull. 15, 191–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Hamill, G. S., and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1984. Capsaicin depletes corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat spinal cord and medulla oblongata. Neuroendocrinology 38, 514–517.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Insel, T. R., and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1985a. Binding sites for corticotropin releasing factor in sensory areas of the rat hindbrain and spinal cord. Brain Res. Bull. 15, 519–522.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Jacobowitz, D. M., Eskay, R. L., and Zamir, N. 1985b. Distribution of atrial natriuretic factor-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat brain. Neuroscience 16, 917–948.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Zamir, N., Helke, C., Savitt, J., and Jacobowitz, D. 1985c. Corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in sensory ganglia and capsaicin sensitive neurons of the rat central nervous system: Colocalization with other neuropeptides}. Peptides 6, 307–318.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skofitsch, G., Sills, M. A., and Jacobowitz, D. M. 1986. Autoradiographic distribution of 125I-galanin binding sites in the rat central nervous system. Peptides 7, 1029–1042.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skoglund, S. 1956. Anatomical and physiological studies of knee joint innervation in the cat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 36 (Suppl. 124), 1–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skoglund, S. 1973. Joint receptors and kinesthesia. In A. Iggo (ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Vol. II. Somatosensory System (pp. 111–136). Springer, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Slater, P. and Patel, S. 1983. Autoradiographic localization of opiate k receptors in the rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 92, 159–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sleeper, A. A., Cummins, T. R., Dib-Hajj, S. D., Hormuzdiar, W., Tyrrell, L., Waxman, S. G., and Black, J. A. 2000. Changes in expression of two tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels and their currents in dorsal root ganglion neurons after sciatic nerve injury but not rhizotomy. J. Neurosci. 20, 7279–7289.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A. and Westlund, K. N. 1992. An experimental arthritis in rats: Dorsal horn aspartate and glutamate increases. Neurosci. Lett. 145, 1451–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A. and Westlund, K. N. 1993a. Centrally administered non-NMDA but not NMDA receptor antagonists block peripheral knee joint inflammation. Pain 55, 217–225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A. and Westlund, K. N. 1993b. Behavioral and immunohistochemical changes in an experimental arthritis model in rats. Pain 55, 367–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A. and Willis, W. D. 1997. The effects of G-protein and protein kinase inhibitors on the behavioral responses of rats to intradermal injection of capsaicin. Pain 71, 165–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A. and Willis, W. D. 1998. Increased spinal release of excitatory amino acids following intradermal injection of capsaicin is reduced by a protein kinase G inhibitor. Brain Res. 798, 281–286.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A., Dougherty, R M., Sorkin, L. S., Willis, W D., and Westlund, K. N. 1992. Neural changes in acute arthritis in monkeys: III. Changes in substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide and glutamate in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Brain Res. Rev. 17, 29–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A., Willis, W. D., and Westlund, K. N. 1993. Joint inflammation and hyperalgesia are reduced by spinal bicuculline. NeuroReport 5, 109–122.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A., Lawand, N. B., and Westlund, K. N. 1994. Joint inflammation is reduced by dorsal rhizotomy and not by sympathectomy or spinal cord transection. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 53, 309–314.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A., Rees, H., Westlund, K. N., and Willis, W. D. 1995. Fiber types contributing to dorsal root reflexes induced by joint inflammation in cats and monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 981–989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A., Rees, H., Chen, P. S., Tsuruoka, M., and Willis, W. D. 1997a. Capsaicin-induced sensitization of primate spinothalamic tract cells is prevented by a protein kinase C inhibitor. Brain Res. 772, 82–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sluka, K. A., Rees, H., Chen, P. S., Tsuruoka, M., and Willis, W D. 1997b. Inhibitors of G-proteins and protein kinases reduce the sensitization to mechanical stimulation and the desensitization to heat of spinothalamic tract neurons induced by intradermal injection of capsaicin in the primate. Exp. Brain Res. 115, 15–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smeyne, R. J., Klein, R., Schnapp, A., Long, L. K., Bryant, S. et al. 1994. Severe sensory neuropathies in mice carrying a disrupted Trk/NGF receptor gene. Nature 368, 246–249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. L. 1983. Development and postnatal organization of primary afferent projections to the rat thoracic spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 220, 29–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, G. D., Harmar, A. J., McQueen, D. S., and Seckl, J. R. 1992. Increase in substance P and CGRP, but not somatostatin content of innervating dorsal root ganglia in adjuvant monoarthritis in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 137, 257–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. E., Forray, C, Walker, M. W, Jones, K. A., Tamm, J. A., Bard, J., Branchek, T. A., Linemeyer, D. L., and Gerald, C. J. 1997. Expression cloning of a rat hypothalamic galanin receptor coupled to phosphoinositide turnover. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24612–24616.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. E., Walker, M. W., Artymyshyn, R., Bard, J., Borowsky, B., Tamm, J. A., Yao, W. J., Vaysse, P. J., Branchek, T. A., Gerald, C., and Jones, K. A. 1998. Cloned human and rat GALR3 receptors: Pharmacology and activation of G-protein inwardly rectifying K+ channels. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 23321–23326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R. 1968. The structure and function of the Haarscheibe. J. Comp. Neurol. 131, 459–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, K. R. 1970. The ultrastructure of the human Haarscheibe and Merkel cell. J. Invest. Dermatol. 54, 150–159.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. S., Schambra, U. B., Wilson, K. H., Page, S. O., Hulette, C., Light, A. R., and Schwinn, D. A. 1995. Alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in human spinal cord: Specific localized expression of mRNA encoding alpha 2-adrenergic receptor subtypes at four distinct levels. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 34, 109–117.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. R., Martin-Schild S., Kastin, A. J., and Zadina, J. E. 2001. Decreases in endomorphin-2-like immunoreactivity concomitant with chronic pain after nerve injury. Neuroscience 105, 773–778.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smullin, D. H., Skilling, S. R., and Larson, A. A. 1990. Interactions between substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, taurine and excitatory amino acids in the spinal cord. Pain 42, 93–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R. 1977. The organization of the dorsal root entry zone in cats and monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 174, 47–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R. L. 1982. Light and electron microscopic autoradiographic study of the dorsal root projections to the cat dorsal horn. Neuroscience 7, 1417–1437.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sohrabji, F., Miranda, R. C., and Toran-Allerand, C. D. 1994. Estrogen differentially regulates estrogen and nerve growth factor receptor mRNAs in adult sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 14, 459–471.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solbach, S. and Celio, M. R. 1991. Ontogeny of the calcium binding protein parvalbumin in the rat nervous system. Anat. Embryol (Berl.) 184, 103–124.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solodkin, A., Traub, R. J., and Gebhart, G. F. 1992. Unilateral hindpaw inflammation produces a bilateral increase in NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Neuroscience 51, 495–499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solodkin, M., Jiménez, I., and Rudomin, P. 1984. Identification of common interneurons mediating pre-and postsynaptic inhibition in the cat spinal cord. Science 224, 1453–1456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Somjen, G. G. and Lothman, E. W 1974. Potassium, sustained focal potential shifts, and dorsal root potentials of the mammalian spinal cord. Brain Res. 69, 153–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, E. W, Kazimierczak, J., and Droz, B. 1985. Neuronal subpopulations in the dorsal root ganglion of the mouse as characterized by combination of ultrastructural and cytochemical features. Brain Res. 346, 310–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, C. and Myers, R. R. 1995. Neurotransmitters in the spinal cord dorsal horn in a model of painful neuropathy and in nerve crush. Acta Neuropathol. 90, 478–485.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song, X. J. and Zhao, Z. Q. 1994. Interaction between substance P and excitatory amino acid receptors in modulation of nociceptive responses of cat spinal dorsal horn neurons. Neurosci. Lett. 168, 49–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sood, P. P., Richoux, J. P., Panigel, M., Bouhnik, J., and Wegmann, R. 1990. Differential distribution of immunoreactive angiotensinogen in the hind-brain and spinal cord of neonatal and adult rats. Acta Anat. (Basel) 138, 230–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sora, I., Takahashi, N., Funada, M., Ujike, H., Revay, R. S., et al. 1997. Opiate receptor knockout mice define μ receptor roles in endogenous nociceptive responses and morphine-induced analgesia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1544–1549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S. and McAdoo, D. J. 1993. Amino acids and serotonin are released into the lumbar spinal cord of the anesthetized cat following intradermal capsaicin injections. Brain Res. 607, 89–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S. and Puig, S. 1996. Neuronal model of tactile allodynia produced by spinal strychnine: Effects of excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and a mu-opiate receptor agonist. Pain 68, 283–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S., Ferrington, D. G., and Willis, W. D. 1986. Somatotopic organization and response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons in the cervical spinal cord of the cat. Somatosens. Res. 3, 323–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S., Morrow, T. J., and Casey, K. L. 1988. Physiological identification of afferent fibers and postsynaptic sensory neurons in the spinal cord of the intact, awake cat. Exp. Neurol. 99, 412–427.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S., Hughes, M. G., Liu, D., Willis, W. D., and McAdoo, D. J. 1991. Release and metabolism of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cat spinal cord examined with microdialysis. J. Pharm. Exp. Therap. 257, 192–199.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S., Westlund, K. N., Sluka, K. A., Dougherty, P. M., and Willis, W D. 1992. Neural changes in acute arthritis in monkeys: IV. Time-course of amino acid release into the lumbar dorsal horn. Brain Res. Rev. 17, 39–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S., Xiao, W. H., Wagner, R., and Myers, R. R. 1997. Tumour necrosis factor-α induces ectopic activity in nociceptive primary afferent fibres. Neuroscience 81, 255–262.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorkin, L. S., Puig, S., and Jones, D. L. 1998. Spinal bicuculline produces hypersensitivity of dorsal horn neurons: Effects of excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain 77, 181–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soyguder, Z., Schmidt, H. H. H. W, and Morris, R. 1994. Postnatal development of nitric oxide synthase type 1 expression in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat: A comparison with the induction of c-fos in response to peripheral application of mustard oil. Neurosci. Lett. 180, 188–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spande, T. F., Garrafo, H. M., Edwards, M. W, Yeh, H. J. C., Pannel L., and Daley, J. W. 1992. Epibatidine, a novel (chloropyridyl) azabicyclo-heptane with potent analgesic activity from an Ecuadorian poison frog. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 3475–3480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spetea, M., Rydelius, G., Nylander, I., Ahmed, M., Bileviciute-Ljungar I., Lundeberg, T., Svensson, S., and Kreicbergs, A. 2002. Alteration in endogenous opioid systems due to chronic inflammatory pain conditions. Eur. J. Pharmacol 435, 245–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spike, R. C. and Todd, S. J. 1992. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study of lamina II islet cells in rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 323, 359–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spike, R. C., Todd, A. J., and Johnston, H. M. 1993. Coexistence of NADPH diaphorase with GABA, glycine, and acetylcholine in rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 335, 320–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spike, R. C., Watt, C., Zafra, F., and Todd, A. J. 1997. An ultrastructural study of the glycine transporter GLYT2 and its association with glycine in the superficial laminae of the rat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 77, 543–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spike, R. C., Kerr, R., Maxwell, D. J., and Todd, A. J. 1998. GluRl and GluR2/3 subunits of the AMPA-type glutamate receptor are associated with particular types of neurone in laminae I-III of the spinal dorsal horn of the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 324–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spike, R. C., Puskar, Z., Sakamoto, H., Stewart, W., Watt, C., and Todd, A. J. 2002. MOR-1-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: Evidence for nonsynaptic innervation by substance Pcontaining primary afferents and for selective activation by noxious thermal stimuli. Eur. J. Neurosci. 15, 1306–1316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague, J. M. and Ha, H. 1964. The terminal fields of dorsal root fibers in the lumbosacral spinal cord of the cat and the dendritic organization of the motor nuclei. Prog. Brain Res. 11, 120–152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spray, D. C. 1986. Cutaneous temperature receptors. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 48, 625–638.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stacey, M. J. 1969. Free nerve endings in skeletal muscle of the cat. J. Anat. 105, 231–254.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Standaert, D. G., Watson, S. J., Houghten, R. A., and Saper, C. B. 1986. Opioid peptide immunoreactivity in spinal and trigeminal dorsal horn neurons projecting to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Neurosci. 6, 1220–1226.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanfa, L. and Dickenson, A. H. 1995. Spinal opioid systems in inflammation. Inflam. Res. 44, 231–241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanfa, L. C. and Dickenson, A. H. 1998. Inflammation alters the effects of mGlu receptor agonists on spinal nociceptive neurons. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 347, 165–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanfield, P. R., Nakajima, Y., and Yamaguchi, K. 1985. Substance P raises neuronal membrane excitability by reducing inward rectification. Nature 315, 498–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stanzione, P. and Zieglgänsberger, W. 1983. Action of neurotensin on spinal cord neurons in the rat. Brain Res. 268, 111–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, B., Carlstedt, T., Hallin, R. G., and Risling, M. 1998. Distribution of human Pacinian corpuscles in the hand. A cadaver study. J. Hand Surg. 23B, 370–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steedman, W N., Molony, V., and Iggo, A. 1985. Nociceptive neurones in the superficial dorsal horn of cat lumbar spinal cord and their primary afferent inputs. Exp. Brain Res. 58, 171–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steel, J. H., Terenghi, G., Chung, J. M., Na, H. S., Carlton, S. M., and Polak, J. M. 1994. Increased nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root ganglia in a neuropathic pain model. Neurosci. Lett. 169, 81–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steele, P. A., Aromataris, C. E., and Riederer, B. M. 1996. Endogenous opioid peptides in parasympathetic, sympathetic and sensory nerves in the guinea-pig heart. Cell Tissue Res. 284, 331–339.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steen, K. H. and Reeh, P. W 1993. Actions of cholinergic agonists and antagonists on sensory nerve endings in rat skin in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 70, 397–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steen, K. H., Reeh, P. W., Anton, F., and Handwerker, H. O. 1992. Protons selectively induce lasting excitation and sensitization to mechanical stimulation of nociceptors in rat skin, in vitro. J. Neurosci. 12, 86–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steen, K. H., Steen, A. E., and Reeh, P. W. 1995. A dominant role of acid pH in inflammatory excitation and sensitization of nociceptors in rat skin, in vitro. J. Neurosci. 15, 3982–3989.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steen, K. H., Steen, A. E., Kreysel, H. W., and Reeh, P. W 1996. Inflammatory mediators potentiate pain induced by experimental tissue acidosis. Pain 66, 163–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steenbergh, P. H., Hoppener, J. W. M., Zandberg, J., Lips, C. J. M., and Jansz, H. S. 1985. A second human calcitonin/CGRP gene. FEBS Lett. 183, 403–407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, C. 1995. The control of pain in peripheral tissue by opioids. N. Engl. J. Med. 332, 1685–1690.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, C., Millan, M. J., Shippenberg, T. S., Peter, K., and Herz, A. 1989. Peripheral opiate receptors mediating antinociception in inflammation: Evidence for involvement of mu, delta and kappa receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 248, 1269–1275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, C., Hassan, A. H. S., Przewlocki R., Gramsch, C., Peter, K., and Herz, A. 1990. Opioids from immunocytes interact with receptors on sensory nerves to inhibit nociception in inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 87, 5935–5939.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steinbusch, H. W. M. 1981. Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the ratcell bodies and terminals. Neuroscience 6, 557–618.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steranka, L. R., Manning, D. C., DeHaas, C. J., Ferkany, J. W., Borosky, S. A., Connor, J. R., Vavrek, R. J., Stewart, J. M., and Snyder, S. H. 1988. Bradykinin as a pain mediator: Receptors are localized to sensory neurons, and antagonists have analgesic actions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85, 3245–3249.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steriade, M., Jones, E. G., and McCormick, D. A. (eds.) 1997. Thalamus (2 vols.). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sterling, P. and Kuypers, H. G. J. M. 1967. Anatomical organization of the brachial spinal cord of the cat: I. The distribution of dorsal root fibers. Brain Res. 4, 1–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterne, G. D., Brown, R. A., Green, C. J., and Terenghi, G. 1998. NT-3 modulated NPY expression in primary sensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury. J. Anat. 193, 273–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sternini, C. and Anderson, K. 1992. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing neurons supplying the rat digestive system: Differential distribution and expression pattern. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 9, 45–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, C. W. and Seybold, V. S. 1995. Changes of opioid binding density in the rat spinal cord following unilateral dorsal rhizotomy. Brain Res. 687, 53–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, C. W., Kajander, K., Bennett, G. J., and Seybold, V. S. 1991a. Bilateral and differential changes in spinal mu, delta and kappa opioid binding in rats with a painful, unilateral neuropathy. Pain 46, 315–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, C. W., Lacey, C. B., Miller, K. E., Elde, R. P., and Seybold, V. S. 1991b. Biochemical characterization and regional quantification of μ, δ and K opioid binding sites in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 550, 77–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, R. T., Hodge, J., and Vaniaapkarian, A. 1983. Catecholine varicosities in cat dorsal root ganglion and spinal ventral roots. Brain Res. 261, 151–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W. and Maxwell, D. J. 2000. Morphological evidence for selective modulation by serotonin of a subpopulation of dorsal horn cells which possess the neurokinin-1 receptor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 4583–588.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stolwijk, J. A. J. and Wexler, I. 1971. Peripheral nerve activity in response to heating the cat’s skin. J. Physiol. 214, 377–392.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. S., Fairbanks, C. A., Laughlin, T. M., Nguyen, H. O., Bushy, T. M., Wessendorf, M. W., and Wilcox, G. L. 1997. Spinal analgesic actions of the new endogenous opioid peptides endomorphin-1 and-2. NeuroReport 8, 3131–3135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. S., Broberger, C, Vulchanova, L., Wilcox, G. L., Hokfelt, T., Riedl, M. S., and Elde, R. 1998. Differential distribution of alpha2A and alpha2C adrenergic receptor immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 18, 5928–5937.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. S., Vulchanova, L., Riedl, M. S., Wang, J., Williams, F. G., Wilcox, G. L., and Elde, R. 1999. Effects of peripheral nerve injury on alpha-2A and alpha-2C adrenergic receptor immunoreactivity in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 93, 1399–1407.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, T. W. 1985. Microiontophoresis and Pressure Ejection, IBRO Handbook Series: Methods in the Neurosciences (Vol. 8). John Wiley & Sons, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storm-Mathisen, J. and Ottersen, O. P. 1987. Tracing of neurons with glutamate or 7-aminobutyrate as putative transmitters. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15, 210–213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoyanova, I., Dandov, A., Lazarov, N., and Chouchkov, C. 1998. GABA-and Glutamate-immunoreactivity in sensory ganglia of cat: A quantitative analysis. Arch. Physiol. Biochem. 106, 362–369.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straile, W E. 1960. Sensory hair follicles in the mammalian skin: The tylotrich follicle. Am. J. Anat. 106, 133–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Straile, W E. 1961. The morphology of tylotrich follicles in the skin of the rabbit. Am. J. Anat. 109, 1–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straile, W. E. 1969. Encapsulated nerve end-organs in the rabbit, mouse, sheep and man. J. Comp. Neurol. 136, 317–336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Straughan, D. W., Neal, M. J., Simmonds, M. A., Collinbs, G. G. S., and Hill, R. G. 1971. Evaluation of bicuculline as a GABA antagonist. Nature 233, 352–354.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stucky, C. L. and Koltzenburg, M. 1997. The low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 regulates the function but not the selective survival of specific subpopulations of sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 17, 4398–4405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stucky, C. L. and Lewin, G. R. 1999. Isolectin B(4)-positive and-negative nociceptors are functionally distinct. J. Neurosci 19, 6497–6505.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stucky, C. L., Galeazza, M. T., and Seybold, V S. 1993. Time-dependent changes in Bolton-Hunter 125I-substance P binding in rat spinal cord following adjuvant-induced peripheral inflammation. Neuroscience 57, 397–409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stucky, C. L., DeChiara, T., Lindsay, R. M., Yancopoulos, G. D., and Koltzenburg, M. 1998. Neurotrophin 4 is required for the survival of a subclass of hair follicle receptors. J. Neurosci. 18, 7040–7046.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stucky, C. L., Koltzenburg, M., Schneider, M., Engle, M. G., Albers, K. M., and Davis, B. M. 1999. Overexpression of nerve growth factor in skin selectively affects the survival and functional properties of nociceptors. J. Neurosci. 19, 8509–8516.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, H. C., Bishop, A. E., Power, R. F, Hamada Y., and Polak, J. M. 1987. Dual intrinsic and extrinsic origins of CGRP-and NPY-immunoreactive nerves of rat gut and pancreas. J. Neurosci. 7, 2674–2687.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Su, H. Y., Hickford, J. G. H., Bickerstaffe, R., and Palmer, B. R. 1999. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and hair growth. Dermatol. Online J. 5, 1–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, K., Murakawa, Y., and Sima, A. A. 2002. Expression and localization of insulin receptor in rat dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 7, 44–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, T. and Gobel, S. 1984. Dendritic changes in the dorsal horn following transection of a peripheral nerve. Brain Res. 321, 199–208.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, T. and Takemura, M. 1993. Tooth pulp primary neurons: Cell size analysis, central connection, and carbonic anhydrase activity. Brain Res. Bull. 30, 221–226.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, T., Takemura, M., and Wakisaka, S. 1988. Cell size analysis of primary neurons innervating the cornea and tooth pulp of the rat. Pain 32, 375–381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, T., Takemura, M., Ichikawa, H., and Akai, M. 1989a. Carbonic anhydrase activity in the trigeminal primary afferent neuronal cell bodies with peripheral axons innervating the mandibular molar tooth pulps of the rat. Brain Res. 505, 354–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, T., Bennett, G. J., and Kajander, K. C. 1989b. Strychnine-enhanced transsynaptic degeneration of dorsal horn neurons in rats with an experimental painful peripheral neuropathy. Neurosci. Lett. 98, 139–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugimoto, T., Bennett, G. J., and Kajander, K. C. 1990. Transynaptic degeneration in the superficial dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury: Effect of chronic constriction injury, transection and strychnine. Pain 42, 205–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura, Y 1975. Three-dimensional analysis of the neurons in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. Proc. Jap. Acad. 51, 336–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura, Y, Lee, C. L., and Perl, E. R. 1986. Central projections of identified, unmyelinated (C) afferent fibers innervating mammalian skin. Science 234, 358–361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura, Y., Hosoya, Y., Ito, R., and Kohno, K. 1988. Ultrastructural features of functionally identified primary afferent neurons with C (unmyelinated) fibers of the guinea pig: Classification of dorsal root ganglion cell type with reference to sensory modality. J. Comp. Neurol. 276, 265–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiura, Y., Terui, N., and Hosoya, Y 1989. Difference in distribution of central terminals between visceral and somatic unmyelinated (C) primary afferent fibers. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 834–840.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, H., Ito, I., and Hirono, C. 1987. A new type of glutamate receptor linked to inositol phospholipid metabolism. Nature 325, 531–533.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suh, Y S., Chung, K., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1984. A study of axonal diameters and areas in lumbosacral roots and nerves in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 222, 473–481.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, A. F., Dashwood, M. R., and Dickenson, A. H. 1987. Alpha2-adrenoceptor modulation of nociception in rat spinal cord: Location, effects and interactions with morphine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 138, 169–177.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sumal, K. K., Pickel, V. M., Miller, R. J., and Reis, D. J. 1982. Enkephalin-containing neurons in substantia gelatinosa of spinal trigeminal complex: Ultrastructure and synaptic interaction with primary sensory afferents. Brain Res. 248, 223–236.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sumino, R. and Dubner, R. 1981. Response characteristics of specific thermoreceptive afferents innervating monkey facial skin and their relationship to human thermal sensitivity. Brain Res. Rev. 3, 105–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, H., Ren, K., Zhong, C. M., Ossipov, M. H., Malan, T. P., Lai, J., and Porreca, F. 2001. Nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia is mediated via ascending spinal dorsal column projections. Pain 90, 105–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, Y. and Zigmond, R. E. 1996. Leukaemia inhibitory factor induced in the sciatic nerve after axotomy is involved in the induction of galanin in sensory neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 2213–2220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Supowit, S. C., Zhao, H., and Dipette, D. J. 2001. Nerve growth factor enhances calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 37, 728–732.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sur, C., McKernan, R., and Triller, A. 1995. Subcellular localization of the GABAA receptor δ2 subunit in the rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1323–1332.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sur, C., Betz, H., and Schloss, P. 1996. Localization of the serotonin transporter in rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 2753–2757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surmeier, D. J., Honda, C. N., and Willis, W. D. 1986a. Responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to noxious thermal stimulation of glabrous and hairy skin. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 328–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surmeier, D. J., Honda, C. N., and Willis, W. D. 1986b. Temporal features of the responses of primate spinothalamic neurons to noxious thermal stimulation of hairy and glabrous skin. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 351–369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Surmeier, D. J., Honda, C. N., and Willis, W. D. 1988. Natural groupings of primate spinothalamic neurons based on cutaneous stimulation: Physiological and anatomical features. J. Neurophysiol. 59, 833–860.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, F. I., Bannatyne, B. A., Kerr, R., Riddell, J. S., and Maxwell, D. J. 2002. Inhibitory amino acid transmitters associated with axons in presynaptic apposition to cutaneous primary afferent axons in the cat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 452, 154–162.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, S. P., Benson, C. J., Adelman, J. P., and McCleskey, E. W. 2001. Acid-sensing ion channel 3 matches the acid-gating current in cardiac ischemia-sensing neurons. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 711–716.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suzue, T. and Jessell, T. 1980. Opiate analgesics and endorphins inhibit rat dorsal root potential in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 16, 161–166.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen, R, Tjølsen, A., and Hole, K. 1997. LTP of spinal Aβ and C-fîbre evoked responses after electrical sciatic nerve stimulation. NeuroReport 8, 3427–3430.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen, R, Tjølsen, A., and Hole, K. 1998. AMPA and NMDA receptor-dependent spinal LTP after nociceptive tetanic stimulation. NeuroReport 9, 1185–1190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen, R, Tjølsen, J., Gjerstad, J., and Hole, K. 1999. Long-term potentiation of single WDR neurons in spinalized rats. Brain Res. 816, 487–492.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svendsen, L. J., Rygh, J., Gjerstad, A., Fiskå, K., Hole, K., and Tjølsen, A. 1999. Recording of long-term potentiation in single dorsal horn neurons in vivo in the rat. Brain Res. Protoc. 4, 165–172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Svoboda, J., Motin, V., Hajek, I., and Sykova, E. 1988. Increase in extracellular potassium level in rat spinal cord dorsal horn induced by noxious stimulation and peripheral injury. Brain Res. 458, 97–105.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, L. W. and Kuypers, H. G. 1980. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 194, 555–570.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, L. W. and McKellar, S. 1979. The distribution of oxytocin-and neurophysin-stained fibers in the spinal cord of the rat and monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 188, 87–106.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweet, W. H. 1981. Animal models of chronic pain: Their possible validation from human experience with posterior rhizotomy and congenital analgesia. Pain 10, 275–295.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sweetnam, P. M., Wrathall, J. R., and Neale, J. H. 1986. Localization of dynorphin gene productimmunoreactivity in neurons from spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 18, 947–955.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swett, J. E. and Woolf, C. J. 1985. The somatotopic organization of primary afferent terminals in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 231, 66–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swett, J. E., Torigoe, Y., Elie, V. R., Bourassa, C. M., and Miller, P. G. 1991. Sensory axons in the rat sciatic nerve. Exp. Neurol. 114, 82–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syková, E. and Vyklický, L. 1977. Changes of extracellular potassium activity in isolated cord of frog under high Mg++ concentration. Neurosci. Lett. 4, 161–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syková, E. and Vyklický, L. 1978. Effects of picrotoxin on potassium accumulation and dorsal root potentials in the frog spinal cord. Neuroscience 3, 1061–1067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syková, E., Shirayev, B., Kříž, N., and Vyklický, L. 1976. Accumulation of extracellular potassium in the spinal cord of frog. Brain Res. 106, 413–417.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Syková, E., Czeh, G., and Kříž, N. 1980. Potassium accumulation in the frog spinal cord induced by nociceptive stimulation of the skin. Neurosci. Lett. 17, 253–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szabat, E., Soinila, S., Happola, O., Linnala, A., and Virtanen, I. 1992. A new monoclonal antibody against the GABA-protein conjugate shows immunoreactivity in sensory neurons of the rat. Neuroscience 47, 409–420.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szabo, B. K., Torok, A., Knyihar-Csillik, E., and Csillik, B. 1989. Mapping the distribution of thiamine monophosphatase, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase, and substance P in the spinal cord with a personal computer compatible program. Acta Histochemica 87, 123–129.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szallasi, A., Blumberg, P. M., Nilsson, S., Hokfelt, T, and Lundberg, J. M. 1994a. Visualization by [3H]resiniferatoxin autoradiography of capsaicin-sensitive neurons in the rat, pig and man. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 264, 217–221.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szallasi, A., Nilsson, S., Hökfelt, T., and Lundberg, J. M. 1994b. Visualizing vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in pig spinal cord by [3H] resiniferatoxin autoradiography. Brain Res. 655, 234–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szallasi, A. 1995. Autoradiographic visualization and pharmacological characterization of vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors in several species, including man. Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 629, 1–68.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szallasi, A. and Blumberg, P. M. 1999. Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 159–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szallasi, A., Farkas-Szallasi, T., Tucker, J. B., Lundberg, J. M., Hökfelt, T., and Krause, J. E. 1999. Effects of systemic resiniferatoxin treatment on substance P mRNA in rat dorsal root ganglia and substance P receptor mRNA in the spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 815, 177–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szarijanni, N. and Rethelyi, M. 1979. Differential distribution of small and large neurons in the sacrococcygeal dorsal root ganglia of the cat. Acta Morph. Acad. Sci. Hung. 27, 25–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szentagothai, J. 1964. Neuronal and synaptic arrangement in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi. J. Comp. Neurol. 122, 219–239.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szentagothai J. and Rethelyi M. 1973. Cyto-and neuropil architecture of the spinal cord. In J. E. Desmedt (ed.) New Development in Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology (pp. 20–37). Karger Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • Szolcsanyi, J. 1987. Selective responsiveness of polymodal nociceptors of the rabbit ear to capsaicin, bradykinin and ultra-violet irradiation. J. Physiol 388, 9–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szolcsányi, J. 1988. Antidromic vasodilatation and neurogenic inflammation. Agents Actions 23, 4–11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szolcsanyi, J. 1996. Neurogenic inflammation: Reevaluation of axon reflex theory. In P. Geppetti and P. Holzer (eds.), Neurogenic Inflammation (pp. 33–42). CRD Press, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szolcsanyi, J., Anton, E, Reeh, P. W., and Handwerker, H. O. 1988. Selective excitation by capsaicin of mechanoheat sensitive nociceptors in rat skin. Brain Res. 446, 262–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sztriha, L., Lestringant, G. G., Hertecant, J., Frossard, P. M., and Masouye, I. 2001. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Pediatr. Neurol 25, 63–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana, M., Wenthold, R. J., Morioka, H., and Petralia, R. S. 1994. Light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of AMPA-selective glutamate receptors in the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol 344, 431–454.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tachibana, T., Miki, K., Fukuoko, T., Arakawa, A., Taniguchi, M., Maruo, S., and Noguchi, K. 1998. Dynorphin mRNA expression in dorsal horn neurons after traumatic spinal cord injury: Temporal and spatial analysis using in situ hybridization. J. Neurotrauma 15, 485–494.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tadano, T., Asao, T., Aizawa, T., Sakurada, S., Abe, Y., Yonezawa, A., Ando, R., Arai, Y., Kinemuchi, H., and Kisara, K. 1995. Immunohistochemical determination of rat spinal cord substance P, and antinociceptive effect during development of thiamine deficiency. Brain Res. 696, 21–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taiwo, Y. O. and Levine, J. D. 1990. Effects of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism on cutaneous nociceptive threshold in the rat. Brain Res. 537, 372–374.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taiwo, Y. O. and Levine, J. D. 1991. Further confirmation of the role of adenyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase in primary afferent hyperalgesia. Neuroscience 44, 131–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tajti, J., Uddman, R., Moller, S., Sundler, E, and Edvinsson, L. 1999. Messenger molecules and receptor mRNA in the human trigeminal ganglion. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 76, 176–183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, M. and Yokota, T. 1983. Convergence of cardiac and cutaneous afferents onto neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 38, 251–256.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, O., Traub, R. J., and Ruda, M. A. 1988. Demonstration of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive axons contacting dynorphin A(l-8) immunoreactive spinal neurons in a rat model of peripheral inflamation and hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 475, 168–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, O., Shiosaka, S., Traub, R. J., and Ruda, M. A. 1990. Ultrastructural demonstration of synaptic connections between calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive axons and dynorphin A(l-8) immunoreactive dorsal horn neurons in a rat model of peripheral inflammation and hyperalgesia. Peptides 11, 1233–1237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, T. and Otsuka, M. 1975. Regional distribution of substance P in the spinal cord and nerve roots of the cat and the effect of dorsal root section. Brain Res. 87, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takano, Y., Martin, J. E., Leeman, S. E., and Loewy, A. D. 1984. Substance P immunoreactivity released from rat spinal cord after kainic acid excitation of the ventral medulla oblongata: A correlation with increases in blood pressure. Brain Res. 291, 168–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Takiguchi-Hayashi, K., Sato, M., Sugo, N., Ishida, M., Sato, K., Uratani, Y., and Arimatsu, Y 1998. Latexin expression in smaller diameter primary sensory neurons in the rat. Brain Res. 801, 9–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talaat, M. 1937. Afferent impulses in the nerves supplying the bladder. J. Physiol. 89, 1–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, J. D., Duncan, G. H., Bushnell, M. C, and Boyer, M. 1987. Diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs): Psychophysical evidence in man for intersegmental suppression of noxious heat perception by cold pressor pain. Pain 30, 221–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, J. D., Duncan, G. H., and Bushnell, M. C. 1989. Effects of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNICs) on the sensory-discriminative dimension of pain perception. Pain 36, 231–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talbot, W. H., Darian-Smith, I., Kornhuber, H. H., and Mountcastle, V. B. 1968. The sense of flutter-vibration: Comparison of the human capacity with response patterns of mechanoreceptive afferents from the monkey hand. J. Neurophysiol 31, 301–334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taleghany, N., Sarajari, S., DonCarlos, L. L., Gollapudi, L., and Oblinger, M. M. 1999. Differential expression of estrogen receptor alpha and beta in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurosci. Res. 57, 603–615.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tallaksen-Greene, S. J., Young, A. B., Penney, J. B., and Beitz, A. J. 1992. Excitatory amino acid binding sites in the trigeminal principal sensory and spinal trigeminal nuclei of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 141, 79–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Talley, E. M., Rosin, D. L., Lee, A., Guyenet, P. G., and Lynch, K. R. 1996. Distribution of α2A-adrenergic receptor-like immunoreactivity in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 372, 111–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamatani, M., Senba, E., and Tohyama, M. 1989. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-and substance P-containing primary afferent fibers in the dorsal column of the rat. Brain Res. 495, 122–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, R., Hanesch, U., Schmidt, R. R., Kumazawa, T., and Mizumura, K. 1998. Examination of colocalization of calcitonin gene-related peptide-and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the knee joint of the dog. Neurosci. Lett. 254, 53–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, M., Cummins, T. R., Ishikawa, K., Dib-Hajj, S. D., Black, J. A., and Waxman, S. G. 1998. SNS Na+ channel expression increases in dorsal root ganglion neurons in the carrageenan inflammatory pain model. NeuroReport 9, 967–972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tandrup, T. 1995. Are the neurons in the dorsal root ganglion pseudounipolarα A comparison of the number of neurons and number of myelinated and unmyelinated fibres in the dorsal root. J. Comp. Neurol 357, 341–347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, F. R. and Sim, M. K. 1999. Pre-and post-synaptic localization of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 alpha (mGluRlalpha) and 2/3 (mGluR2/3) in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Res. 34, 73–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taniguchi, K., Tomita, M., Kominami, E., and Uchiyama, Y. 1993. Cysteine proteinases in rat dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord, with special reference to the co-localization of these enzymes with calcitonin gene-related peptide in lysosomes. Brain Res. 601, 143–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, Y. X. and Johns, R. A. 2002. Activation and up-regulation of spinal cord nitric oxide receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase, after formalin injection into the rat hind paw. Neuroscience 112, 439–446.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, Y X., Huang, Y Z., Mei, L., and Johns, R. A. 2000a. Expression of PSD-95/SAP90 is critical for N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-mediated thermal hyperalgesia in the spinal cord. Neuroscience 98, 201–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tao, Y., Li, Y., Zhao, Z., and Johns, R. A. 2000b. Synaptic relationship of the neurons containing a metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR5, with nociceptive primary afferent and GABAergic terminals in rat spinal superficial laminae. Brain Res. 875, 138–143.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, D. N. 1965. Stimulus-response relationships in the cutaneous slowly-adapting mechanoreceptor in hairy skin of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 13, 364–385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, D. N. 1970. Behavioral evaluation of the tactile pad receptor system in hairy skin of the cat. Exp. Neurol. 26, 447–459.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, D. N. and Mann, M. D. 1968. Single presynaptic impulses evokes postsynaptic discharge. Brain Res. 11, 688–690.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tapper, D. N., Brown, P. B., and Moraff, H. 1973. Functional organization of the cat’s dorsal horn: Connectivity of myelinated fiber systems of hairy skin. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 817–826.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashiro, T. and Ruda, M. A. 1988. Immunocytochemical identification of axons containing coexistent serotonin and substance P in the cat lumbar spinal cord. Peptides 9, 383–391.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashiro, T., Takahashi, O., Satoda, O T., Matsushima, R., and Mizuno, N. 1987. Immunohistochemical demonstration of coexistence of enkephalin-and substance P-like immunoreactivities in axonal components in the lumbar segments of cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 424, 391–395.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashiro, T., Satoda, T., Takahashi, O., Matsushima, R., and Mizuno, N. 1988. Distribution of axons exhibiting both enkephalin-and serotonin-like immunoreactivities in the lumbar cord segments: An immunohistochemical study in the cat. Brain Res. 440, 357–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tashiro, T., Satoda, T., Matsushima, R., and Mizuno, N. 1990. Distribution of axons showing both enkephalinand serotonin-like immunoreactivities in the lumbar cord segments of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata). Brain Res. 512, 143–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tasker, R. 1990. Pain resulting from nervous system pathology (central pain). In J. J. Bonica (ed.), Management of Pain} (Vol. 1}, 2}nd ed., pp. 264–280). Lea & Febiger, Philadel

    Google Scholar 

  • Tata, A. M., Vilaro, M. T., Agrati, C., Biagioni, S., Mengod, G., and Augusti-Tocco, G. 1999. Expression of muscarinic m2 receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglia of neonatal rat. Brain Res. 824, 63–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tata, A. M., Vilaró, M. T., and Mengod, G. 2000. Muscarinic receptor subtypes expression in rat and chick dorsal root ganglia. Mol. Brain Res. 82, 1–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall, J. E. H., Cervero, E., and Lumb, B. M. 1986a. Viscerosomatic neurons in the lower thoracic spinal cord of the cat: Excitations and inhibitions evoked by splanchnic and somatic nerve volleys and by stimulation of brain stem nuclei. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 1411–1423.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tattersall, J. E. H., Cervero, F., and Lumb, B. M. 1986b. Effects of reversible spinalization on the visceral input to viscerosomatic neurons in the lower thoracic spinal cord of the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 785–796.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, D. C. M. and Pierau, F.-K. 1982. Double fluorescence labelling supports electrophysiological evidence for dichotomizing peripheral sensory nerve fibres in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 33, 1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tecott, L. H., Maricq, A. V., and Julius, D. 1993. Nervous system distribution of the serotonin 5-HT3 receptor mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1430–1434.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Telser, S., Marksteiner, J., Hinterhuber, H., and Saria, A. 1995. Distribution of secretoneurin-like immunoreactivity in comparison with that of substance P in the human spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 191, 83–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenser, R. B. 1985. Sequential changes of sensory neuron (fluoride-resistant) acid phosphatase in dorsal root ganglion neurons following neurectomy and rhizotomy. Brain Res. 332, 386–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teoh, H., Malcangio, M., and Bowery, N. G. 1996a. GABA, glutamate and substance P-like immunoreactivity release: Effects of novel GABAB antagonists. Br. J. Pharmacol. 118, 1153–1160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teoh, H., Malcangio, M., Fowler, L. J., and Bowery, N. G. 1996b. Evidence for release of glutamic acid, aspartic acid and substance P but not gamma-aminobutyric acid from primary afferent fibres in rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 302, 27–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terada, M., Yasuda, H., Kogawa, S., Maeda, K., Haneda, M., Hidaka, H., Kashiwagi, A., and Kikkawa, R. 1998. Expression and activity of cyclin-dependent kinase 5/p35 in adult rat peripheral nervous system. J. Neurochem. 71, 2600–2606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terenghi, G., Polak, J. M., Ghatei, M. A., Mulderry, P., Butler, J., Unger, W., and Bloom, S. 1985. Distribution and origin of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the sensory innervation of the mammalian eye. J. Comp. Neurol. 233, 506–516.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terenghi, G., Polak, J. M., Rodrigo, J., Mulderry, P., and Bloom, S. 1986a. Calcitonin gene-relatedimmunoreactive nerves in the tongue, epiglottis and pharynx of the rat: Occurence, distribution and origin. Brain Res. 365, 1–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terenghi, G., Zhang, S. Q., Unger, W. G., and Polak, J. M. 1986b. Morphological changes of sensory CGRP immunoreactive and sympathetic nerves in peripheral tissues following chronic denervation. Histochemistry 86, 89–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terenghi, G., Riveros-Moreno, V., Hudson, L. D., Ibrahim, N. B. N., and Polak, J. M. 1993. Immunohistochemistry of nitric oxide synthase demonstrates immunoreactive neurons in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of man and rat. J. Neurol. Sci. 118, 34–37.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terrado, J., Gerrikagoitia, I., Dominguez, L., Raldua, D., Martinez-Millan, L., and Sarasa, M. 1999. Expression of the genes for alpha-type and beta-type calcitonin gene-related peptide during rat embryogenesis. Neuroscience 92, 713–727.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tervo, K., Tervo, T, Eranko, L., Eranko, O., and Cuello, A. C. 1981. Immunoreactivity for substance P in the Gasserian ganglion, ophthalmic nerve and anterior segment of the rabbit eye. Histochem. J. 13, 435–443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tessler, A., Gazer, E., Artymyshyn, R., Murray, M., and Goldberger, M. E. 1980. Recovery of substance P in the cat spinal cord after unilateral lumbosacral deafferentation. Brain Res. 191, 459–470.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tessler, A., Himes, B. T., Artymyshyn, R., Murray, M., and Goldberger, M. E. 1981. Spinal neurons mediate return of substance P following deafferentation of cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 230, 263–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tessler, A., Himes, B. T., Soper, K., Murray, M., Goldberger, M. E., and Reichlin, S. 1984. Recovery of substance P but not somatostatin in the cat spinal cord after unilateral lumbosacral dorsal rhizotomy: A quantitative study. Brain Res. 305, 95–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, H. B. and Bourne, G. H. 1962a. Histochemical studies on the distribution of B-gluminidase and succinic dehydrogenase in young and old spinal ganglion cells of the rat. Zeitschrift für Zelforschung 58, 70–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, H. B. and Bourne, G. H. 1962b. The histochemistry of the nucleus and nucleolus with reference to nucleo-cytoplasmic relations in the spinal ganglion neuron of the rat. Acta Histochem. 13, 323–350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, H. B. and Bourne, G. H. 1962c. Histochemical evidence of metabolic cycles in rat spinal ganglion cells. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 10, 42–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari, N., Chaturvedi, R. P., and Ujwal, Z. S. 1970. A comparative histoenzymological study on the distribution of alkaline phosphatase amongst the neurons of spinal ganglia of rat and guinea pig. Anat. Auz. 126, 411–417.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakar, D. S. and Tewari, H. B. 1967. Histochemical studies on the distribution of alkaline and acid phosphatases amongst the neurons of the cerebellum, spinal and trigeminal ganglia of bat. Acta Histochemica 28, 359–367.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, E. 1972. Contribution of enzyme histochemistry as to the nature and differences among mantle cells (satellite cells), amphicytes, and Schwann cells in Remak fiber bundles and of myelinated fibers in dorsal root ganglia, sympathetic ganglia and in peripheral. Neuropath. Pol. 10, 275–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P. K., Ochoa, J., Berthold, C. H., Carlstedt, T., and Corneliuson, O. 1993. Microscopic anatomy of the peripheral nervous system. In P. J. Dyck, P. K. Thomas, J. W. Griffin, P. A. Low, and J. F. Poduslo (eds.), Peripheral Neuropathy (3rd ed., pp. 28–91).W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. W. N. and Majithia, A. A. 1998. Leukemia inhibitory factor induces sympathetic sprouting in intact dorsal root ganglia in the adult rat in vivo. J. Physiol. 506.3, 809–816.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thor, K. B., Nickolaus, S., and Helke, C. J. 1993. Autoradiographic localization of 5-hydroxytryptamine1A, 5-hydroxytryptamine1B and 5-hydroxytryptarnine1c/2 binding sites in the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 55, 235–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thrush, D. C. 1973. Congenital insensitivity to pain: A clinical, genetic and neurophysiological study of four children from the same family. Brain 96, 369–386.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tie-Jun, S. S., Xu, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 2001. The expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide in dorsal horn neurons of the mouse lumbar spinal cord. NeuroReport 12, 739–743.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tillakaratne, N. J., Mouria, M., Ziv, N. B., Roy, R. R., Edgerton, V. R., and Tobin, A. J. 2000. Increased expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD(67)) in feline lumbar spinal cord after complete thoracic spinal cord transection. J. Neurosci. Res. 60, 219–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tjen-A-Looi, S. C., Pan, H. L., and Longhurst, J. C. 1998. Endogenous bradykinin activates ischaemically sensitive cardiac visceral afferents through kinin B2 receptors in cats. J. Physiol 510, 633–641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toda, T. and Hayashi, H. 1993. The inhibitory effect of substance P antagonist, CP-96,345, on the later discharges of nociceptive neurons in the rat superficial spinal dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 158, 36–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. 1988. Electron-microscope study of Golgi-stained cells in lamina ii of the rat spinal dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol 275, 145–157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. 1989. Cells in laminae III and IV of rat spinal dorsal horn receive monosynaptic primary afferent input in lamina II. J. Comp. Neurol. 289, 676–686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. 1990. An electron-microscope study of glycine-like immunoreactivity in laminae I-III of the spinal dorsal horn of the rat. Neuroscience 39, 387–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. 1991. Immunohistochemical evidence that acetylcholine and glycine exist in different populations of GABAergic neurons in lamina III of rat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 44, 741–746.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. 1996. GABA and glycine in synaptic glomeruli of the rat spinal dorsal horn. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 2492–2498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. and Lewis, S. G. 1986. The morphology of Golgi-stained neurons in Lamina II of the rat spinal cord. J.Anat. 149, 113–119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. and Lochhead, V. 1990. GABA-like immunoreactivtiy in type I glomeruli of rat substantia gelatinosa. Brain Res. 514, 171–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. and McKenzie, J. 1989. GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 31, 799–806.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. and Spike, R. C. 1993. The localization of classical transmitters and neuronpeptides within neurons in laminae I-III of the mammalian spinal dorsal horn. Prog. Neurobiol 41, 609–645.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J. and Sullivan, A. C. 1990. Light microscope study of the coexistence of GABA-like and glycine-like immunoreactivities in the spinal cord of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 296, 496–505.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Maxwell, D. J., and Brown, A. G. 1991. Relationships between hair-follicle afferent axons and glycine-immunoreactive profiles in cat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 564, 132–137.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Russell, G., and Spike, R. C. 1992a. Immunocytochemical evidence that GABA and neurotensin exist in different neurons in laminae II and III of rat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 47, 685–691.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Spike, R. C, Russell, G., and Johnston, H. M. 1992b. Immunohistochemical evidence that Met-enkephalin and GABA coexist in some neurones in rat dorsal horn. Brain Res. 584, 149–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Spike, R. C, Price, R. E, and Neilson, M. 1994a. Immunocytochemical evidence that neurotensin is present in glutamatergic neurons in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat. J. Neurosci. 14, 774–784.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Spike, R. C., Brodbelt, A. R., Price, R. E, and Shehab, S. A. 1994b. Some inhibitory neurons in the spinal cord develop c-fos-immunoreactivity after noxious stimulation. Neuroscience 63, 805–816.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Spike, R. C., Chong, D., and Neilson, M. 1995. The relationship between glycine and gephyrin in synapses of the rat spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Watt, C., Spike, R. C., and Sieghart, W. 1996. Colocalization of GABA, glycine and their receptors at synapses in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 16, 974–982.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Spike, R. C., and Polgar, E. 1998. A quantitative study of neurons which express neurokinin-1 or somatostatin sst2a receptor in rat spinal dorsal horn. Neuroscience 85, 459–473.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., McGill, M. M., and Shehab, S. A. 2000. Neurokinin 1 receptor expression by neurons in laminae I, III and IV of the rat spinal dorsal horn that project to the brainstem. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 689–700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, A. J., Puskar, Z., Spike, R. C., Hughes, C., Watt, C., and Forrest, L. 2002. Projection neurons in lamina I of rat spinal cord with the neurokinin 1 receptor are selectively innervated by substance p-containing afferents and respond to noxious stimulation. J. Neurosci. 22, 4103–4113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Todd, J. K. 1964. Afferent impulses in the pudendal nerves of the cat. Q. J. Physiol. 49, 258–267.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toennies, J. F. 1938. Reflex discharge from the spinal cord over the dorsal roots. J. Neurophysiol 1, 378–390.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, C., Sasaki, M., Konemura, T, Sasamura, T., Itoh, M., and Kuraishi, Y. 2001. Axonal transport of VR1 capsaicin receptor mRNA in primary afferents and its participation in inflammation-induced increase in capsaicin sensitivity. J. Neurochem. 76, 1628–1635.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tohyama, K. and Ide, C. 1987. Carbonic anhydrase activity in axon terminals of sensory corpuscles. Arch. Histol Jpn. 50, 325–333.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tohyama, M. and Shiotani, Y. 1986. Neuropeptides in spinal cord. In} edP. C. Emson, M. N. Rossor, and M. Tohyama} (eds.), Progress in Brain Research (pp. 177–218). Elsevier Science Publishers, Japan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toledo-Aral, J. J., Moss, B. L., He, Z. J., Koszowski, A. G., Whisenand, T., Levinson, S. R., Wolf, J. J., Silos-Santiago, I., Halegoua, S., and Mandel, G. 1997. Identification of PN1, a predominant voltage-dependent sodium channel expressed principally in peripheral neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1527–1532.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tölle, T. R., Berthele, A., Zieglgänsberger, W., Seeburg, P. H., and Wisden, W. 1993. The differential expression of 16 NMDA and non-NMDA receptor subunits in the rat spinal cord and in periaqueductal gray. J. Neurosci. 13, 5009–5028.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tölle, T. R., Berthele, A., Laurie, D. J., Seeburg, P. H., and Zieglgänsberger, W. 1995a. Cellular and subcellular distribution of NMDAR1 splice variant mRNA in the rat lumbar spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1235–1244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tölle, T. R., Berthele, A., Zieglgänsberger, W., Seeburg, P. H., and Wisden, W 1995b. Flip and flop variants of AMPA receptors in the lumbar spinal cord. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1414–1419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tominaga, M., Caterina, M. J., Malmberg, A. B., Rosen, T. A., Gilbert, H., Skinner, K., Raumann, B. E., Basbaum, A. I., and Julius, D. 1998. The cloned capsaicin receptor integrates multiple pain-producing stimuli. Neuron 21, 531–543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomiyama, M., Kannari, K., Nunomura, J., Oyama, Y., Takebe, K., and Matsunaga, M. 1994. Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of glutamate receptors in the cervical segment of the wobbler mouse. Brain Res. 650, 353–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomiyama, M., Rodriguez-Puertas, R., Cortex, R., Christnacher, A., Sommer, B., Pazos, A., Palacios, J. M., and Mengod, G. 1996. Differential regional distribution of AMPA receptor subunit messenger RNAs in the human spinal cord as visualized by in situ hybridization. Neuroscience 75, 901–915.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomiyama, M., Kannari, K., and Matsunaga, M. 1997. Strychnine-sensitive and strychnine-insensitive glycine binding sites in the spinal cord of the wobbler mouse. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 183, 37–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomiyama, M., Kimura, T., Maeda, T., Tanaka, H., Furusawa, K., Kurahashi, K., and Matsunaga, M. 2001. Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNAs in the human spinal cord: Implications for selective vulnerability of spinal motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 189, 65–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson, R. W W., Gray, B. G., and Dostrovsky, J. O. 1983. Inhibition of rat spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by non-segmental, noxious cutaneous stimuli. Brain Res. 279, 291–294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, Q., Ma, J., and Kirchgessner, A. L. 2001. Vesicular glutamate transporter 2 in the brain-gut axis. NeuroReport 12, 3929–3934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tong, Y G., Wang, H. F, Ju, G., Grant, G., Hökfelt, T., and Zhang, X. 1999. Increased uptake and transport of cholera toxin B-subunit in dorsal root ganglion neurons after peripheral axotomy: Possible implications for sensory sprouting. J. Comp. Neurol. 404, 143–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonra, J. R. and Mendell, L. M. 1998. Effects of postnatal anti-NGF on the development of CGRP-IR neurons in the dorsal root ganglion. J. Comp. Neurol. 392, 489–498.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E. 1974. Afferent C units responding to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli in human non-glabrous skin. Acta Physiol. Scand. 92, 374–390.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E. and Hallin, R. G. 1973. Perceptual changes accompanying controlled preferential blocking of A and C fibre responses in intact human skin nerves. Exp. Brain Res. 16, 321–332.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E. and Ochoa, J. L. 1980. Specific sensations evoked by activity in single identified sensory units in man. Acta Physiol. Scand. 110, 445–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E. and Ochoa, J. L. 1990. New method to identify nociceptor units innervating glabrous skin of the human hand. Exp. Brain Res. 81, 509–514.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E., Ochoa, J. L., and Schady, W. 1984a. Referred pain from intraneural stimulation of muscle fascicles in the median nerve. Pain 18, 145–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E., Schady, W., and Ochoa, J. 1984b. Sensory correlates of somatic afferent fibre activation. Human Neurobiol. 3, 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E., Vallbo, A. B., and Ochoa, J. L. 1987. Intraneural microstimulation in man. Its relation to specificity of tactile sensations. Brain 110, 1509–1529.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torebjörk, H. E., Lundberg, L. E. R., and LaMotte, R. H. 1992. Central changes in processing of mechanoreceptive input in capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia in humans. J. Physiol. 448, 765–780.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tork, I. 1990. Anatomy of the serotonergic system. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 600, 9–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toscano, E., della, Casa R., Mardy, S., Gaetaniello, L., Sadile, F, Indo, Y, Pignata, C., and Andria, G. 2000. Multisystem involvement in congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA), a nerve growth factor receptor (TrkA)-related disorder. Neuropediatrics 31, 39–41.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Towers, S., Princivalle, A., Billinton, A., Edmunds, M., Bettler, B., Urban, L., Castro-Lopes, J., and Bowery, N. G. 2000. GABAB receptor protein and mRNA distribution in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 3201–3210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, D. J. 1979. Characteristics of wrist joint receptors in cat. Exp. Brain Res. 34, 165–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tracey, D. J., DeBiasi, S., Phend, K., and Rustioni, A. 1991. Aspartate-like immunoreactivity in primary afferent neurons. Neuroscience 40, 673–686.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trafton, J. A., Abbadie, C., Marchand, S., Mantyh, P. W., and Basbaum, A. I. 1999. Spinal opioid analgesia: How critical is the regulation of substance P signaling? J. Neurosci. 19, 9642–9653.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trafton, J. A., Abbadie, C, and Basbaum, A. I. 2001. Differential contribution of substance P and neurokinin A to spinal cord neurokinin-1 receptor signaling in the rat. J. Neurosci. 21, 3656–3664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J. 1996. The spinal contribution of substance P to the generation and maintenance of inflammatory hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain 67, 151–161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J., Iadarola, M. J., and Ruda, M. A. 1989a. Effect of multiple dorsal rhizotomies on calcitonin generelated peptide-like immunoreactivity in the lumbosacral dorsal spinal cord of the cat: A radioimmunoassay analysis. Peptides 10, 979–983.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J., Solodkin, A., and Ruda, M. A. 1989b. Calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity in the cat lumbosacral spinal cord and the effects of multiple dorsal rhizotomies. J. Comp. Neurol. 287, 225–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J., Allen, B., Humphrey, E., and Ruda, M. A. 1990. Analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the cat dorsal spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia provide evidence for a multisegmental projection of nociceptive C-fiber primary afferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 302, 562–574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J., Solodkin, A., Meller, S. T., and Gebhart, G. F. 1994a. Spinal cord NADPH-diaphorase histochemical staining but not nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity increases following carrageenan-produced hindpaw inflammation in the rat. Brain Res. 668, 204–210.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J., Solodkin, A., and Gebhart, G. F. 1994b. NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry provides evidence of a bilateral, somatotopically inappropriate response to unilateral hindpaw inflammation in the rat. Brain Res. 647, 113–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traub, R. J., Hutchcroft, K., and Gebhart, G. F. 1999. The peptide content of colonic afferents decreases following colonic inflammation. Peptides 20, 267–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traynor, J. R., Hunter, J. C, Rodriguez, R. E., Hill, R. G., and Hughes, J. 1990. Delta-opioid receptor binding sites in rodent spinal cord. Br. J. Pharmacol. 100, 319–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tredici, G., Tarelli, L. T., Cavaletti, G., and Marmiroli, P. 1985. Ultrastructural organization of lamina VI of the spinal cord of the cat. Prog. Neurobiol. 24, 293–311.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Treede, R. D., Meyer, R. A., and Campbell, J. N. 1998. Myelinated mechanically insensitive afferents from monkey hairy skin: Heat-response properties. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 1082–1093.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trevino, D. L., Coulter, J. D., and Willis, W. D. 1973. Location of cells of origin of spinothalamic tract in lumbar enlargement of the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 750–761.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tribollet, E., Barberis, C, and Arsenijevic, Y. 1997. Distribution of vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the rat spinal cord: Sex-related differences and effect of castration in pudendal motor nuclei. Neuroscience 78, 499–509.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tribollet, E., Arsenijevic, Y., and Barberis, C. 1998. Vasopressin binding sites in the central nervous system: Distribution and regulation. Prog. Brain Res. 119, 45–55.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triepel, J., Metz, J., Munroe, D., London, S., Sweriduk, S., and Forssmann, W. G. 1987. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the guinea pig. Cell Tissue Res. 249, 145–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trotter, W. and Davies, H. M. 1909. Experimental studies in the innervation of the skin. J. Physiol. 38, 134–246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Troy, C. M., Brown, K., Greene, L. A., and Shelanski, M. L. 1990. Ontogeny of the neuronal intermediate filament protein, peripherin, in the mouse embryo. Neuroscience 36, 217–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trudrung, P., Wirth, U., and Mense, S. 2000. Changes in the number of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurones on both sides of a chronic transection of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 287, 125–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, S. H., Tew, J. M., McLean, J. H., and Shipley, M. T. 1988. Cerebral arterial innervation by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): I. Distribution and Origin of CGRP perivascular innervation in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 271, 435–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsaur, M. L., Wan, Y. C., Lai, F. P., and Cheng, H. F. 1997. Expression of B-type endothelin receptor gene during neural development. FEBS Lett. 417, 208–212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tschopp, E A., Henke, H., Petermann, J., Tobler, P., Janzer, R., Hökfelt, T., Lundberg, J., and Cuello, C. 1985. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and its binding sites in the human central nervous system and pituitary. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 82, 248–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tseng, L. F, Narita, M., Suganuma, C., Mizoguchi, H., Ohsawa, M., Nagase, H., and Kampine, J. P. 2000. Differential antinociceptive effects of endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 in the mouse. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 292, 576–583.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsou, K., Khachaturian, H., Akil, H., and Watson, S. J. 1986. Immunocytochemical localization of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the adult rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 378, 28–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsou, K., Brown, S., Sanudo-Pena, M. C, Mackie, K., and Walker, J. M. 1998. Immunohistochemical distribution of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the rat central nervous system. Neuroscience 83, 393–411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuchiya, M., Yamazaki, H., and Hori, Y. 1999. Enkephalinergic neurons express 5-HT3 receptors in the spinal cord dorsal horn: Single cell RT-PCR analysis. NeuroReport 10, 2749–2753.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuruo, Y, Hökfelt, T., and Visser, T. 1987. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoactive cell groups in the rat central nervous system. Exp. Brain Res. 68, 213–217.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuruoka, M., Li, Q. J., Matsui, A., and Matsui, Y. 1990. Inhibition of nociceptive responses of widedynamic-range neurons by peripheral nerve stimulation. Brain Res. Bull. 25, 387–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuzuki, K., Kondo, E., Fukuoka, T., Yi, D., Tsujino H., Sakagami, M., and Noguchi, K. 2001. Differential regulation of P2X(3) mRNA expression by the peripheral nerve injury in intact and injured neurons in the rat sensory ganglia. Pain 91, 351–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuchscherer, M. M. and Seybold, V. S. 1985. Immunohistochemical studies of substance P, cholecytokininoctapeptide and somatostatin in dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Neuroscience 14, 593–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuchscherer, M. M. and Seybold, V. S. 1989. A quantitative study of the coexistence of peptides in varicosities within the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 9, 195–205.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuchscherer, M. M., Knox, C., and Seybold, V. S. 1987. Substance P and cholecystokinin-like immunoreactive varicosities in somatosensory and autonomic regions of the rat spinal cord: A quantitative study of coexistence. J. Neurosci. 7, 3984–3995.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckett, R. P. 1982. Innervation pattern of cutaneous hair receptors in cat. Brain Res. 249, 255–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckett, R. P. and Wei, J. Y. 1987a. Response to an itch-producing substance in cat: I. Cutaneous receptor populations with myelinated axons. Brain Res. 413, 87–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckett, R. P. and Wei, J. Y 1987b. Response to an itch-producing substance in cat: II. Cutaneous populations with unmyelinated axons. Brain Res. 413, 95–103.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckett, R. P., Horch, K. W., and Burgess, P. R. 1978. Response of cutaneous hair and field mechanoreceptors in cat to threshold stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 138–149.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turnbull, B. G. and Rasmusson, D. D. 1986. Sensory innervation of the raccoon forepaw: 1. Receptor types in glabrous and hairy skin and deep tissue. Somatosens. Res. 4, 43–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuyau, M., Hansen, M. A., Coleman, M. J., Dampney, R. A. L., Balcar V. J., and Bennett, M. R. 1997. Autoradiography of [3H] alpha, beta-methylene-ATP binding sites in medulla oblongata and spinal cord of the rat. Neurochem. Int. 30, 159–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tyndale, R. E., Olsen, R. W., and Tobin, A. J. 1995. GABAA receptors: Ligand-and voltage-gated ion channels, In R. A. North (ed.), Handbook of Receptors and Channels (pp. 265–290) CRC Press, Boca Raton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzoumaka, E., Tischler, A. C., Sangameswaran, L., Eglen, R. M., Hunter, J. C., and Novakovic, S. D. 2000. Differential distribution of the tetrodotoxin-sensitive rPN4/NaCh6/Scn8a sodium channel in the nervous system. J. Neurosci. Res. 60, 37–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ubink, R., Kopp, J., Wong, H., Walsh, J. H., Pedrazzini, T., and Hokfelt, T 2001. Transient prenatal expression of NPY-Y1 receptor in trigeminal axons innervating the mystacial vibrissae. J. Comp. Neurol. 429, 183–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y and Murao, S. 1974. Excitation of afferent cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers during coronary occlusion. Am. J. Physiol. 226, 1094–1099.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddman, R., Edvinsson, L., Ekman, R., Kingman, T., and McCulloch, J. 1985a. Innervation of the feline cerebral vasculature by nerve fibers containing calcitonin gene-related peptide: Trigeminal origin and co-existence with substance P. Neurosci. Lett. 62, 134–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uddman, R., Luts, A., and Sundler, F. 1985b. Occurrence and distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide in the mammalian respiratory tract and middle ear. Cell Tissue Res. 241, 551–555.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, M., Kuraishi, Y., and Satoh, M. 1993. Detection of capsaicin-evoked release of glutamate from spinal dorsal horn slices of rat with on-line monitoring system. Neurosci. Lett. 155, 179–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ueda, M., Kuraishi, Y, Sugimoto, K., and Satoh, M. 1994. Evidence that glutamate is released from capsaicinsensitive primary afferent fibers in rats: Study with on-line continuous monitoring of glutamate. Neurosci. Res. 20, 231–237.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, G. R., Goodman, R. R., and Snyder, S. H. 1979a. Neurotensin-containing cell bodies, fibers and nerve terminals in the brain stem of the rat: Immunohistochemical mapping. Brain Res. 167, 77–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, G. R., Goodman, R. R., Kuhar, M. J., Childers, S. R., and Snyder, S. H. 1979b. Immunohistochemical mapping of enkephalin-containing cell bodies, fibers and nerve terminals in the brain stem of the rat. Brain Res. 166, 75–94.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhl, G. R., Tran, V., Snyder, S. H., and Martin, J. B. 1985. Somatostatin receptors: Distribution in rat central nervous system and human frontal cortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 240, 288–304.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlen, S., Lindblom, J., Johnson, A., and Wikberg, J. E. 1997. Autoradiographic studies of central alpha 2A-and alpha 2C-adrenoceptors in the rat using [3H]MK912 and subtype-selective drugs. Brain Res. 770, 261–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulfhake, B., Arvidsson, U., Cullheim, S., Hökfelt, T., and Visser, T. J. 1987. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-immunoreactive boutons and nerve cell bodies in the dorsal horn of the cat L7 spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 73, 3–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, W. G., Terenghi, G., Ghatei, M. A., Ennis, K. W., Butler, J. M, Zhang, S. Q., Too, H. P., Polak, J. M., and Bloom, S. R. 1985. Calcitonin gene-related polypeptide as a mediator of the neurogenic ocular injury response. J. Ocul. Pharmacol. 1, 189–199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, W. G., Terenghi, G., Zhang, S. Q., and Polak, J. M. 1988. Alteration in the histochemical presence of tyrosine hydroxylase and CGRP-immunoreactivities in the eye following chronic sympathetic or sensory denervation. Curr. Eye Res. 7, 761–769.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ungerstedt, U. 1984. Measurement of neurotransmitter release by intracranial dialysis. In C. A. Marsden (ed.), Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release} In vivo (pp. 81–105). John Wiley & Sons, New Yo

    Google Scholar 

  • Urban, L. and Randić, M. 1984. Slow excitatory transmission in rat dorsal horn: Possible mediation by peptides. Brain Res. 290, 336–341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urban, L., Aitken, P. G., and Somjen, G. G. 1985. Interstitial potassium concentration, slow depolarization and focal potential responses in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal slice. Brain Res. 331, 168–171.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urca, G. and Urca, R. 1990. Neurotoxic effects of excitatory amino acids in the mouse spinal cord: Quisqualate and kainate but not N-methyl-D-aspartate induce permanent neural damage. Brain Res. 529, 7–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vacca, L. L., Abrahams, S. J., and Naftchi, N. E. 1986. A modified peroxidase-antiperoxidase procedure for improved localization of tissue antigens: Localization of substance P in rat spinal cord. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 28, 297–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaccarino, A. L. and Kastin, A. J. 2001. Endogenous opiates: 2000. Peptides 22, 2257–2328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valerio, A., Rizzonelli, P., Paterlini, M., Moretto, G., Knopfel, T., Kuhn, R., Memo, M., and Spano, P. 1997a. mGluR5 metabotropic glutamate receptor distribution in rat and human spinal cord: A developmental study. Neurosci Res. 28, 49–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valerio, A., Paterlini, M., Boifava, M., Memo, M., and Spano, P. 1997b. Metabotropic glutamate receptor mRNA expression in rat spinal cord. NeuroReport 8, 2695–2699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallbo, A. B. 1981. Sensations evoked from the glabrous skin of the human hand by electrical stimulation of unitary mechanosensitive afferents. Brain Res. 215, 359–363.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallbo, A. B. and Johansson, R. S. 1984. Properties of cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the human hand related to touch sensation. Hum. Neurobiol. 3, 3–14.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallbo, A. B., Olausson, H., and Wessberg, J. 1999. Unmyelinated afferents constitute a second system coding tactile stimuli of the human hairy skin. J. Neurophysiol. 81, 2753–2763.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valtschanoff, J. G., Weinberg, R. J., Rustioni, A., and Schmidt, H. H. 1992a. Nitric oxide synthase and GABA colocalize in lamina II of rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 148, 6–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valtschanoff, J. G., Weinberg, R. J., and Rustioni, A. 1992b. NADPH diaphorase in the spinal cord of rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 321, 209–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valtschanoff, J. G., Phend, K. D., Bernardi, P. S., Weinberg, R. L., and Rustioni, A. 1994. Amino acid immunocytochemistry of primary afferent terminals in the rat dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 346, 237–252.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Pol, A. N. 1999. Hypothalamic hypocretin (orexin): Robust innervation of the spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 19, 3171–3182.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Pol, A. N. and Gores, T. 1988. Glycine and glycine receptor immunoreactivity in brain and spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 8, 472–492.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Kraan, M., Tatro, J. B., Entwistle, M. L., Brakkee, J. H., Burbach, J. P., Adan, R. A., and Gispen, W. H. 1999. Expression of melanocortin receptors and pro-opiomelanocortin in the rat spinal cord in relation to neurotrophic effects of melanocortins. Mol. Brain Res. 63, 276–286.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijken, H., Dijk, J., Voom, P., and Holstege, J. C. 1996. Localization of dopamine D2 receptor in rat spinal cord identified with immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization. Eur. J. Neurosci. 8, 621–628.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Doren, C. L. 1989. A model of spatiotemporal tactile sensitivity linking psychophysics to tissue mechanics. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 85, 2065–2080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Hees, J. and Gybels, J. M. 1972. Pain related to single afferent C fibers from human skin. Brain Res. 48, 397–400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Ranst, L. and Lauweryns, J. M. 1990. Effects of long-term sensory vs. sympathetic denervation on the distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the rat lung. J. Neuroimmunol. 29, 131–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhaeghen, J. J., Lotstra, F., De Mey, J., and Gilles, C. 1980. Immunohistochemical localization of cholecystokinin-and gastrin-like peptides in the brain and hypophysis of the rat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 77, 1190–1194.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhaeghen, J. J., Lotstra, F., Vierendeels, G., Gilles, C., Deschepper, C., and Verbanck, P. 1981. Cholecystokinins in the central nervous system and neurohypophysis. Peptides Suppl.2}, 81–

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhaeghen, J. J., Deschepper, C, Lotstra, R, Vierendeels, G., and Schoenen, J. 1982. Immunohistochemical evidence for cholecystokinin-like peptides in neuronal cell bodies of the rat spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res. 223, 463–467.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhorst, V G., Mouton, L. J., Blok, B. R, and Holstege, G. 1996. Distinct cell groups in the lumbosacral cord of the cat project to different areas in the periaqueductal gray. J. Comp. Neurol. 376, 361–385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanhala, A., Yamatodani, A., and Panula, P. 1994. Distribution of histamine-, 5-hydroxytryptamine-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and nerve fibers in developing rat brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 347, 101–114.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vater, A. 1741. Dissertatio de consensu partium corporis humani. In Haller, Disputationum Anatomicarum Selectarum, Vol. II. Gottingae (pp. 953–972). Cited in Cauna and Mannan (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vecsernyes, M., Jojart, I., Jojart, J., Laczi, R, and Laszlo, R A. 1987. Presence of chromatographically identified oxytocin in human sensory ganglia. Brain Res. 414, 153–154.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, J. A., Rodriguez, C, Medina, M., Martinez Telleria, A., Bengoechea, M. E., and Perez-Casa, A. 1989. Acetyl-cholinesterase and fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase activities in dorsal root ganglia. Cell. Mol. Biol. 35, 39–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, J. A., Amenta, P., Hernandez, L. C., and Del Valle, M. E. 1991. Presence of catecholamine-related enzymes in a subpopulation of primary sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia of the rat. Cell. Mol. Biol. 37, 519–530.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, J. A., Del Valle, M. E., Haro, J. J., Calzada, B., Suarez-Garnacho, S., and Malinovsky, L. 1993. Nerve growth factor receptor immunoreactivity in Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles of the human digital skin. Anat. Rec. 236, 730–736.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, J. A., Del Valle, M. E., Haro, J. J., Naves, R J., Calzada, B., and Uribelarrea, R. 1994a. The inner-core, outer-core and capsule cells of the human Pacinian corpuscles: An immunohistochemical study. Eur. J. Morphol. 32, 11–18.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, J. A., Vazquez, E., Naves, R J., Calzada, B., del Valle, M. E., and Represa, J. J. 1994b. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) immunoreactivity in human cutaneous nerves and sensory corpuscles. Anat. Rec. 240, 125–130.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vega, J. A., Llamosas, M. M., Huerta, J. J. and García-Fernández, J. M. 1996. Study of human cutaneous sensory corpuscles using double immunolabeling and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Anat. Rec. 246, 557–560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vera-Portocarrero, L. P., Mills, C. D., Ye, Z., Fullwood, S. D., McAdoo, D. J., Hulsebosch, C. E., and Westlund, K. N. 2002. Rapid changes in expression of glutamate transporters after spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 927, 104–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vergara, I., Oberpaur, B., and Alvarez, J. 1986. Ventral root nonmedullated fibers: Proportion, calibers, and microtubular content. J. Comp. Neurol. 248, 550–554.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verge, V M., Xu, Z., Xu, X. J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1992. Marked increase in nitric oxide synthase mRNA in rat dorsal root ganglia after peripheral axotomy: In situ hybridization and functional studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 11617–11621.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verge, V M., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1993. Cholecystokinin in mammalian primary sensory neurons and spinal cord: In situ hybridization studies in rat and monkey. Eur. J. Neurosci. 5, 240–250.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verge, V M. K., Richardson, P. M., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1995. Differential influence of nerve growth factor on neuropeptide expression in vivo: A novel role in peptide suppression in adult sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 15, 2081–2096.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viana, F., de La Pena, E., and Belmonte, C. 2002. Specificity of cold thermotransduction is determined by differential ionic channel expression. Nature Neurosci. 5, 254–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vickery, R. M., Gynther, B. D., and Rowe, M. J. 1994. Synaptic transmission between single slowly adapting type I fibres and their cuneate target neurones in cat. J. Physiol. 474, 379–392.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidnyanszky, Z., Hamori, J., Negyessy, L., Ruegg, D., Knopfel, T., Kuhn, R., and Gorcs, T. J. 1994. Cellular and subcellular localization of the mGluR5a metabotropic glutamate receptor in rat spinal cord. NeuroReport 6, 209–213.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vierck, C. J. and Light, A. R. 1999. Effects of combined hemotoxic and anterolateral spinal lesions on nociceptive sensitivity. Pain 83, 447–457.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vierck, C. J., Greenspan, J. D., and Ritz, L. A. 1990. Long-term changes in purposive and reflexive responses to nociceptive stimulation in monkeys following anterolateral chordotomy. J. Neurosci. 10, 2077–2095.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vilim, F. S., Aarnisalo A, A., Nieminen, M. L., Lintunen, M., Karlstedt, K., Kontinen, V. K., Kalso, E., States, B., Panula, P., and Ziff, E. 1999. Gene for pain modulatory neuropeptide NPFF: Induction in spinal cord by noxious stimuli. Mol. Pharmacol. 55, 804–811.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva, L., Cadden, S. W., and Le Bars, D. 1984. Evidence that diffuse noxious inhibitory controls (DNIC) are mediated by a final post-synaptic inhibitory mechanism. Brain Res. 298, 67–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva, L., Chitour, D., and Le Bars, D. 1986a. Involvement of the dorsolateral funiculus in the descending spinal projections responsible for diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 56, 1185–1195.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva, L., Peschanski, M., Calvino, B., and Le Bars, D. 1986b. Ascending pathways in the spinal cord involved in triggering of diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in the rat. J. Neurophysiol 55, 35–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villar, M. J., Cortes, R., Theodorsson, E., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1989. Neuropeptide expression in rat dorsal root ganglion cells and spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury with special reference to galanin. Neuroscience 33, 587–604.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villar, M. J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Xu, X. J., Theodorsson, E., Emson, P. C, and Hökfelt, T. 1991. Further studies on galanin-, substance P-, and CGRP-like immunoreactivities in primary neurons and spinal cord: Effects of dorsal rhizotomies and sciatic nerve lesions. Exp. Neurol. 112, 29–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villiger, J. W. and Faull, R. L. M. 1985. Muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the human spinal cord: Differential localization of [3H] pirenzepine and [3H]quinuclidinylbenzilate binding sites. Brain Res. 345, 196–199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, S. B. 1913. The tactile hair of the white rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 23, 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, S. R. 1994. Nitric oxide: A radical neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 42, 129–160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, S. R., Hökfelt, T., Christensson, I., and Terenius, L. 1982. Dynorphin-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 33, 185–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, S. R., Mcintosh, C. H., Bueham, A. M., and Braum, J. C. 1985. Central somatostatin systems revealed with monoclonal antibodies. J. Comp. Neurol. 238, 169–186.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virgo, L., Samarasinghe, S., and de Belleroche, J. 1996. Analysis of AMPA receptor subunit mRNA expression in control and ALS spinal cord. NeuroReport 7, 2507–2511.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vita, G., Huan, C. K., Hawkins, E. F, and Engel, W. K. 1990. Effects of experimental spinal cord transection on substance P receptors: A quantitative autoradiography study. Neuropeptides 17, 147–153.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vital, A., Fontan, D., Julien, J., Talon, P., Heron, B., Routon, M. C., Ponsot, G., and Vital, C. 1998. Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. Report of two unrelated cases. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 3, 125–132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vitry, G., Chambost, M. G., and Pitel, J. 1960. Étude des phosphatases dans divers territoires du système nerveux chez le chat, le lapin et le chien. Ann. Histochem. 5, 9–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A. 1997. Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent and spinal neurons following spinal cord injury. Dev. Neurosci. 19, 232–246.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A. 2001. Alterations in neuropeptide expression in lumbosacral bladder pathways following chronic cystitis. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 21, 125–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., Erickson, V. L., Stewart, R. J., Roppolo, J. R., and de Groat, W. C. 1993a. Localization of NADPH diaphorase in the lumbosacral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 339, 62–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., and de Groat, W. C. 1993b. Localization of NADPH-diaphorase in pelvic afferent and efferent pathways of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 152, 72–76.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., and de Groat, W. C. 1993c. Localization of NADPH diaphorase in bladder afferent and postganglionic efferent neurons of the rat. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 44, 85–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., and de Groat, W. C. 1993d. The effect of rhizotomy on NADPH diaphorase staining in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 607, 349–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., Forstermann, U., and de Groat, W. C. 1994a. Differential distribution of nitric oxide synthase in neural pathways to the urogenital organs (urethra, penis, urinary bladder) of the rat. Brain Res. 646, 279–291.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., Roppolo, J. R., Forstermann, U., and de Groat, W. C. 1994b. Differential localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity and NADPH-diaphorase activity in the cat spinal cord. Cell Tissue Res. 278, 299–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., and de Groat, W. C. 1995. Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in dorsal root ganglion neurons after systemic capsaicin administration. Neuroscience 67, 1–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, S. L., and de Groat, W. C. 1996. Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent pathways following chronic bladder irritation. J. Comp. Neurol. 370, 191–202.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erickson, K., and de Groat, W. C. 1997. Localization of NADPH diaphorase in the thoracolumbar and sacrococcygeal spinal cord of the dog. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst. 64, 128–142.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vizzard, M. A., Erdman, J., and de Groat, W. C. 1998. Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in visceral neurons after nerve injury. J. Neuroscience 15, 4033–4045.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Banchet, G. S. and Heppelmann, B. 1995. Non-radioactive localization of substance P binding sites in rat brain and spinal cord using peptides labeled with 1.4-nm gold particles. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 43, 821–827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Banchet, G. S. and Schaible, H. G. 1999. Localization of the neurokinin 1 receptor on a subset of substance P-positive and isolectin B4-negative dorsal root ganglion neurons of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 274, 175–178.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Banchet, G. S., Schindler, M., Hervieu, G. J., Beckmann, B., Emson, P. C, and Heppelmann, B. 1999. Distribution of somatostatin receptor subtypes in rat lumbar spinal cord examined with gold-labelled somatostatin and anti-receptor antibodies. Brain Res. 816, 254–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Euler, M., Seiger, Å Holmberg, L., and Sundström, E. 1994. NBQX, a competitive non-NMDA receptor antagonist, reduces degeneration due to focal spinal cord ischemia. Exp. Neurol. 129, 163–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Frey, M. 1896. Treatise on the sensory functions of the human skin. Transl. from German by Biederman-Thorson in H. O. Handwerker and K.Brune, K (eds.), 1987. Classical German Contributions to Pain Research, (pp. 69–131). Vth World Congress on Pain, Hamburg. Original German: Untersuchungen über die Sinnesfunctionen der Menschlichen Haut. vol. 23, Koenigl. Saech. Ges. Wissensch., Leipsig, S. Hirzel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Frey, M. 1906. The distribution of afferent nerves in the skin. JAMA 47, 645–648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Frey, M. 1910. Physiologie der Sinnesorgane der Menschlichen Haut. Ergebnisse Physiol. 9, 351–368.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vrinten, D. H., Kalkman, C. J., Adan, R. A., and Gispen, W. H. 2001. Neuropathic pain: A possible role for the melanocortin system? Eur. J. Pharmacol. 429, 61–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vulchanova, L., Arvidsson, U., Riedl, M., Wang, J., Buell, G., Surprenant, A., North, R. A., and Elde, R. 1996. Differential distribution of two ATP-gated ion channels(P2x receptors) determined by immunocytochemistry. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 8063–8067.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vulchanova, L., Riedl, M. S., Shuster, S. J., Buell, G., Surprenant, A., North, R. A., and Elde, R. 1997. Immunohistochemical study of the P2X2 and P2X3 receptor subunits in rat and monkey sensory neurons and their central terminals. Neuropharm. 36, 1229–1242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vulchanova, L., Riedl, M. S., Shuster, S. J., Stone, L. S., Hargreaves, K. M., Buell, G., Surprenant, A., North, R. A., and Elde, R. 1998. P2X3 is expressed by DRG neurons that terminate in inner layer II. Eur. J. Neurosci. 10, 3470–3478.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vyklický, L., Syková, E., Kříž, N., and Ujec, E. 1972. Post-stimulation changes of extracellular potassium concentration in the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 45, 608–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vyklický, L., Syková, E., and Kříž, N. 1975. Slow potentials induced by changes of extracellular potassium in the spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 87, 77–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vyklický, L., Syková, E., and Mellerová, B. 1976. Depolarization of primary afferents in the frog spinal cord under high Mg++ concentrations. Brain Res. 117, 153–156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vyklický, L., Vlachová, V, Vitásková, Z., Dittert, I., Kabáat, M., and Orkand, R. K. 1999. Temperature coefficient of membrane currents induced by noxious heat in sensory neurones in the rat. J. Physiol. 517, 181–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wada, E., Wada, K., Boulter, J., Deneris, E., Heinemann, S., Patrick, J., and Swanson, L. W 1989. Distribution of α2, α3, α4, and β2 neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit mRNAs in the central nervous system: A hybridization histochemical study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 284, 314–335.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wada, E., Way, J., Lebacq-Verheyden, A. M., and Battey, J. F. 1990. Neuromedin B and gastrin-releasing peptide mRNAs are differentially distributed in the rat nervous system. J. Neurosci. 10, 2917–2930.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wada, E., Wray, S., and Battey, J. 1992. Comparison of gene expression for two distinct bombesin receptor subtypes in postnatal rat central nervous system. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 3, 446–460.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wada, E., Battey, J., and Wray, S. 1993. Bombesin receptor gene expression in rat embryos: Transient GRP-R gene expression in the posterior pituitary. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 4, 13–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waddell, P. J. and Lawson, S. N. 1990. Electrophysiological properties of subpopulations of rat dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 36, 811–822.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waeber, C., Hoyer, D., and Palacios, J. M. 1989. 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptors in the human brain: Autoradiographic visualization using [3H]ICS 205-930. Neuroscience 31, 393–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagman, I. H., and Price, D. D. 1969. Responses of dorsal horn cells of M. mulatta to cutaneous and sural A and C fiber stimuli. J. Neurophysiol. 32, 803–817.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R. and Meissner, G. 1852. Über Vorhandensein bischer unbekannten eigentümlichen Körperchen (Corpuscula tactus). Gott. Nachr. 2, 17–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, R., Deleo, J. A., Coombs, D. W., Willenbring, S., and Fromm, C. 1993. Spinal dynorphin immunoreactivity increases bilaterally in a neuropathic pain model. Brain Res. 629, 323–326.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakisaka, S., Kajander, K. C, and Bennett, G. J. 1991. Increased neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in rat sensory neurons following peripheral axotomy. Neurosci. Lett. 124, 200–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakisaka, S., Kajander, K. C, and Bennett, G. J. 1992. Effects of peripheral nerve injuries and tissue inflammation on the levels of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in rat primary afferent neurons. Brain Res. 598, 349–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wakisaka, S., Takikita, S., Sasaki, Y., Kato, J., Tabata, M. J., and Kurisu, K. 1993. Cell size-specific appearance of neuropeptide Y in the trigeminal ganglion following peripheral axotomy of different branches of the mandibular nerve of the rat. Brain Res. 620, 347–350.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waksman, G., Hamel, E., Fournie-Zaluski, M.-C, and Roques, B. P. 1986. Autoradiographic comparison of the distribution of the neutral endopeptidase “enkephalinase” and of μ and δ opioid receptors in rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 83, 1523–1527.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldbillig, R. J. and LeRoith, D. 1987. Insulin receptors in the peripheral nervous system: A structural and functional analysis. Brain Res. 409, 215–220.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldeyer, H. 1888. Das Gorilla-Rueckenmark (147 pp.). Akad. Wissensch., Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldmann, R. and Lazdunski, M. 1998. H+-gated cation channels: Neuronal acid sensors in the NaC/DEG family of ion channels. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 418–424.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldvogel, H. J., Faull, R. L., Jansen, K. L., Dragunow, M., Richards, J. G., Mohler, H., and Streit, P. 1990. GABA, GAB A receptors and benzodiazepine receptors in the human spinal cord: An autoradiographic and immunohistochemical study at the light and electron microscope levels. Neuroscience 39, 361–385.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K., Perkins, M., and Dray, A. 1995. Kinins and kinin receptors in the nervous system. Neurochem. Int. 26, 1–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K., Reeve, A., Bowes, M., Winter, J., Wotherspoon, G., Davis, A., Schmid, P., Gasparini, E, Kuhn, R., and Urban, L. 2001. mGlu5 receptors and nociceptive function II: mGlu5 receptors functionally expressed on peripheral sensory neurones mediate inflammatory hyperalgesia. Neuropharmacology 40, 10–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1958. Excitability changes in afferent fibre terminations and their relation to slow potentials. J.Physiol. 142, 1–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1959. Repetitive discharge of neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 22, 305–320.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1960. Cord cells responding to touch, damage, and temperature of skin. J. Neurophysiol. 23, 197–210.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1962. The origin of a spinal cord slow potential. J. Physiol. 164, 508–526.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1964. Presynaptic control of impulses at the first central synapse in the cutaneous pathway. In J. C. Eccles and J. P. Schade (eds.), Physiology of Spinal Neurons. Prog. Brain Res. 12, 92–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1965. Impulses originating in the region of dendrites. J. Physiol. 180, 116–133.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1967. The laminar organization of dorsal horn and effects of descending impulses. J. Physiol. 188, 403–423.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1977. The presence of ineffective synapses and the circumstances which unmask them. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. 278, 361–372.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1978. The gate control theory of pain mechanisms: A re-examination and re-statement. Brain 101, 1–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. 1982. The effect of peripheral nerve lesions and of neonatal capsaicin in the rat on primary afferent depolarization. J. Physiol. 329, 21–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and Cronly-Dillon, J. R. 1960. Pain, itch, and vibration. Arch. Neurol. 2, 365–375.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and Devor, M. 1981. The effect of peripheral nerve injury on dorsal root potentials and on transmission of afferent signals into the spinal cord. Brain Res. 209, 95–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and Devor, M. 1983. Sensory afferent impulses originate from dorsal root ganglion cells as well as from the periphery in normal and nerve injured rats. Pain 17, 321–329.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and Gutnick, M. 1974. Ongoing activity in peripheral nerves: The physiology and pharmacology of impulses originating from a neuroma. Exp. Neurol. 43, 580–593.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and McMahon, S. B. 1985. Microneurography and its relation to perceived sensation: A critical review. Pain 21, 209–229.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and Sweet, W H. 1967. Temporary abolition of pain in man. Science 155, 108–109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D. and Werman, R. 1976. The physiology and anatomy of long ranging afferent fibres within the spinal cord. J. Physiol. 255, 321–334.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D., Freeman, J., and Major, D. 1967. Dorsal horn cells in spinal and in freely moving rats. Exp. Neurol. 19, 519–529.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D., Merrill, E. G., and Yaksh, T. L. 1979a. Responses of single units in laminae 2 and 3 of cat spinal cord. Brain Res. 160, 245–260.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D., Devor, M., Inbal, R., Scadding, J. W, Schonfeld, D., Seltzer, Z., and Tomkiewicz, M. M. 1979b. Autotomy following peripheral nerve lesions: Experimental anaesthesia dolorosa. Pain 7, 103–115.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wall, P. D., Kerr, B. J., and Ramer, M. S. 2002. Primary afferent input to and receptive field properties of cells in rat lumbar area X. J. Comp. Neurol. 449, 298–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, G. S. and Kawaja, M. D. 1998. Sympathetic axons surround nerve growth factor-immunoreactive trigeminal neurons: Observations in mice overexpressing nerve growth factor. J. Neurobiol. 34, 347–360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, G. S., Krol, K. M, and Kawaja, M. D. 1999. Absence of the p75 neurotrophin receptor alters the pattern of sympathosensory sprouting in the trigeminal ganglia of mice overexpressing nerve growth factor. J. Neurosci. 19, 258–273.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walshe, F. M. R. 1942. The anatomy and physiology of cutaneous sensibility: A critical review. Brain 65, 48–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter-Barakat, I. and Droz, B. 1995. Nuclear and cytoplasmic triiodothyronine-binding sites in primary sensory neurons and Schwann cells: Radioautographic study during development. J. Neuroendocr. 7, 127–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wamsley, J. K., Lewis, M. S., Young, W. S., III, and Kuhar, M. J. 1981. Autoradiographic localization of muscarinic cholinertic receptors in rat brainstem. J. Neurosci. 1, 176–191.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wamsley, J. K., Zarbin, M. A., Young, W. S., and Kuhar, M. J. 1982. Distribution of opiate receptors in the monkey brain: An autoradiographic study. Neuroscience 7, 595–613.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wanaka, A., Matsuyama, T., Yoneda, S., Kimura, K., Kamada, T., Girgis, S., Maclntyre, I., Emson, R C, and Tohyama, M. 1986. Origins and distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-containing nerves in the wall of the cerebral arteries of the guinea pig with special reference to the coexistence with substance R Brain Res. 369, 185–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wanaka, A., Shiotani, Y., Kuyama, H., Matsuyama, T., Shiosaka, S. and Tohyama, M. 1987. Glutamate-like immunoreactive structures in primary sensory neurons in the rat detected by a specific antiserum against glutamate. Exp. Brain Res. 65, 691–694.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, D., Li, Y Q., Li, J. L., Kaneko, T, Nomura, S., and Mizuno, N. 2000. Gamma-aminobutryic acid-and glycine-immunoreactive neurons postsynaptic to substance P-immunoreactive axon terminals in the superficial layers of the rat medullary dorsal horn. Neurosci Lett. 288, 187–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, G. D., Wang, X. L., and Li, Z. W. 1996. Influence of peripheral process branching in nerve of spinal ganglion on the primary afferent impulse. Sheng Li Xue Bao. 48, 31–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H. and Wessendorf, M. W. 2001. Equal proportions of small and large DRG neurons express opioid receptor mRNAs. J. Comp. Neurol. 429, 590–600.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Rivero-Melian, C., Robertson, B., and Grant, G. 1994. Transganglionic transport and binding of the isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I in rat primary sensory neurons. Neuroscience. 62, 539–551.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Zhang, R. X., and Qiao, J.-T. 1999. Decreased expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in rat dorsal root ganglion following complete Freuns adjuvant-induced inflammation: An immunocyto chemical study for NMDA NR1 subunit. Neurosci. Lett. 265, 195–198.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., Wang, R., Nie, H., Zhang, R., and Qiao, J. T. 2000. Neurokinin A, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and dynorphin A (1-8) in spinal dorsal horn contribute to descending inhibition evoked by nociceptive afferent pathways: An immunocytochemical study. Regul. Pept. 89, 7–12.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H. E, Robertson, B., and Grant, G. 1998a. Anterograde transport of horseradish-peroxidase conjugated isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I in spinal primary sensory neurons of the rat. Brain Res. 811, 34–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H. F., Shortland, P., Park, M. J., and Grant, G. 1998b. Retrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated cholera toxin B subunit, wheatgerm agglutinin and isolectin B4 from Griffonia simplicifolia I in primary afferent neurons innervating the rat urinary bladder. Neuroscience 87, 275–288.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, J. E, Khasar, S. G., Ahlgren, S. C., and Levine, J. D. 1996. Sensitization of C-fibres by prostaglandin E2 in the rat is inhibited by guanosine 5’-O-(2-thiodiphosphate), 2’, 5’-dideoxyadenosine and Walsh inhibitor peptide. Neuroscience 71, 259–263.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Q. P., Zadina, J. E., Guan, J., Kastin, A. J., Funahashi, H., and Shida, S. 2002. Endomorhin-2 immunore-activity in the cervical dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord at the electron-microscopic level. Neuroscience 113, 593–605.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S., Clemmons, A., Strader, C, and Bayne, M. 1998. Evidence for hydrophobic interaction between galanin and the GalRl galanin receptor and GalRl-mediated ligand internalization: Fluorescent probing with a fluorescein-galanin, Biochemistry 37, 9528–9535.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. D., Goldberger, M. E., and Murray, M. 1991a. Plasticity of spinal systems after unilateral dorsal rhizotomy in the adult rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 304, 555–568.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. D., Goldberger, M. E., and Murray, M. 1991b. Normal development and the effects of early rhizotomy on spinal systems in the rat. Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res. 64, 57–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warden, M. K. and Young, W. S. 1988. Distribution of cells containing mRNAs encoding substance P and neurokinin B in the rat central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 272, 90–113.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warrington, W. B. and Griffith, F. 1904. On the cells of the spinal ganglia and on the relationship of their histological structure to the axonal distribution. Brain 27, 297–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasowicz, K. and Panula, P. 1994. Distribution of neuropeptide FF in porcine spinal cord in comparison with other neuropeptides and serotonin. J. Comp. Neurol. 346, 530–540.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, M., Mishina, M., and Inoue, Y. 1994. Distinct spatiotemporal distributions of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor channel subunit mRNAs in the mouse cervical cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 345, 314–319.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe, E. and Akagi, H. 1995. Distribution patterns of mRNAs encoding glycine receptor channels in the developing rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Res. 23, 377–382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, S. M. and Krause, J. E. 2000. Distribution of galanin-1,-2 and-3 receptor messenger RNAs in central and peripheral rat tissues. Neuroscience 95, 265–271.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, J. C, and Evans, R. H. 1981. Excitatory amino acid transmitters. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 21, 165–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watling, K. J., Kebabian, J. W. and Neumeyer, J. L. (eds.) 1995. The RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification and Signal Transduction. Research Biochemicals International, Natick, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watling, K. J. (ed.) 2001. The Sigma-RBI Handbook of Receptor Classification and Signal Transduction. (4th ed., pp. 4–5) Sigma-RBI, Natick, MA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A. H. and Bazzaz, A. A. 2001. GABA and glycine-like immunoreactivity at axoaxonic synapses on la muscle afferent terminals in the spinal cord of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 433, 335–348.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, A. H., Hughes, D. I., and Bazzaz, A. A. 2002. Synaptic relationships between hair follicle afferents and neurones expressing GABA and glycine-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 452, 367–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G. 2001. Acquired channelopathies in nerve injury and MS. Neurology 56, 1621–1627.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G. and Black, J. A. 1996. Expression of mRNA for a sodium channel in subfamily 2 in spinal sensory neurons. Neurochem. Res. 21, 395–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G., Kocsis, J. D., and Black, J. A. 1994. Type III sodium channel mRNA is expressed in embryonic but not adult spinal sensory neurons, and is reexpressed following axotomy. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 466–470.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G., Dib-Hajj, S., Cummins, T. R., and Black, J. A. 1999. Sodium channels and pain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7635–7639.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waxman, S. G., Dib-Hajj, S., Cummins, T. R., and Black, J. A. 2000. Sodium channels and their genes: Dynamic expression in the normal nervous system, dysregulation in disease states (1). Brain Res. 886, 5–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G. 1955. Somesthesis and the chemical senses. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 6, 19–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G. and Miller, S. 1962. Cutaneous sensibility. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 24, 199–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G. and Sinclair, D. C. 1953. The anatomy of pain sensibility. Acta Neuroveg. 7, 135–146.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weddell, G., Sinclair, D. C, and Feindel, W H. 1948. An anatomical basis for alterations in quality of pain sensibility. J. Neurophysiol. 11, 99–109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wee, B. E. E, Emery, D. G., and Blanchard, J. L. 1985. Unmyelinated fibers in the cervical and lumbar ventral roots of the cat. Am. J. Anat. 172, 307–316.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, F. and Zhao, Z. Q. 1996. Blockade of capsaicin-induced reduction of GABA-immunoreactivity by spantide in cat spinal superficial dorsal horn. Neuroscience 71, 277–283.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wei, J. Y, Simon, J., Randić, M., and Burgess, P. R. 1986. Joint angle signaling by muscle spindle receptors. Brain Res. 370, 108–118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, C, Schmelz, M., Schmidt, R., Hansson, B., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 1999. Functional attributes discriminating mechano-insensitive and mechano-responsive C nociceptors in human skin. J. Neurosci. 19, 10184–10190.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, C., Schmidt, R., Schmelz, M., Hilliges, M., Handwerker, H. O., and Torebjörk, H. E. 2000. Time course of post-excitatory effects separates afferent human C fibre classes. J. Physiol. 527, 185–191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weidner, C, Schmelz, M., Schmidt, R., Hammerberg, B., Ørstavik, K., Hilliges, M., Torebjörk, H. E., and Handwerker, H.O. 2002. Neural signal processing: the underestimated contribution of peripheral human C-fibers. J. Neurosci. 22, 6704–6712.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe, E., Hartschuh, W, and Weber, E. 1985. Prodynorphin opioid peptides in small somatosensory primary afferents of guinea pig. Neurosci Lett. 58, 347–352.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe, E., Leibold, A., Norh, D., Fink, T., and Gauweiler, B. 1986. Co-existence of prodynorphin-opioid peptides and substance P in primary sensory afferents of guinea-pigs. Natl. Inst. Drug Abuse Res. 75, 295–298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe, E., Nohr, D., Millan, M. J., Stein, C, Muller, S., Gramsch, C, and Herz, A. 1988a. Peptide neuroanatomy of adjuvant-induced arthritic inflammation in rat}. Agents and Actions 25, 255–259.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe, E., Nohr, D., and Hartschuh, W 1988b. Immunohistochemical evidence for a co-transmitter role of opioid peptides in primary sensory neurons. Prog. Brain Res. 74, 189–199.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe, E., Millan, M. J., Leibold, A., Nohr, D., and Herz, A. 1988c. Co-localization of proenkephalin-and prodynorphin-derived opioid peptides in laminae IV/V spinal neurons revealed in arthritic rats}. Neurosci. Lett. 85, 187–192.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weihe, E., Millan, M. J., Hollt, V., Nohr, D., and Herz, A. 1989. Induction of the gene encoding pro-dynorphin by experimentally induced arthritis enhances staining for dynorphin in the spinal cord of rats. Neuroscience 31, 77–95.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weil-Fugazza, J., Onteniente, B., Audet, G., and Philippe, E. 1993. Dopamine as trace amine in the dorsal root ganglia. Neurochem. Res. 18, 965–969.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R. J., Conti, F., Van Eyck, S. L., Petrusz, P., and Rustioni, A. 1987. Glutamate immunoreactivity in superficial laminae of rat dorsal horn and spinal trigeminal nucleus, In T. P. Hicks, D. Lodge, and H. McClennan (eds.), Excitatory amino acid transmission (pp. 173–176). kAlan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, M. J., Price, M. P., and Xie, J. 2002. Biochemical basis of touch perception: Mechanosensory function of degenerin/epithelial Na+ channels. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 2369–2372.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, H. R., Lee, J. I., Lenz, F. A., Schwartz, A., Vierck, C, Rowland, L., and Dougherty, P. M. 2000. Functional plasticity in primate somatosensory thalamus following chronic lesion of the ventral lateral spinal cord. Neuroscience. 101, 393–401.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weng, H. R., Mansikka, H., Winchurch, R., Raja, S. N., and Dougherty, P. M. 2001. Sensory processing in the deep spinal dorsal horn of neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Anesthesiology 94, 1105–1112.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wenk, H. N. and Honda, C. N. 1999. Immunohistochemical localization of delta opioid receptors in peripheral tissues. J. Comp. Neurol. 408, 567–579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werman, R. 1966. Criteria for identification of a central nervous system transmitter. Comp. Biochem Physiol. 18, 745–766.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werman, R., Davidoff, R. A., and Aprison, M. H. 1968. Inhibitory action of glycine on spinal neurons in the cat. J. Neurophysiol. 31, 81–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, G. and Mountcastle, V. B. 1965. Neural activity in mechanoreceptive cutaneous afferents: Stimulus-response relations, Weber functions, and information transmission. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 359–397.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wessendorf, M. W. and Elde, R. 1987. The coexistence of serotonin-and substance P-like immunoreactivity in the spinal cord of the rat as shown by immunofluorescent double labeling. J. Neurosci. 7, 2352–2363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westermark, T., Isaksson, T., Holmberg, P., Kjorell, U., Rantapaa-Dahlqvist, S., and Forsgren, S. 1999. Increase in bombesin-like peptides in the spinal cord after dexamethasone treatment of adrenalectomized rats. Neurosci. Lett. 275, 179–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N. 1992. Anatomy of noradrenergic pathways modulating pain. In J. M. Besson and G. Guilbaud (eds.), Towards the Use of Noradrenergic Agonists for the Treatment of Pain (pp. 91–117). Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N. and Coulter, J. D. 1980. Descending projections of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruelus/medial parabrachial nuclei in monkey: Axonal transport studies and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry. Brain Res. Rev. 2,} 235–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K., Bowker, R. M., Ziegler, M. G., and Coulter, J. D. 1982. Descending noradrenergic projections and their spinal terminations. Prog. Brain Res. 57, 219–238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N., Bowker, R. M., Ziegler, M. G., and Coulter, J. D. 1983. Noradrenergic projections to the spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 263, 15–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N., McNeill, D. L., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1989a. Glutamate immunoreactivity in rat dorsal root axons. Neurosci. Lett. 96, 13–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N., McNeill, D. L., Patterson, J. T., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1989b. Aspartate immunoreactive axons in normal rat L4 dorsal roots. Brain Res. 489, 347–351.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N., Zhang, D., Carlton, S. M., Sorkin, L. S., and Willis, W. D. 1991. Noradrenergic innervation of somatosensory thalamus and spinal cord. Prog. Brain Res. 88, 77–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N., Sun, Y. C., Sluka, K. A., Dougherty, P. M., Sorkin, L. S., and Willis, W. D. 1992. Neural changes in acute arthritis in monkeys. II. Increased glutamate immunoreactivity in the medial articular nerve. Brain Res. Rev. 17, 15–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westlund, K. N., Krakower, T. J., Kwan, S. W., and Abell, C. W. 1993. Intracellular distribution of monoamine oxidase A in selected regions of rat and monkey brain and spinal cord. Brain Res. 612, 221–230.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westrum, L. E., Johnson, L. R., and Canfield, R. C. 1984. Ultrastructure of transganglionic degeneration in brain stem trigeminal nuclei during normal primary tooth exfoliation and permanent tooth eruption in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 230, 198–206.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetts, R. and Vaughn, J. E. 1993. Transient expression of beta-NADPH diaphorase in developing rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. Develop. Brain Res. 76, 278–282.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wetts, R. and Vaughn, J. E. 1994. Choline acetyltransferase and NADPH diaphorase are co-expressed in rat spinal cord neurons. Neuroscience 63, 1117–1124.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetts, R., Phelps, P. E., and Vaughn, J. E. 1995. Transient and continuous expression of NADPH diaphorase in different neuronal populations of developing rat spinal cord. Dev. Dyn. 202, 215–228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, D. M., Basbaum, A. I., Goetzl, E. J., and Levine, J. D. 1990. The 15-lipoxygenase product, 8R,15S-diHETE, stereospecifically sensitizes C-fiber mechanoheat nociceptors in hairy skin of rat. J. Neurophysiol. 63, 966–970.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White, J. C. and Sweet, W. H. 1969. Pain and the Neurosurgeon: A Forty-year Experience. Thomas, Springfield, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, S. R., Penner, J. D., Speth, R. C, and Chan, J. Y. H. 1988. Angiotensin II receptors in the lumbar spinal cord of the rat. Brain Res. 441, 195–201.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehorn, D. and Burgess, R R. 1973. Changes in polarization of central branches of myelinated mechanoreceptor and nociceptor fibers during noxious and innocuous stimulation of the skin. J. Neurophysiol. 36, 226–237.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehorn, D., Howe, J. E, Lessler, M. J., and Burgess, R R. 1974. Cutaneous receptors supplied by myelinated fibers in the cat: I. Number of receptors innervated by a single nerve. J. Neurophysiol. 37, 1361–1372.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Whitehouse, P. J., Wamsley, J. K., Zarbin, M. A., Price, D. L., Tourtellotte, W. W, and Kuhar, M. J. 1983. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Alterations in neurotransmitter receptors. Ann. Neurol. 14, 8–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiberg, M., Ljungberg, C, O’Byrne, A., Brown, R., Whitworth, I., Liss, A., and Terenghi, G. 1999. Primary sensory neuron survival following targeted administration of nerve growth factor to an injured nerve. Scand. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Hand Surg. 33, 387–392.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Widerberg, A., Kanje, M., and Dahlin, L. B. 2001. C-terminal flanking peptide of neuropeptide Y in DRG following nerve compression. NeuroReport 12, 3193–3196.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld, Z. and Lindblom, U. 1980. Behavioral and electrophysiological effects of various types of peripheral nerve lesions in the rat: A comparison of possible models for chronic pain. Pain 8, 285–299.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. and Xu, X. J. 1996. The role of cholecystokinin in nociception, neuropathic pain and opiate tolerance. Regul. Pept. 65, 23–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. and Xu, X. J. 1998. Galanin in somatosensory function. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 863, 383–389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. and Xu, X. J. 2001. Neuropeptides in neuropathic and inflammatory pain with special emphasis on cholecystokinin and galanin. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 429, 49–59.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Hökfelt, T, Lundberg, J. M., Firssmann, W G., Reunecke, M., Tschopp, F. A., and Fischer, J. A. 1984. Immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P coexist in sensory neurons to the spinal cord and interact in spinal behavioral responses of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 52, 199–204.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wikberg, J. E. S. and Hajos, M. 1987. Spinal cord α2-adrenoceptors may be located postsynaptically with respect to primary sensory neurons: Destruction of primary C-afferents with neonatal capsaicin does not affect the number of [3H]clonidine binding sites in mice. Neuroscience 76, 63–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willcockson, W S., Chung, J. ML, Hori, Y., Lee, K. H., and Willis, W D. 1984. Effects of iontophoretically released amino acids and amines on primate spinothalamic tract cells. J. Neurosci. 4, 732–740.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilier, J. C, Roby, A., and Le Bars, D. 1984. Psychophysical and electrophysiological approaches to the pain-relieving effects of heterotopic nociceptive stimuli. Brain 107, 1095–1112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilier, J. C, De Brouker, T, ands Le Bars, D. 1989. Encoding of nociceptive thermal stimuli by diffuse noxious inhibitory controls in humans. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 1028–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, C. A., Wu, S. Y, Dun, S. L., Kwok, E. H., and Dun, N. J. 1999. Release of endomorphin-2-like substances from the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 273, 25–28.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, J. T, Christie, M. J., and Manzoni, O. 2001. Cellular and synaptic adaptations mediating opioid dependence. Physiol. Rev. 81, 299–343.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S., Evan, G. I., and Hunt, S. P. 1990. Changing patterns of c-fos induction following thermal cutaneous stimulation in the rat. Neuroscience 36, 73–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, S. J. and Papka, R. E. 1996. Estrogen receptor-immunoreactive neurons are present in the female rat lumbosacral spinal cord. J. Neurosci. Res. 46, 492–501.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W D. 1984. Evoked spinal cord potentials in the cat and monkey: Use in the analysis of spinal cord function. In S. Homma and T. Tamaki (eds.), Fundamentals and Clinical Application of Spinal Cord Monitoring (pp. 3–19). Saikon Publishing Co. Ltd., Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W D. 1985. The Pain System. Karger, Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W D. 1997. Is central sensitization of nociceptive transmission in the spinal cord a variety of long-term potentiationα A commentary on the article by Svendsen, Tjølsen, and Hole. Focus article for NeuroReport, 8, iii.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W D. 1999. Dorsal root potentials and dorsal root reflexes: A double-edged sword. Exp. Brain Res. 124, 395–421.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W D. 2001. The role of neurotransmitters in sensitization of pain responses. In Role of Neural Plasticity in Chemical Intolerance. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 933: 42–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W D. 2002a. Possible mechanisms of central neuropathic pain. In K. J. Burchiel and R. P: Yezierski (eds.), Spinal Cord Injury Pain: Assessment, Mechanisms, Management. Vol. 23, Pain Research and Management (pp. 85–115). IASP Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W. D. 2002b. Long-term potentiation in spinothalamic neurons. Brain Res. Rev., 40: 202–214.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W. D. and Coggeshall, R. E. 1991. Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord (2nd ed.). Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W. D. and Grossman, R. G. 1981. Medical Neurobiology (3rd ed.). C. V. Mosby, St. Louis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W. D., Weir, M. A., Skinner, R. D., and Bryan, R. N. 1973. Differential distribution of spinal cord field potentials. Exp. Brain Res. 17, 169–176.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Willis, W. D., Leonard, R. B., and Kenshalo, D. R. 1978. Spinothalamic tract neurons in the substantia gelatinosa. Science 202, 986–988.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P. and Snow, P. J. 1988. Somatotopic organization of the dorsal horn in the lumbosacral enlargement of the spinal cord in the neonatal cat. Exp. Neurol 101, 428–444.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, P., Meyers, D. E. R., and Snow, P. J. 1986. The detailed somatotopic organization of the dorsal horn in the lumbosacral enlargement of the cat spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 55, 604–617.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Windle, W. F. 1931. Neurons of the sensory type in the ventral roots of man and of other mammals. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat. 26, 791–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, D. L. 1971. Receptor characteristics and conduction velocities in bladder afferents. J. Psychiat. Res. 8, 225–235.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Winter, J., Walpole, C. S. J., Bevan, S., and James, I. F. 1993. Characterization of resiniferatoxin binding sites on sensory neurons: Co-regulation of resiniferatoxin binding and capsaicin sensitivity in adult rat dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 57, 747–757.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wisden, W, Gundlach, A. L., Barnard, E. A., Seeburg, P. H., and Hunt, S. P. 1991. Distribution of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in rat lumbar spinal cord. Mol. Brain Res. 10, 179–183.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Witt, I. and Hensel, H. 1959. Afferente impulse aus der Extremitätenhaut der Katze bei thermischer und mechanischer Reizung. Pfluegers Arch. 268, 582–596.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtys, E. M., Beaman, D. N., Glover, R. A., and Janda, D. 1990. Innervation of the human knee joint by substance-P fibers. Arthoscopy 6, 254–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Womack, M. D., MacDermott, A. B., and Jessell, T. M. 1988. Sensory transmitters regulate intracellular calcium in dorsal horn neurons. Nature 334, 351–353.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Won, M. H., Park, H. S., Jeong, Y. G., and Park, H. J. 1998. Afferent innervation of the rat pancreas: Retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry in the dorsal root ganglia. Pancreas 16, 80–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, J. and Oblinger, M. M. 1991. NGF rescues substance P expression but not neurofilament or tubulin gene expression in axotomized sensory neurons. J. Neurosci. 11, 543–552.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, V., Barrett, C. P., Donati, E. J., Eng, L. F, and Guth, L. 1983. Carbonic anhydrase activity in first-order sensory neurons in the rat. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 31, 293–300.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong-Riley, M. T. T. 1989. Cytochrome oxidase: An endogenous metabolic marker for neuronal activity. Trends Neurosci 12, 94–101.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wong-Riley, M. T. T. and Kageyama, G. H. 1986. Localization of cytochrome oxidase in the mammalian spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia, with quantitative analysis of ventral horn cells in monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 245, 41–61.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wonnacott, S. 1997. Presynaptic nicotinic ACh receptors. Trends in Neurosci. 20, 92–98.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. N., Winter, J., James, I. F, Rang, H. P., Yeats, J., and Bevan, S. 1988. Capsaicin-induced ion fluxes in dorsal root ganglion cells in culture. J. Neurosci. 8, 3208–3220.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodbury, C. J., Ritter, A. M., and Koerber, H. R. 2000. On the problem of lamination in the superficial dorsal horn of mammals: A reappraisal of the substantia gelatinosa in postnatal life. J. Comp. Neurol. 417, 88–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woodbury, J. W. and Patton, H. D. 1952. Electrical activity of single spinal cord elements. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 17, 185–188.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. 1983. C-primary afferent fibre mediated inhibitions in the dorsal horn of the decerebrate-spinal rat. Exp. Brain Res. 51, 283–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. 1984. A selective effect of naloxone on heterosynaptic C-fibre-mediated inhibitions in the rat dorsal horn. Neurosci. Lett. 45, 169–174.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. 1987. Central terminations of cutaneous mechanoreceptive afferents in the rat lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 261, 105–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and Fitzgerald, M. 1982. Do opioid peptides mediate a presynaptic control of C-fibre transmission in the rat spinal cord? Neurosci. Lett. 29, 67–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and Fitzgerald, M. 1983. The properties of neurones recorded in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 221, 313–328.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and Fitzgerald, M. 1986. Somatotopic organization of cutaneous afferent terminals and dorsal horn receptive fields in the superficial and deep laminae of the rat lumbar spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 251, 517–531.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and King, A. E. 1987. Physiology and morphology of multireceptive neurons with C-afferent inputs in the deep dorsal horn of the rat lumbar spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 58, 460–479.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and King, A. E. 1989. Subthreshold components of the cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields of dorsal horn neurons in the rat lumbar spinal cord. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 907–916.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J., and King, A. E. 1990. Dynamic alterations in the cutaneous mechanoreceptive fields of dorsal horn neurons in the rat spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 10, 2717–2726.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and Salter, M. W. 2000. Neuronal plasticity: Increasing the gain in pain. Science 288, 1765–1768.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J. and Wall, P. D. 1982. Chronic peripheral nerve section diminishes the primary afferent A-fibre mediated inhibition of rat dorsal horn neurones. Brain Res. 242, 77–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J., Shortland, P., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1992. Peripheral nerve injury triggers central sprouting of myelinated afferents. Nature, 355, 75–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, C. J., Shortland, P., Reynolds, M, Ridings, J., Doubell, T., and Coggeshall, R. E. 1995. Reorganization of central terminals of myelinated primary afferents in the rat dorsal horn following peripheral axotomy. J. Comp. Neurol 360, 121–134.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wotherspoon, G. and Priestley, J. V. 2000. Expression of the 5-HT1B receptor by subtypes of rat trigeminal ganglion cells. Neuroscience 95, 465–471.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wotherspoon, G. and Winter, J. 2000. Bradykinin Bl receptor is constitutively expressed in the rat sensory nervous system. Neurosci. Lett. 294, 175–178.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wrathall, J. R., Choiniere, D., and Teng, Y. D. 1994. Dose-dependent reduction of tissue loss and functional impairment after spinal cord trauma with the AMPA/kainate antagonist NBQX. J. Comp. Neurol. 14, 6598–6607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. E. and Snider, W. D. 1995. Neurotrophin receptor mRNA expression defines distinct populations of neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 351, 329–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. M. and Roberts, M. H. T. 1978. Supersensitivity to a substance P analogue following dorsal root section. Life Sci. 22, 19–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, G., Ekedahl, R., and Hallin, R. G. 1998. Clustering of slowly adapting type II mechanoreceptors in human peripheral nerve and skin. Brain 121, 265–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, G., Ekedahl, R., Stark, B., Carlstedt, T., Nilsson, B., and Hallin, R. G. 1999. Clustering of Pacinian corpuscle afferent fibres in the human median nerve. Exp. Brain Res. 126, 399–409.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Lin, Q., McAdoo, D. J., and Willis, W. D. 1998a. Nitric oxide contributes to central sensitization following intradermal injection of capsaicin. NeuroReport 9, 589–592.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Lin, Q., Willis, W D., and Westlund, K. N. 1998b. Changes in nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the spinal cord of rat following induction of chronic arthritis. Exp. Brain Res. 118, 457–465.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Fang, L., Lin, Q., and Willis, W. D. 2000. Fos expression is induced by increased nitric oxide release in rat spinal cord dorsal horn. Neuroscience 96, 351–357.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Fang, L., Lin, Q., and Willis, W D. 2001. Nitric oxide synthase in spinal central sensitization following intradermal injection of capsacin. Pain 94, 47–58.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Fang, L., Lin, Q., and Willis, W D. 2002. The role of nitric oxide in the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein in the spinal cord after intradermal injection of capsaicin. J. Pain 3, 190–198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, S. Y., Dun, S. L., Wright, M. T., Chang, J. K., and Dun, N. J. 1999. Endomorphin-like immunoreactivity in the rat dorsal horn and inhibition of substantia gelatinosa neurons in vitro. Neuroscience 89, 317–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. 1993. Expression of nitric-oxide synthase (NOS) in injured CNS neurons as shown by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. Exp. Neurol. 120, 153–159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. and Wessendorf, M. W 1992. Organization of the serotonergic innervation of spinal neurons in rats: I. Neuropeptide coexistence in varicosities innervating some spinothalamic tract neurons but not in those innervating postsynaptic dorsal column neurons. Neuroscience 50, 885–898.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W, Elde, R., Wessendorf, M. W and Hökfelt, T. 1992. Identification of neurons expressing thyrotropin releasing-hormone receptor mRNA in spinal cord and lower brainstem of rat. Neurosci. Lett. 142, 143–146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W, Liuzzi, F. J., Schinco, F. P., Depto, A. S., Li, Y, Mong, J. A., Dawson, T. M., and Snyder, S. H. 1994. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is induced in spinal neurons by traumatic injury. Neuroscience 61, 719–726.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn Parry, C. B. 1980. Pain in avulsion lesions of the brachial plexus. Pain 9, 41–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xiang, Z., Bo, X., and Burnstock, G. 1998. Localization of ATP-gated P2X receptor immunoreactivity in rat sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Neurosci. Lett. 256, 105–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xian-Min, Y and Mense, S. 1990. Somatotopical arrangement of rat spinal dorsal horn cells processing input from deep tissues. Neurosci. Lett. 108, 43–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, G. X., Jones, K., Peroutka, S. J., and Palmer, P. P. 1998. Detection of mRNAs and alternatively spliced transcripts of dopamine receptors in rat peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia. Brain Res. 785, 129–135.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, J., Lee, Y H., Wang, C., Mo, C. J., and Chung, K. 2001. Differential expression of alpha 1-adrenoceptor subtype mRNAs in the dorsal root ganglion after spinal nerve ligation. Mol. Brain Res. 93, 164–172.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie, Y. K., Zhang, J.-M, Petersen, M., and LaMotte, R. H. 1995. Functional changes in dorsal root ganglion cells after chronic nerve constriction in the rat. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 1811–1820.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, G. Y, McAdoo, D. J., Hughes, M. G., Robak, G., and de Castro, R. 1998. Considerations in the determination by microdialysis of resting extracellular amino acid concentrations and release upon spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 86, 1011–1021.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, G. Y. and Huang, L.-Y M. 2002. Peripheral inflammation sensitizes P2X receptor-mediated responses in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. J. Neurosci. 22, 93–102.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, I. S., Grass, S., Xu, X. J., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1998. On the role of galanin in mediating spinal flexor reflex excitability in inflammation. Neuroscience 85, 827–835.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, S., Zhang, Y, Lundeberg, T., and Yu, L. 2000. Effects of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with sciatic nerve ligation. Regul. Pept. 95, 19–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X. J., Hao, J. X., Aldskogius, H., Seiger, A., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1992. Chronic pain-related syndrome in rats after ischemic spinal cord lesion: A possible animal model for pain in patients with spinal cord injury. Pain 48, 279–290.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X. J., Farkas-Szallasi, T., Lundberg, J. M., Hökfelt, T., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Szallasi, A. 1997. Effects of the capsaicin analogue resiniferatoxin on spinal nociceptive mechanisms in the rat: Behavioral, electrophysiological and in situ hybridization studies. Brain Res. 752, 52–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, X. J., Hökfelt, T., Bartfai, T., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 2000. Galanin and spinal nociceptive mechanisms: Recent advances and therapeutic implications. Neuropeptides 34, 137–147.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Z. Q., Shi, T. J., Landry, M., and Hokfelt, T. 1996a. Evidence for galanin receptors in primary sensory neurones and effect of axotomy and inflammation}. NeuroReport 8, 237–242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu, Z. Q., Shi, T.-J., and Hökfelt, T. 1996b. Expression of galanin and a galanin receptor in several sensory systems and bone anlage of rat embryos. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 93, 14901–14905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yajiri, Y and Huang, L. Y 2000. Actions of endomorphins on synaptic transmission of Adelta fibers in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons. J. Biomed. Sci. 7, 226–231.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yajiri, Y, Yoshimura, M, Okamoto, M., Takahashi, H., and Higashi, H. 1997. A novel slow excitatory postsynaptic current in substantia gelatinosa neurons of the rat spinal cord in vitro. Neuroscience. 76, 673–688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yakovlev, A. G. and Faden, A. I. 1994. Sequential expression of c-fos protooncogene, TNF-Alpha, and dynorphin genes in spinal cord following experimental traumatic injury. Mol. Chem. Neuropath. 23, 179–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L. 1984. Spinal superfusion in the rat and cat. In C. A. Marsden (ed.), Measurement of Neurotransmitter Release In vivo New York. (pp. 107–124). John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L. 1989. Behavioral and autonomic correlates of the tactile evoked allodynia produced by spinal glycine inhibition: Effects of modulatory receptor systems and excitatory amino acid antagonists. Pain 37, 111–123.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L. and Elde, R. P. 1980. Release of methionine-enkephalin immunoreactivity from the rat spinal cord in vivo. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 63, 359–362.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L., and Elde, R. P. 1981. Factors governing release of methionine enkephalin-like immunoreactivity from mesencephalon and spinal cord of the cat in vivo. J. Neurophysiol. 46, 1056–1075.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L. and Noueihed, R. 1985. The physiology and pharmacology of spinal opiates. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 25, 433–462.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L. and Rudy, T. S. 1976. Chronic catheterization of the spinal subarachnoid space. Physiol. Behav. 17, 1031–1036.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L., Jessell, T. M., Gamse, R., Mudge, A. W, and Leeman, S. E. 1980. Intrathecal morphine inhibits substance P release from mammalian spinal cord in vivo. Nature 286, 155–156.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L., Schmauss, C, Micevych, P. E., Abay, E. O., and Go, V. L. W 1982. Pharmacological studies on the application, disposition, and release of neurotensin in the spinal cord. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 400, 228–243.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yaksh, T. L., Dirksen, R., and Harty, G. J. 1985. Antinociceptive effects of intrathecally injected cholinomimetic drugs in the rat and cat. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 117, 81–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada, H., Honda, T., Yaginuma, H., Kikuchi, S., and Sugiura, Y 2001. Comparison of sensory and sympathetic innervation of the dura mater and posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine after removal of the stellate ganglion. J. Comp. Neurol. 434, 86–100.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaga, N., Kawasaki, H., Inaizumi, K., Shimizu, M., Nakamura, A., and Kurosaki, Y 2001. Age-related decrease in calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in the dorsal root ganglia of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 86, 448–450.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, K. and Ohnishi, A. 1996. Ascending myelinated axons of primary sensory neurons of the sciatic nerve in the posterior column of the rat spinal cord. Acta Neuropathol. 92, 27–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T. and Nozaki-Taguchi, N. 1996. The effects of intrathecally administered FK480, a cholecytokinin-A receptor antagonist, and YM022, a cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonist, on the formalin test in the rat. Anesth. Analg. 83, 107–113.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T., Takahashi, K., Satomi, H., and Ise, H. 1977. Origins of primary afferent fibers in the spinal ventral roots in the cat as demonstrated by the horseradish peroxidase method. Brain Res. 16, 350–354.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T., Carr, P. A., Baimbridge, K. G., and Nagy, J. I. 1989. Parvalbumin-and calbindin D28K-immunoreactive neurons in the superficial layers of the spinal cord dorsal horn of rat. Neuroscience. 23, 493–508.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, T., Ohtori, S., and Chibsa, T. 2000. Inhibitory effect of intrathecally administered nociceptin on the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat formalin test. Neurosci. Lett. 284, 155–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamura, H. I., Wamsley, J. K., Deshmukh, P., and Roeske, W. R. 1983. Differential light-microscopic autoradiographic localization of muscarinic receptors in the brainstem and spinal cord of the rat using [3H]pirenzepine. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 91, 147–149.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita, Y, Akaike, N., Wakamori, M., Ikeda, I. and Ogawa, H. 1992. Voltage-dependent currents in isolated single Merkel cells of rats. J. Physiol. 450, 143–162.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K. and Li, Y Q. 2001. Origins of spontaneous and noxious stimuli-evoked miniature EPSCs in substantia gelatinosa. NeuroReport 12, 39–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K., Kumamoto, E., Furue, H., and Yoshimura, M. 1998. Capsaicin facilitates excitatory but not inhibitory synaptic transmission in the substantia gelatinosa of the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 255, 135–138.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K., Li, Y, Furue, H., and Yoshimura, M. 2001a. Voltage-clamp recordings of postsynaptic currents in substantia gelatinosa neurons in vitro and its applications to assess synaptic transmission. Brain Res. Protoc. 7, 235–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K., Feng, Y, and Li, Y 2001b. Baclofen inhibition of dorsal root-evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in substantia gelatinosa neurons of rat spinal cord slice. Brain Res. 900, 320–323.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, K., Wang, D., and Li, Y Q. 2001c. Distribution and depression of the GABA(B) receptor in spinal dorsal horn of adult rat. Brain Res. Bull. 55, 479–485.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, Y, Ozawa, H., Lu, H., Yuri, K., Hayashi, S., Nihonyanagi, K., and Kawata, M. 1998. Immunocytochemical analysis of sex differences in calcitonin gene-related peptide in the rat dorsal root ganglion, with special reference to estrogen and its receptor. Brain Res. 791, 35–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Dam, T. V, and Quirion, R. 1990. Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of multiple neurokinin binding sites in rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 506, 259–266.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Dam, T. V, and Quirion, R. 1991a. Effects of dorsal rhizotomy on neurokinin receptor sub-types in the rat spinal cord: A quantitative autoradiographic study. Brain Res. 552, 240–247.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Sarrieau, A., and Quirion, R. 1991b. [1251] vasoactive intestinal polypeptide binding sites: Quantitative autoradiographic distribution in the rat spinal cord. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4, 439–446.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Kar, S., Dennis, T., and Quirion, R. 1992. Quantitative autoradiographic distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide (hCGRP alpha) binding sites in the rat and monkey spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 322, 224–232.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Radhakrishnan, V, Coderre, T. J., and Henry, J. L. 1993. CP-96,345, but not its stereoisomer, CP96, 344, blocks the nociceptive responses to intrathecally administered substance P and to noxious thermal and chemical stimuli in the rat. Neuroscience. 52, 10398–1047.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Kar, S., Quirion, R., Hui-Chan, C. W., and Henry, J. L. 1994. Noxious stimulation decreases substance P binding in rat spinal dorsal horn: Competition by endogenous ligand NeuroReport 5, 2101–2104.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yashpal, K., Fisher, K., Chabot, J. G., and Coderre, T. J. 2001. Differential effects of NMDA and group I mGluR antagonists on both nociception and spinal cord protein kinase C translocation in the formalin test and a model of neuropathic pain in rats. Pain. 94, 17–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yates, B. J. and Thompson, F. J. 1985. Properties of spinal cord processing of femoral venous afferent input revealed by analysis of evoked potentials. J. Auton. Nerv. System. 14, 201–207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ye, Z., Wimalawansa, S. J., and Westlund, K. N. 1999. Receptor for calcitonin gene-related peptide: Localization in the dorsal and ventral spinal cord. Neuroscience 92, 1389–1397.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeomans, D. C. and Proudfit, H. K. 1996. Nociceptive responses to high and low rates of noxious cutaneous heating are mediated by different nociceptors in the rat: Electrophysiological evidence. Pain. 68, 141–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeomans, D. C., Pirec, V., and Proudfit, H. K. 1996. Nociceptive responses to high and low rates of noxious cutaneous heating are mediated by different nociceptors in the rat: Behavioral evidence. Pain. 68, 133–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yezierski, R. P. and Park, S. H. 1993. The mechanosensitivity of spinal sensory neurons following intraspinal injections of quisqualic acid in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 157, 115–119.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yezierski, R. P., Santana, M, Park, S. H. and Madsen, P. W. 1993. Neuronal degeneration and spinal cavitation following intraspinal injections of quisqualic acid in the rat. J. Neurotrauma. 10, 445–456.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yezierski, R. P., Liu, S., Ruenes, G. L., Kajander, K. J., and Brewer, K. L. 1998. Excitotoxic spinal cord injury: Behavioral and morphological characteristics of a central pain model. Pain. 75, 141–155.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ygge, J. and Grant, G. 1983. The organization of the thoracic spinal nerve projection in the rat dorsal horn demonstrated with transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase. J. Comp. Neurol. 216, 1–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin, K. J. 1998. Distribution of somatostatin mRNA containing neurons in the primary pain relaying nuclei of the rat. Anat. Rec. 241, 579–584.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yokokawa, K., Tohyama, M, Shiosaka, S., Shiotani, Y, Sonoda, T., Emson, P. C., Hillyard, C. V., Girgis, S., and MacIntyre, I. 1986. Distribution of calcitonin-gene related peptide-containing fibers in the urinary bladder of the rat and their origin. Cell Tiss. Res. 244, 271–278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokoyama, C, Okamura, H., Nakajima, T., Taguchi, J.-I., and Ibata, Y. 1994. Autoradiographic distribution of [3H]YM-09151-2, a high-affinity and selective antagonist ligand for the dopamine D2 receptor group, in the rat brain and spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 344, 121–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon, Y. W., Na, H. S., and Chung, J. M. 1996. Contributions of injured and intact afferents to neuropathic pain in an experimental rat model. Pain 64, 27–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, M. and Tanaka, M. 1988. Existence of new dopaminergic terminal plexus in the rat spinal cord: Assessment by immunohistochemistry using anti-dopamine serum. Neurosci. Lett. 94, 5–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, S. and Matsuda, Y. 1979. Studies on sensory neurons of the mouse with intracellular-recording and horseradish peroxidase injection techniques. J. Neurophysiol. 42, 1134–1146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, S., Matsuda, Y, and Samejima, A. 1978. Tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium and calcium components of action potentials in dorsal root ganglion cells of the adult mouse. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 1096–1106.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, S., Senba, E., Kubota, Y, Hagihira, S., Yoshiya, I., Enson, P. C, and Tohyama, M. 1990. Calciumbinding proteins calbindin and parvalbumin in the superficial dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Neuroscience 37, 839–848.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M. and Jessell, T. M. 1989a. Primary afferent-evoked synaptic responses and slow potential generation in rat substantia gelatinosa neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 96–108.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M. and Jessell, T. M. 1989b. Membrane properties of rat substantia gelatinosa neurons in vitro. J. Neurophysiol. 62, 109–118.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M. and Jessell, T. M. 1990. Amino acid-mediated EPSPs at primary afferent synapses with substantia gelatinosa neurones in the rat spinal cord. J. Physiol. 430, 315–335.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M. and Nishi, S. 1993. Blind patch-clamp recordings from substantia gelatinosa neurons in adult rat spinal cord slices: Pharmacological properties of synaptic currents. Neuroscience 53, 519–526.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M. and Nishi, S. 1995. Primary afferent-evoked glycine-and GABA-mediated IPSPs in substantia gelatinosa neurones in the rat spinal cord in vitro. J. Physiol. 482, 29–38.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, M., and North, R. S. 1983. Substantia gelatinosa neurons in vitro hyperpolarized by enkephalin. Nature. 305, 529–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, N., Seki, S., Novakovic, S. D., Tzoumaka, E., Erickson, V. L., Erickson, K. A., Chancellor, M. B., and de Groat, W. C. 2001. The involvement of the tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel Na(v)1.8 (PN3/SNS) in a rat model of visceral pain. J. Neurosci. 21, 8690–8696.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshizawa, T., Kimura, S., Kanazawa, I., Uchiyama, Y, Yanagisawa, M., and Masaki, T. 1989. Endothelin localizes in the dorsal horn and acts on the spinal neurones: Possible involvement of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels and substance P release. Neurosci. Lett. 102, 179–184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yotsumoto, S., Setoyama, M., Hozumi, H., Mizoguchi, S., Fukumaru, S., Kobayashi, K., Saheki, T, and Kanzaki, T. 1999. A novel point mutation affecting the tyrosine kinase domain of the TRKA gene in a family with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 112, 810–814.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • You, H. J. and Chen, J. 1999. Differential effects of subcutaneous injection of formalin and bee venom on responses of wide-dynamic-range neurons in spinal dorsal horn of the rat. Eur. J. Pain 3, 177–180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. R., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Mitchell, R., and Munro, F. E. 1994. Evidence for a role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in sustained nociceptive inputs to rat dorsal horn neurons. Neuropharmacology 33, 141–144.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. R., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Mitchell, R., and Dickinson, T. 1995. The involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors and their intracellular signalling pathways in sustained nociceptive transmission in rat dorsal horn neurons. Neuropharmacology 34, 1033–1041.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. R., Fleetwood-Walker, S. M., Dickinson, T., Blackburn-Munro, G., Sparrow, H., Birch, P. J., and Bountra, C. 1997. Behavioural and electrophysiological evidence supporting a role for group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the mediation of nociceptive inputs to the rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 777 161–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. R., Blackburn-Munro, G., Dickinson, T., Johnson, M. J., Anderson, H., Nakalembe, L., and Fleetwood-Walker, S. M. 1998. Antisense ablation of type I metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluRl inhibits spinal nociceptive transmission. J. Neurosci. 18, 10180–10188.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, W J. and Chang, C. 1998. Ontogeny and autoregulation of androgen receptor mRNA expression in the nervous system. Endocrine. 9, 79–88.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S. and Kuhar, M. J. 1979a. Autoradiographic localization of benzodiazepine receptors in the brains of humans and animals. Nature 280, 391–394.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S. and Kuhar, M. 1979b. Radiohistochemical localization of benzodiazepine receptors in rat brain. J. Pharm. Exp. Then. 212, 337–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S. and Kuhar, M. J. 1980. Noradrenergic alpha 1 and alpha 2 receptors: Light-microscopic autoradiographic localization. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77, 1696–1700.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S. and Kuhar, M. J. 1981. Neurotensin receptor localization by light-microscopic autoradiography in rat brain. Brain Res. 206, 273–285.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young, W. S., Wamsley, J. K., Zarbin, M. A., and Kuhar, M. J. 1980. Opioid receptors undergo axonal flow. Science 210, 76–78.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L. C, Zheng, E. M., and Lundeberg, T. 1999. Calcitonin gene-related peptide 8-37 inhibits the evoked discharge frequency of wide dynamic range neurons in dorsal horn of the spinal cord in rats. Regul. Pept. 83, 21–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, L. C., Xu, S. L., Xiong, W., and Lundeberg, T. 2001. The effect of galanin on wide-dynamic range neuron activity in the spinal cord of rats. Regul. Pept. 101, 179–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, W., Hao, J.-X., Xu, X.-J., Hökfelt, T., Elde, R., and Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z. 1999. Spinal cord ischemia reduces μ-opioid receptors in rats: Correlation with morphine insensitivity. Neuropharm. 10, 87–91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, X. H., Zhang, E. T., Craig, A. D., Shigemoto, R., Ribeiro-da-Silva, A., De Koninck, Y. 1999. NK-1 receptor immunoreactivity in distinct morphological types of lamina I neurons of the primate spinal cord. J. Neurosci. 19, 3545–3555.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Y., Lundeberg, T., and Yu, L. C. 2002. Role of calcitonin gene-related peptide and its antagonist on the evoked discharge frequency of wide dynamic range neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in rats. Regul. Pept. 103, 23–27.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, K. K. L. 1998. Localization of glutamate receptors in dorsal horn of rat spinal cord. NeuroReport 9, 1639–1644.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yung, K. K. L. and Lo, Y. L. 1997. Immunocytochemical localization of muscarinic m2 receptor in the rat spinal cord. Neurosci. Lett. 229, 81–84.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zachariou, V., Goldstein, B. D., and Yeomans, D. C. 1997. Low but not high rate noxious radiant skin heating evokes a capsaicin-sensitive increase in spinal cord dorsal horn release of substance P. Brain Res. 752, 143–150.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zadina, J. E., Martin-Schild S., Gerall, A. A., Kastin, A. J., Hackler, L., Ge, L. J., and Zarr, G. P., Werling, L. L., Brown, S. R., and Cox, B. M. 1986. Opioid ligand binding sites in the spinal cord of the guinea-pig. Neuropharmacol. 25, 471–480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zadina, J. E., Hackler, L., Ge, L. J., and Kastin, A. J. 1997. A potent and selective endogenous agonist for the mu-opiate receptor. Nature. 386, 499–502.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zajac, J. M., Lombard, M. C, Peschanski, M., Besson, J. M., and Roques, B. P. 1989. Autoradiographic study of μ and δ opioid binding sites and neutral endopeptidase-24.11 in rat after dorsal root rhizotomy. Brain Res. 477, 400–403.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarbin, M. A., Wamsley, J. K., and Kuhar, M. J. 1981. Glycine receptor: Light-Microscopic autoradiographic localization with [3H] strychnine1. J. Neurosci. 1, 532–547.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarbin, M. A., Kuhar, M. J., O’Donohue, T. L., Wolf, S. S., and Moody, T. W 1985. Autoradiographic localization of (125I-TYR4) bombesin-binding sites in rat brain. J. Neurosci. 5, 429–437.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarbin, M. A., Wamsley, J. K., and Kuhar, M. J. 1990. Anterograde transport of opioid receptors in rat vagus nerves and dorsal roots of spinal nerves: Pharmacology and sensitivity to sodium and guanine nucleotides. Exp. Brain Res. 81, 267–278.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zarr, G. P., Werling, L. L., Brown, S. R., and Cox, B. M. 1986. Opioid ligand binding sites in the spinal cord of the guinea-pig. Neuropharmacology. 25, 471–480.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeilhofer, H. U., Muth-Selbach, U., Guhring, H., Erb, K., and Ahmadi, S. 2000. Selective suppression of inhibitory synaptic transmission by nocistatin in the rat spinal cord dorsal horn. J. Neurosci. 20, 4922–4929.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitz, K. P., Guy, N., Malmberg, A. B., Dirajlal, S., Martin, W J., Sun, L., Bonhaus, D. W, Stucky, C. L., Julius, D., and Basbaum, A. I. 2002. The 5-HT3 subtype of serotonin receptor contributes to nociceptive processing via a novel subset of myelinated and unmyelinated nociceptors. J. Neurosci. 22, 1010–1019.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zelena, J. 1978. The development of Pacinian corpuscles. J. Neurocytol. 7, 71–91.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zerari, F., Zouaoui, D., Gastard, M., Apartis, E., Fischer, J., Herbrecht, E, Cupo, A., Cucumel, K., and Conrath, M. 1994. Ultrastructural study of d-opioid receptors in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord using monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 7, 159–170.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zerari, E, Dery, O., Fischer, J., Frobert, Y, Couraud, J. Y, and Conrath, M. 1995. Ultrastructural study of substance P receptors in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord using monoclonal anti-complementary peptide antibody. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 9, 65–77.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zerari, F, Fisher, J., Sagot, M. A., Frobert, Y, Couraud, J. Y, and Conrath, M. 1998. Substance P receptor immunodetection in the spinal cord: Comparative use of direct anti-receptor antibody and anti-complementary peptide antibody. Brain Res. Bull. 46, 263–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, A. L., Hao, J. X., Seiger, A., Xu, X.-J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Grant, G., and Aldskogius, H. 1994. Decreased GABA immunoreactivity in spinal cord dorsal horn neurons after transient spinal cord ischemia in the rat. Brain Res. 656, 187–190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, E. T. and Craig, A. D. 1997. Morphology and distribution of spinothalamic lamina I neurons in the monkey. J. Neurosci. 17, 3274–3284.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, E. T., Han, Z. S., and Craig, A. D. 1996. Morphological classes of spinothalamic lamina I neurons in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 367, 537–549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. H., Morita, Y., Hironaka, T., Emson, P. C., and Tohyama, M. 1990. Ontological study of calbindin-D28k-like and parvalbumin-like immunoreactivities in rat spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 302, 715–728.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. H., Chandler, M. J., Miller, K. E., and Foreman, R. D. 1997. Cardiopulmonary sympathetic input does not require dorsal column pathways to excite C2-C3 spinal cells in rats, Brain Res. 771, 25–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J. M., Song, X. J., and LaMotte, R. H. 1997. An in vitro study of ectopic discharge generation and adrenergic sensitivity n the intact nerve-injured rat dorsal root ganglion. Pain 72, 52–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Hoff, A. O., Wimalawansa, S. J., Cote, G. J., Gagel, R. F., and Westlund, K. N. 2001. Arthritic calcitonin/α calcitonin gene-related peptide knockout mice have reduced nociceptive hypersensitivity. Pain 89, 265–273.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Chen, Y, and Westlund, K. N. 2002. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists block secondary thermal hyperalgesia in rats with knee joint inflammation. JPET 300, 149–156.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Q., Ji, R. R., Lindsay, R., and Hokfelt, T. 1995a. Effect of growth factors on substance P mRNA expression in axotomized dorsal root ganglia. NeuroReport 6, 1309–1312.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Q., Shi, T. J., Ji, R. R., Zhang, Y Z., Sundler, E, Hannibal, J., Fahrenkrug, J., Hokfelt, T., and Zhang, Y 1995b. Expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in dorsal root ganglia following axotomy: Time course and coexistence. Brain Res. 705, 149–158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R. X., Mi, Z. P., and Qiao, J. T. 1994. Changes of spinal substance P, calcitoningene-related peptide, somatostatin, Met-enkephalin and neurotensin in rats in response to formalin-induced pain. Regul. Pept. 51, 25–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, R. X., Ruda, M. A., and Qiao, J. T. 1998. Pre-emptive intrathecal Mk-801, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, inhibits the up-regulation of spinal dynorphin mRNA and hyperalgesia in a rat model of chronic inflammation. Neurosci. Lett. 241, 57–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X. 1999. Endomorphins: Novel endogenous mu-opiate receptor agonists in regions of high mu-opiate receptor density. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 897, 136–144.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Bean, A. J., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hokfelt, T. 1995a. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord-IV. Effects of peripheral axotomy with special reference to neuropeptide Y and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine. Neuroscience 64, 917–941.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Ji, R.-R., Arvidsson, J., Lundberg, J. M., Bartfai, T., Bedecs, K., and Hökfelt, T. 1996. Expression of peptides, nitric oxide synthase and NPY receptor in trigeminal and nodose ganglia after nerve lesions. Exp. Brain Res. 111, 393–404.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Verge, V., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Ju, G., Bredt, D., Snyder, S. H., and Hökfelt, T. 1993a. Nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity in lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of rat and monkey and effect of peripheral axotomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 335, 563–575.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Nicholas, A. P., and Hökfelt, T. 1993b. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord: I. Co-existence of galanin with other peptides in primary afferents in normal rats. Neuroscience. 57, 365–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Ju, G., Elde, R., and Hökfelt, T. 1993c. Effect of peripheral nerve cut on neuropeptides in dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord of monkey with special reference to galanin. J. Neurocytol. 22, 342–381.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Dagerlind, A., Elde, R. P., Castel, M. N., Broberger, C., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1994a. Marked increase in cholecystokinin B receptor messenger RNA levels in rat dorsal root ganglia after peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience. 58, 669–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Bao, L., Xu, Z.-Q., Kopp, J., Arvidsson, U., Elde, R., and Hökfelt, T. 1994b. Localization of neuropeptide YY1 receptors in the rat nervous system with special reference to somatic receptors on small dorsal root ganglion neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 11738–11742.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1994c. Effect of peripheral axotomy on expression of neuropeptide Y receptor mRNA in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6, 43–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Aman, K., and Hökfelt, T. 1995a. Secretory pathways of neuropeptides in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion neurons and effects of peripheral axotomy. J. Comp. Neurol. 352, 481–500.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Xu, Z. Q., Bao, L., Dagerlind, Å and Hökfelt, T. 1995b. Complementary distribution of receptors for neurotensin and NPY in small neurons in rat lumbar DRGs and regulation of the receptors and peptides after peripheral axotomy. J. Neurosci. 15, 2733–2747.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Ji, R. R., Nilsson, S., Villar, M. J., Ubink, R., Ju, G., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 1995c. Neuropeptide Y and galanin binding sites in rat and monkey lumbar dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord and effect of peripheral axotomy. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 367–380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Kostarczyk, E., and Gieser, G. J. 1995d. Spinohypothalamic tract neurons in the cervical enlargement of rats: Descending axons in the ipsilateral brain. J. Neurosci. 15, 8393–8407.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Nicholas, A. P., and Hökfelt, T. 1995e. Ultrastructural studies on peptides in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: II. co-existence of galanin with other peptides in local neurons. Neuroscience 64, 875–891.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Shi, T., Holmberg, K., Landry, M., Huang, W., Xiao, H., Ju, G., and Hökfelt, T. 1997. Expression and regulation of the neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor in sensory and autonomic ganglia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 729–734.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Xu, Z. O., Shi, T. J., Landry, M., Holmberg, K., Ju, G., Tong, Y G., Bao, L., Cheng, X. P., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., Lozano, A., Dostrovsky, J., and Hökfelt, T. 1998a. Regulation of expression of galanin and galanin receptors in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord after axotomy and inflammation}. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 863, 402–413.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Bao, L., Arvidsson, U., Elde, R., and Hökfelt, T. 1998b. Localization and regulation of the deltaopioid receptor in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord of the rat and monkey: Evidence for association with the membrane of large dense-core vesicles. Neuroscience 82, 1225–1242.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Bao, L., Shi, T. J., Ju, G., Elde, R., and Hökfelt, T. 1998c. Down-regulation of μ-opioid receptors in rat and monkey dorsal root ganlion neurons and spinal cord after peripheral axotomy. Neuroscience 84, 223–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Tong, Y G., Bao, L., and Hökfelt, T. 1999. The neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor is a somatic receptor on dorsal root ganglion neurons and a postsynaptic receptor on somatostatin dorsal horn neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 2211–2225.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., de Araujo, L. G., Elde, R., Wiesenfeld-Hallin, Z., and Hökfelt, T. 2000. Effect of morphine on cholecystokinin and mu-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivities in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons after peripheral axotomy and inflammation. Neuroscience 95, 197–207.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, X., Gokin, A. P., and Giesler, G. J. 2002. Responses of spinohypothalamic tract neurons in the thoracic spinal cord of rats to somatic stimuli and to graded distension of the bile duct. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 19, 5–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y, Malmberg, A. B., Yaksh, T. L., Sjölund, B., Sundler, E, and Håkanson, R. 1997. Capsaicin-evoked release of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from rat spinal cord in vivo. Regul. Pept. 69, 83–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y Q., Gao, X., Ji, G. C., and Wu, G. C. 2001. Expression of 5-HT2A receptor mRNA in rat spinal dorsal horn and some nuclei of brainstem after peripheral inflammation. Brain Res. 900, 146–151.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, Y Z., Hannibal, J., Zhao, Q., Moller, K., Danielsen, N., Fahrenkrug, J., and Sundler, F. 1996. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide expression in the rat dorsal root ganglia: Up-regulation after peripheral nerve injury. Neuroscience 74, 1099–1110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, Z. Q., Yang, H. Q., Zhang, K. M., and Zhuang, X. X. 1992. Release and depletion of substance P by capsaicin in substantia gelatinosa studied with the antibody microprobe technique and immunohistochemistry. Neuropeptides. 23, 161–167.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, F. and Lawson, S. N. 1997. Neurokinin A in rat renal afferent neurons and in nerve fibres within smooth muscle and epithelium of rat and guinea-pig renal pelvis. Neuroscience 76, 1245–1255.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, J. H. and Chen, J. 2000. Modulatory roles of the adenosine triphosphate P2x-puroinoceptor in generation of the persistent nociception induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection in the conscious rat. Neurosci. Lett. 278, 41–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, J. H. and Chen, J. 2001. Differential roles of spinal neurokinin 1/2 receptors in development of persistent nociception and hyperalgesia induced by subcutaneous bee venom injection in the conscious rat. Neuropeptides 35, 32–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, J., Gerber, G., Kojic, L., and Randic, M. 2000. Dual modification of excitatory synaptic transmission by agonists at group I metabotropic glutamate receptors in the rat spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res. 887, 359–377.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhong, Y, Dunn, P. M., Bardini, M., Ford, A. P., Cockayne, D. A., and Burnstock, G. 2001. Changes in P2X receptor responses of sensory neurons from P2X3-deficient mice. Eur. J Neurosci. 14, 1784–1792.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, J., Chung, K., and Chung, J. M. 2001. Develoment of purinergic sensitivity in sensory neurons after peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Brain Res. 915, 161–169.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, Q. Q., Imbe, H., Zou, S., Dubner, R., and Ren, K. 2001. Selective upregulation of the flip-flop splice variants of AMPA receptor subunits in the rat spinal cord after hindpaw inflammation. Mol. Brain Res. 88, 186–193.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. F., Gai, W. P., and Rush, R. A. 1993. CGRP immunoreactive neurons in rat dorsal root ganglia do not all contain low-affinity NGF receptor immunoreactivity. Brain Res. 612, 322–325.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. F., Rush, R. A., and McLachlan, E. M. 1996. Differential expression of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor in glia and neurons of the rat dorsal root ganglia after peripheral nerve transection. J. Neurosci. 16, 2901–2911.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. F., Cameron, D., and Rush, R. A. 1998. Endogenous neurotrophin-3 supports the survival of a subpopulation of sensory neurons in neonatal rat. Neuroscience. 86, 1155–1164.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, X. F., Deng, Y. S., Chie, E., Xue, Q., Zhong, J. H., McLachlan, E. M., Rush, R. A., and Xian, C. J. 1999. Satellite-cell-derived nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 are involved in noradrenergic sprouting in the dorsal root ganglia following peripheral nerve injury in the rat. Eur. J. Neurosci. 11, 1711–1722.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, C. G., Sandri, C., and Akert, K. 1981. Morphological identification of axo-axonic and dendro-dendritic synapses in the rat substantia gelatinosa. Brain Res. 230, 25–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhuo, M. and Gebhart, G. F. 1991. Tonic cholinergic inhibition of spinal mechanical transmission. Pain 46, 211–222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoli, M., Le Novere, N., Hill, Jr. J. A., and Changeux, J.-R 1995. Developmental regulation of nicotinic ACh receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat central and peripheral nervous systems. J. Neurosci. 15, 1912–1939.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zouaoui, D., Benoliel, J. J., Conrath, M., and Cesselin, F. 1990. Cholecystokinin-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord: An attempt to analyze contradictory results between immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay. Neuropeptides 17, 177–185.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zieglgänsberger, W. and Herz, A. 1971. Changes of cutaneous receptive fields of spino-cervical-tract neurones and other dorsal column neurons by microiontophoretically administered amino acids. Exp. Brain Res. 13, 111–126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zieglgänsberger, W. and Puil, E. A. 1973. Actions of glutamic acid on spinal neurones. Exp. Brain Res. 17, 35–49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zieglgänsberger, W. and Sutor, B. 1983. Responses of substantia gelatinosa neurons to putative neurotransmitters in an in vitro preparation of the adult rat spinal cord. Brain Res. 279, 316–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zieglgänsberger, W. and Tulloch, I. F. 1979a. Effects of substance P on neurones in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of the cat. Brain Res. 166, 273–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zieglgänsberger, W. and Tulloch, I. F. 1979b. The effects of methionine-and leucine-enkephalin on spinal neurones of the cat. Brain Res. 167, 53–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, M. 1968. Dorsal root potentials after C-fiber stimulation. Science 160, 896–898.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimny, M. L., Schutte, M., and Dabezies, E. 1986. Mechanoreceptors in the human anterior cruciate ligament. Anat. Rec. 214, 204–209.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zochodne, D. W., Verge, V. M., Cheng, C., Sun, H., and Johnston, J. 2001a. Does diabetes target ganglion neuronesα Progressive sensory neurone involvement in long-term experimental diabetes. Brain. 124, 2319–2334.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zochodne, D. W., Sun, H., and Li, X. Q. 2001b. Evidence that nitric oxide-and opioid-containing interneurons innervate vessels in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of rats. J. Physiol. 532, 749–758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zotterman, Y. 1939. Touch, pain and tickling: An electrophysiological investigation on cutaneous sensory nerves. J. Physiol. 95, 1–28.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, X., Lin, Q., and Willis, W. D. 2000. Enhanced phosphorylation of NMDA receptor NR1 subunits in spinal cord dorsal horn and spinothalamic tract neurons following intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. J. Neurosci. 20, 6989–6997.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zou, X., Lin, Q., and Willis, W. D. 2001. NMDA or non-NMDA receptor antagonists attenuate increased FOS expression in spinal dorsal horn GABAergic neurons after intradermal injection of capsaicin in rats. Neuroscience 106, 171–182.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zukin, R. S. and Bennett, M. V. L. 1995. Alternatively spliced isoforms of the NMDAR1 receptor subunit. Trends Neurosci. 18, 306–313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Willis, W.D., Coggeshall, R.E. (2004). Functional Organization of Dorsal Horn Interneurons. In: Sensory Mechanisms of the Spinal Cord. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0035-3_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0035-3_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4893-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-0035-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics