Abstract
Management of crop diseases through disease resistance is acknowledged to be the most desirable and profitable approach. In order to develop cultivars with built-in resistance, the knowledge about the methods of assessing the levels of resistance to diseases caused by microbial pathogens and identifying resistance sources genes is essentially required. The genetic basis of resistance to various diseases affecting crop(s) of interest, availability of resistance in cultivars or wild hosts, natural variations in pathogen populations, nature of plant-pathogen interaction and markers for identifying genotypes lines possessing resistance genes can be studied by applying a range of molecular techniques. Use of molecular markers has been found to be very useful for selecting resistant plants rapidly even in seedling stage without waiting for the plants to reach the particular growth stage. In addition, the presence and contents of the pathogen DNA can be determined, using appropriate molecular technique well before the appearance of visible symptoms. The molecular bases of race-specific resistance, characterized by programmed cell death (PCD) and general resistance characterized by inducible defense responses exhibited in tissues far away from the infection site have to be clearly understood. The molecular methods have been successfully applied to understand various phenomena such as virulence and avirulence functions, role of elicitors, signaling systems induced in compatible and incompatible interactions, the posttranscriptional gene silencing and virus-induced gene silencing mechanisms, operating in plants and induction of various defense-related compounds and their action on microbial plant pathogens. The fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens have their own unique strategies to enhance their virulence and to overcome the host strategies to hamper their successful colonization of and establishment in plant tissues.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aarts MG, Hekkert BL, Holub EB, Beynon JL, Stiekma WJ, Pereira A (1998) Identification of R gene homologous NDA fragments genetically linked to disease resistance loci in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11: 251–258
Abramovitch RB, Martin GB (2005) AvrPtoB: A bacterial type III effector that both elicits and suppresses programmed cell death associated with plant immunity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 245: 1–8
Afunian MR, Goodwin PH, Hunter DM (2004) Linkage of Vfa4 in Malus x domestica and Malus floribunda with Vf resistance to apple scab pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Plant Pathol 53: 461–467
Agrama HA, Scott JW (2006) Quantitative trait loci for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus and Tomato mottle virus resistance in tomato. J Amer Soc Horti Sci 131: 267–272
Agrawal GK, Jwa NS, Rackwal R (2000) A novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) acidic PR1 gene highly responsible to cut, phytohormones and protein phosphatase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 274: 157–165
Agrawal GK, Rakawal R, Jwa NS, Agrawal VP (2001) Signaling molecules and blast pathogen attack activates rice OsPR1a and OsPR1b genes: a model illustrating components participating during defense/stress response. Plant Physiol Biochem 39: 1095–1103
Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Jwa NS, Agrawal VP (2002) Oryza sativa proteinase inhibitor gene, OsPIN, whose mRNA specifically accumulates in a compatible host-blast pathogen interaction. Plant Physiol Biochem 40: 175–182
Agrawal GK, Rakwal R, Jwa NS, Han KS, Agrawal VP (2003) Isolation of a novel rice PR4 type gene whose mRNA expression is modulated by blast pathogen attack and signaling components. Plant Physiol Biochem 41: 81–90
Aist JR (1976) Papillae and related wound plugs of plant cells. Annu Rev Phytopathol 14: 145–163
Akbergenov R, Si-Ammour A, Blevins T, Amin J, Kutter C, Vanderschuren H, Zhang P, Gruissem W, Meins F Jr, Hohn T, Pooggin MM (2006) Molecular characterization of geminivirus-derived small RNAs in different plant species. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 462–471
Aldwinckle HS, Beer SV (1979) Fire blight and its control. Horti Rev 1:425–476
Alexander NJ, Proctor RH, McCormick SP, Plattner RD (1997) Genetic and molecular aspects of the biosynthesis of trichothecenes by Fusarium. Gen Res Commun 25:315–320
Alfano JR, Collmer A (1997) The type III (hrp) secretion pathway of plant pathogenic bacteria trafficking harpins avr proteins and death. J Bacteriol 179: 5655–5662
Alfano JR, Kim HS, Delaney TP, Collmer A (1997) Evidence that the Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae hrp-linked hrmA gene encodes an Avr-like protein that acts in a hrp-dependent manner within tobacco cells. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 580–588
Allen RL, Bittner-Eddy PD, Briggs LJG, Meitz JC, Rehmany P, Rose LE, Beynon JL (2004) Host-parasite coevolutionary conflict between Arabidopsis and downy mildew. Science 306: 1957–1960
Alston FH, Philips KL, Evans E (2000) A Malus gene list. Acta Horti 538:561–570
Alvarez ME (2000) Salicylic acid in the machinery of hypersensitive cell death and disease resistance. Plant Mol Biol 44: 429–442
Anandalakshmi R, Marathe R, Ge X, Herr JM Jr, Mau C, Mallory A, Pruss G, Bowmen L, Vance VB (2000) A calmodulin-related protein that suppress post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 290: 142–144
Anderson JP, Thatcher LF, Singh KB (2005) Plant defense responses: conservation between models and crops. Func Plant Biol 32: 21–34
Andrade M, Sato M, Uyeda I (2007) Two resistance modes to Clover yellow vein virus in pea characterized by a green fluorescent protein tagged virus. Phytopathology 97: 544–550
Antoniw JF, Ritter CE, Pierpoint WS, Van Loon LC (1980) Comparison of three pathogenesis-related proteins from plants of two cultivars of tobacco infected with TMV. J Gen Virol 30: 375–382
Armstrong MR, Whisson SC, Pritchard L, Bos JI, Venter E, Avrova AO, Rehmany AP, Böhme U, Brooks K, Cherevach I, Hamlin N, White B, Fraser A, Lord A, Quail MA, Churcher C, Hall N, Berriman M, Huang S, Kamoun S, Beynon JL, Birch PRJ (2005) An ancestral oomycete locus contains late blight avirulence gene Avr3a, encoding a protein that is recognized in the host cytoplasm. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 102: 7766–7771
Arneson PA, Durbin RD (1968) Studies on the mode of action to tomatine as fungi-toxic agent. Plant Physiol 43: 683–686
Asai T, Tena G, Plotnikova J, Willimann MR, Chiu WL, Gomez-Gomez L, Boller T, Ausubel FM, Sheen J (2002) MAP kinase signaling cascades in Arabidopsis innate immunity. Nature 415: 977–983
Assaad FF, Qiu JL, Youngs H, Ehrhardt D, Zimmerli L, Kalde M, Wanner G, Peck SC, Edwards H, Ramonell K, Somerville CR, Thordal-Christensen H (2004) The PEN1 syntaxin defines a novel cellular compartment upon fungal attack and is required for the timely assembly of papillae. Mol Biol Cell 15: 5118–5129
Astua-Monge G, Minsavage GV, Stall RE, Vallejos CE, Davis MJ, Jones JB (2000) Xv4-oryxy4: A new gene-for-gene interaction between Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Race T3 and the wild tomato relative Lycopersicon pennelli. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1346–1355
Austin MJ, Muskett P, Kahn K, Feys BJ, Jones JDG, Parker JE (2002) Regulatory role of SGT1 in early R-gene-mediated plant defenses. Science 295: 2077–2080
Ausubel FM (2005) Are innate immune signaling pathways in plants and animals conserved? Nature Immunol 6: 973–979
Avrova AO, Taleb N, Rokka V, Heilbronn J, Campbell E, Hein I, Gilory EM, Cardle L, Bradshaw JE, Stewart HE, Fakim YJ, Loake G, Birch PRJ (2004) Potato oxysterol binding protein and cathespin B are rapidly up-regulated in independent defense pathways that distinguish R-gene-mediated and field resistances to Phytophthora infestans. Mol Plant Pathol5: 45–46
Axtell MJ, Chisholm ST, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz BJ (2003) Genetic and molecular evidence that the Pseudomonas syringae type III effector protein AvrRpt2 is a cysteine protease. Mol Microbiol 49: 1537–1546
Azevedo C, Sadanandom A, Kitagawa K, den hoven AF, Shirasu K, Schulze-Lefert P (2002) The RAR1 interactor SGT1, an essential component of R gene-triggered disease resistance. Science 295: 2073–2076
Baayen RP, Sparnaaij LD, Jansen J, Niemann GJ (1991) Inheritance of resistance in carnation against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi races 1 and 2, in relation to resistance components. Neth J Plant Pathol 97: 73–86
Bai GH, Guo PG, Kolb FL (2003) Genetic relationships among head blight resistant cultivars of wheat assessed on the basis of molecular markers. Crop Sci 43: 498–507
Bai GH, Kolb FL, Shaner GE, Domier LL (1999) Amplified fragment length polymorphism marker linked to a major quantitative trait locus controlling scab resistance in wheat. Phytopathology 89: 343–348
Bai J, Choi SH, Ponciano G, Leung H, Leach JE (2000) Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae avirulence genes contribute differently and specifically to pathogen aggressiveness. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1322–1329
Bailey BA, Jennings JC, Anderson JD (1997) The 24-kDa protein from Fusarium oxysproum f.sp erthroxyli: occurrence on related fungi and the effect of growth medium on its production. Canad J Microbiol 43: 45–55
Baldé JA, Francisco R, Queiroz A, Regaldo AP, Ricardo CP, Veloso MM (2006) Immunolocalization of a class III chitinase in two meskmelon cultivars reacting differently to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis. J Plant Physiol 163: 19–25
Baldwin D, Crane V, Rice D (1999) A comparison of gel-based, nylon filter and microarray techniques to detect differential RNA expression in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 96–103
Ballvora A, Pierre M, Van den Ackerveken G, Schornack S, Rossier O, Ganal M, Lahaye T, Bonas U (2001) Genetic mapping and functional analysis of the tomato Bs4 locus, governing recognition of the Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria AvrBs4 protein. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 629–638
Barny MA, Gaudriault S, Brisset MN, Paulin JP (1999) Hrp-secreted proteins: their role in pathogenicity and HR-elicitation. Acta Horti 489:353–358
Bateman A, Birney E, Cerruti L, Durbin R, Etwiller L, Eddy SR, Griffiths-Jones S, Howe KL, Marshall M, Sonnhammer ELL (2002) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 30: 276–280
Baulcombe DC (1999) Fast forward genetics based on virus-induced gene silencing. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 109–113
Baulcombe D (2004) RNA silencing in plants. Nature 431:356–363
Bayne EH, Rakitina Dv, Morozov SY, Baulcombe DC (2005) Cell-to-cell movement of Potato potexvirus X is dependent on suppression of RNA silencing. Plant J 44:471–482
Belkhadir Y, Nimchuk Z, Hubert DA, Bayne EH, Rakitina DV, Morozov SY, Baulcombe DC (2005) Cell-to-cell movement of Potato potexvirus X is dependent on suppression of RNA silencing. Plant J 44: 471–482
Belkhadir Y, Nimchuk Z, Hubert DA, Mackey D, Dangl JL (2004) Arabidopsis RIN4 negatively regulates disease resistance mediated by RPS2 and RPM1 downstream or independent of the NDR 1 signal modulator and is not required for the virulence functions of bacterial type III effectors AvrRpt2 or AvrRpm1. Plant Cell 16: 2822–2835
Bell AA (1986) Physiology of secondary products. In: Mawney JR, Stewart JM (eds) Cotton physiology. The Cotton Foundation, Memphics, TN, pp 597–621
Ben-Chaim A, Grube RC, Lapidot M, Jahn MM, Paran I (2001) Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with tolerance to Cucumber mosaic virus in Capsicum annuum. Theor Appl Genet 102: 1213–1220
Bendahmane A, Kanyuka K, Baulcombe DC (1999) The Rx gene from potato controls separate virus resistance and cell death responses. Plant Cell 11: 781–792
Bendahmane A, Kohn BA, Dedi C, Baulcombe DC (1995) The coat protein of Potato virus X is a strain-specific elicitor of Rx-1 mediated virus resistance in potato. Plant J 8: 933–941
Bendahmane A, Querci M, Kanyuka K, Baulcombe DC (2000) Agrobacterium transient expression system as a tool for the isolation of disease resistance genes: application to the Rx2 locus in potato. Plant J 21: 73–81
Bent AF (1996) Plant disease resistance genes-function meets structure. Plant Cell 8: 1757–1771
Bent AF, Kunkel BN, Dahlbeck D, Brown KL, Schmidt R, Giraudat J, Leung J, Staskawicz BJ (1994) RPS2 of Arabidiopsis thaliana: a leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes. Science 265: 1856–1860
Berruyer R, Adreit H, Milazzo J, Gaíllard S, Berger A, Dioh W, Lebrun MH, Tharreau D (2003) Identification and fine mapping of Pi33, the rice resistance gene corresponding to the Magnaporthe grisea aviruelnce gene ACE1. Theor Appl Genet 107: 1139–1147
Berzel-Herranz A, de la Cruz A, Tenllado F (1995) The capsicum L 3 gene-mediated resistance against tobamoviruses is elicited by the coat protein. Virology 209: 498–505
Binarova P, Nedelnik J, Fellner M, Nedbalkova B (1990) Selection for resistance to filtrates of Fusarium spp. in embryogeneic cell suspension culture of Medicago sativa L. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 22: 191–196
Birch PRJ, Rehmany AP, Pritchard L, Kamoun S, Beynon JL (2006) Trafficking arms: Oomycete effectors enter host plant cells. Trend Microbiol 14: 8–11
Birrel GW, Brown JA, Wu HI, Giaever G, Chu AM, Davis RW (2002) Transcriptional response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to DNA-damaging agents does not identify the genes that protect against these agents. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 99: 8778–8883
Blein JP, Coutos-Thervenot P, Marion D, Ponchet M (2002) From elicitins to lipid-transfer proteins: a new insight in cell signaling involved in plant defence mechanisms. Trends Plant Sci 7:293–296
Blevins T, Rajeswaran R, Shivaprasad P, Beknazariants D, Si-Ammour A, Park HS, Vazquez F, Robertson D, Meins F Jr, Hohn T, Pooggin MM (2006) Four plant dicers mediate viral small RNA biogenesis and DNA virus induced silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 6233–6246
Bock JB, Matern HT, Peden AA, Scheller RH (2001) A genomic perspective on membrane compartment organization. Nature 409: 839–841
Böhnert HU, Fudal I, Dioh W, Tharreau D, Notteghem JL, Lebrun MH (2004) A putative polyketide synthase peptide synthetase from Magnaporthe grisea signals pathogen attack to resistant rice. Plant Cell 16: 2499–2513
Boissy G, O’Donohue M, Gaudemer O, Perez V, Pernollet JC, Brunie S (1999) The 2.1 A structure of an elicitin ergosterol complex : A recent addition to the Sterol Carrier Protein family. Protein Sci 8: 1191–1199
Boller T (2005) Peptide signaling in plant development and self/nonself perception. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17: 116–122
Bolwell GP (1999) Role of active oxygen species and NO in plant defense responses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 287–294
Bonas U, Lahaye T (2002) Plant disease resistance triggered by pathogen-derived molecules: Refined models of specific recognition. Curr Opin Microbiol 5:44–50
Bonnet P, Poupet A, Bruneteau M (1985) Toxicite’ vis-ávis du tabac des fractions purifiées d’un filtrat de culture de Phytophthora cryptogea Pethyb. Laff. Agronomie 5: 275–282
Bonnier FJM, Reinink K, Groenwold R (1994) Genetic analysis of Lactuca accessions with new major gene resistance to lettuce downy mildew. Phytopathology 84: 462–468
Borden S, Higgin VJ (2002) Hydrogen peroxide plays a critical role in the defense response of tomato to Cladosporium fulvum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 61: 227–236
Bormann CA, Rickert AM, Ruiz RAC, Paal J, Lübeck J, Strahwald J, Buhr K, Gebhardt C (2004) Tagging quantitative trait loci for maturity-corrected late blight resistance in tetraploid potato with PCR-based candidate gene markers. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17: 1126–1138
Borrás O, Santos R, Matos AP, Cabral RS, Arzola M (2001) A first attempt to use a Fusarium subglutinans culture filtrate for the selection of pineapple cultivars resistant to fusariose disease. Plant Breeding 120: 435–438
Borrás-Hidalgo O, Thomma BPHJ, Carmona E, Borroto CJ, Pujol M, Arencibia A, Lopez J (2005) Identification of sugarcane genes induced in disease-resistant somaclones upon inoculation with Ustilago scitaminea or Bipolaris sacchari. Plant Physiol and Biochem 43: 1115–1121
Bradburne R, Majer D, Magrath R, Werner CP, Lewis B, Mithen R (1999) Winter oilseed rape with high levels of resistance to Pyrenopeziza brassicae derived from wild Brassica species. Plant Pathol 48: 550–555
Brading PA, Hammond-Kosack KE, Parr A, Jones JD (2000) Salicylic acid is not required for Cf-2-and Cf-9-dependent resistance of tomato to Cladosporium fulvum. Plant J23: 305–318
Bradley DJ, Kjellbon P, Lamb CJ (1992) Elicitor-and wound-induced oxidative cross-linking of a proline-rich plant cell wall protein: a novel, rapid defense response. Cell 70: 21–30
Briggle LW, Sears ER (1966) Linkage of resistance to Erysiphe graminis f.sp tritici (Pm3) and hairy glume (Hg) on chromosome 1A of wheat. Crop Sci 6: 559–562
Brigneti G, Garcia-Mas J, Baulcombe DC (1997) Molecular mapping of Potato virus Y resistance gene Ry sto in potato. Theor Appl Genet 94: 198–203
Brigneti G, Martin-Hernandez AM, Jin H, Chen J, Baulcombe DC, Baker B, Jones JD (2004) Virus-induced gene silencing in Solanum species. Plant J 39: 264–272
Brigneti G, Voinnet O, Li WX, Ji LH, Ding SW, Baulcombe DC (1998) Viral pathogenicity determinants are suppressors of transgene silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. EMBO J 17: 6739–6746
Brisson LF, Tenhaken R, Lamb CJ (1994) Function of oxidative cross-linking of cell wall structural proteins in plant disease resistance. Plant Cell 6: 1703–1712
Brommonschenkel SH, Frary A, Tanksley SD (2000) The broad-spectrum tospovirus resistance gene Sw-5 of tomato is a homolog of the root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1130–1138
Brooks DM, Bender CL, Kunkel BN (2005) The Pseudomonas syringae phytotoxin coronatine promotes virulence by overcoming salicylic acid-dependent defences in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Pathol 6: 629–640
Brooks DM, Hernandez-Guzman G, Kloek AP, Alarcon-Chidez F, Sreedharan A, Rangaswamy V, Penaloza-Vazquez A, Bender CL, Kunkel BN (2004) Identification and characterization of a well-defined series of coronatine biosynthetic mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17: 162–174
Brown JKM, Jessop AC (1995) Genetics of avirulences in Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei. Plant Pathol 44: 1039–1049
Bryan GT, Wu KS, Farrall L, Jia Y, Hershey HP, McAdams SA, Faulk KN, Donaldson GK, Tarchini R, Valent B (2000) A single amino acid difference distinguishes resistant and susceptible alleles of the rice blast resistance gene pi-ta. Plant Cell 12: 2033–2046
Bryngelsson T, Sommer-Knudsen J, Gregersen PL, Collinge DB, EK B, Thordal-christensen H (1994) Purification, characterization and molecular cloning of basic PR-1 type pathogenesis-related proteins from barley. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 7: 267–275
Burch-Smith TM, Schiff M, Liu Y, Dinesh-Kumar SP (2006) Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 142: 21–27
Burdman S, Shen Y, Lee SW, Xue Q, Ronald P (2004) Rax H/RaxR :A two-component regulatory system in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae required for AvrXa21 activity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17: 602–612
Butterfield MK, Rutherford RS, Carson DL, Huckett BI (2004) Application of gene discovery to varietal improvement in sugarcane. South Afr J Botany 70: 167–172
Caffier V, de Vallavieille-Pope C, Brown JKM (1996) Segregation of avirulences and genetic basis of infection types in Erysiphe graminis f.sp hordei. Phytopathology 86: 1112–1121
Carter C, Healy R, O’Tool NM, Naqvi SMS, Ren G, Park S, Beattie GA, Horner HT, Thornburg RW (2007) Tobacco nectarines express a novel NADPH implicated in the defense of floral reproductive tissues against microorganisms. Plant Physiol 143: 389–399
Carzaniga R, Bowyer P, O’Connell RJ (2001) Production of extracellular matrices during development of infection structures by the downy mildew Peronospora parasitica. New Phytol 149: 82–93
Cai X, Chen PD, Xu SS, Oliver RE, Chen X (2005) Utilization of alien genes to enhance Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat-a review. Euphytica 142: 309–318
Caixeta ET, Borém A, Alzate-Martin AL, Fagundes SA, Silva MGM, de Barros EG, Moreira MA (2005) Allelic relationships for genes that confer resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean. Euphytica 145: 237–245
Caldo RA, Nettleton D, Wise PP (2004) Interaction-dependent gene expression in Mla-specified response to barley powdery mildew. Plant Cell 16: 2514–2528
Calenge F, Durel CE (2006) Both stable and unstable QTLs for resistance to powdery mildew are detected in apple after four years of field assessments. Mol Breeding 17: 329–339
Calenge F, Van der Linden CG, Van de Weg WE, Shouten HJ, Van Arkel G, Denancé C, Durel CE (2005) Resistance gene analogues identified through the NBS-profiling method map close to major genes and QTL for disease resistance in apple. Theor Appl Genet 110: 660–668
Cardoso de Arruda MC, Alzate-Marim AL, Chagas JM, Moreira MA, de Barros EG (2000) Identification of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers linked to the CO4 resistance gene to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in common bean. Phytopathology 90: 758–761
Carrington JC, Kasschau KD, Mahajan SK, Schaad MC (1996) Cell-to-Cell and long-distance transport of viruses in plants. Plant Cell 8: 1669–1681
Carter C, Healy R, O’Tool NM, Naqvi SMS, Ren G, Park, Beattie GA, Horner HT, Thrornburg RW (2007) Tobacco nectarines express novel NADPH oxidase implicated in the defense of floral reproductive tissues against microorganisms. Plant Physiol 143:389–399
Catanzariti AM, Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Ayliffe MA, Ellis JG (2006) Haustorially expressed secreted proteins from flax rust are highly enriched for avirulence elicitors. Plant Cell 18: 243–256
Celebi-Toprak F, Slack SA, Jahn MM (2002) A new gene Nytbr for hypersensitivity to Potato virus Y from Solanum tuberosum maps to chromosome IV. Theor Appl Genet 104: 669–674
Chague V, Mercier JC, Guenard AD, de Courcel A, Vedel F (1997) Identification of RAPD markers linked to a locus involved in quantitative resistance to TYLV in tomato by bulked segregant analysis. Theor Appl Genet 95: 671–677
Chang JH, Tai YS, Bernal AJ, Lavell DT, Slaskawicz BJ, Michelmore RW (2002) Functional analysis of the Pto resistance gene family in tomato and the identification of a major resistance determinant in susceptible haplotype. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 281–291
Chapman EJ, Prokhnevsky AI, Gopinath K, Dolja VV, Carrington JC (2004) Viral RNA silencing suppressors inhibit the microRNA pathway at an intermediate step. Genes Develop 18: 1179–1186
Charity JA, Hughes P, Anderson MA, Bittisnich DJ, Whitecross M, Higgins TJV (2005) Pest and disease protection conferred by expression of barley ß-horodothionin and Nicotiana alata proteinase inhibitor genes in transgenic tobacco. Funct Plant Biol 32: 35–44
Chassot C, Nawrath C, Métraux JP (2007) Cuticular defects lead to full immunity to a major plant pathogen. Plant J 49: 972–980
Chellappan P, Vanitharani R, Fauquet CM (2005) MicroRNA-binding viral protein interferes with Arabidopsis development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 10381–10386
Chen C, Chen Z (2002) Potentiation of developmentally regulated plant defense response by AtWRKY18, a pathogen-induced Arabidopsis transcription factor. Plant Physiol 129: 706–716
Chen CH, Lin HJ, Ger MJ, Chow D, Fing TY (2000) cDNA cloning and characterization of a plant protein that may be associated with the harpin mathrm pss.-mediated hypersensitive response. Plant Mol Biol 43: 429–438
Chen H, Wang S, Zhang Q (2002) New gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice located on chromosome 12 identified from Mingui 63, an elite restorer line. Phytopathology 92: 750–754
Chen MH, Citovsky V (2003) Systemic movement of a tobamovirus requires host cell pectin methylesterase. Plant J 35: 386–392
Chen PD, Liu DJ (2000) Transfer scab resistance from Leymus racemosus, Roegneria ciliaris and Roegneria kamoji into common wheat. In: Raupp WJ, Ma Z, Chen PD, Liu DJ (eds) Proceedings of international symposium on wheat improvement in scab resistance. Suzhou and Nanjing, China, pp 62–67
Chen X, Shang J, Chen D, Lei C, Zou Y, Zhai W, Liu G, Xu J, Ling Z, Cao G, Ma B, Wang Y, Zhao X, Li S, Zhu L (2006a) A B-lectin receptor kinase gene conferring rice blast resistance. Plant J 46: 794–804
Chen XW, Li SG, Xu JC, Zhai WX, Ling ZZ, Ma BT, Wang YP, Wang WM, Cao G, Ma YQ, Shang JJ, Zhao XF, Zhou KD, Zhu LH (2004) Identification of two blast resistance genes in a rice variety, Digu. J Phytopathol 152: 77–85
Chen ZY, Brown RL, Lax AR, Guo BZ, Cleveland TE, Russin JS (1998) Resistance to Aspergillus flavus in corn kernels is associated with a 14-kDa protein. Phytopathology 88: 276–281
Chen ZY, Brown RL, Rajasekaran K, Damann KE, Cleveland TE (2006b) Identification of a maize kernel pathogenesis-related protein and evidence for its involvement in resistance to Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin production. Phytopathology 96: 87–95
Chen ZY, Brown RL, Russin JS, Lax AR, Cleveland TE (1999) A corn trypsin inhibitor with antifungal activity inhibits Aspergillus flavus α-amylase. Phytopathology 89: 902–907
Chern MS, Fitzgerald HA, Canlas PE, Navarre DA, Ronald PC (2005) Overexpression of a rice NPR1 homolog leads to constitutive activation of defense response and hypersensitivity to light. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 511–520
Chern MS, Fitzgerald HA, Yadav RC, Canlas PE, Dong X, Ronald PC (2001) Evidence for a disease-resistance pathway similar to the NPR1-mediated signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Plant J 27: 101–113
Christensen AB, Thordal-Christensen M, Zimmermann G, Gjetting T, Lyngkjaer MF, Dudler R, Schweizer P (2004) The germin-like protein GLP4 exhibits superoxide dismutase activity and is an important component of quantitative resistance in wheat and barley. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17: 109–117
Chung E, Seong E, Kim YC, Chung EJ, Oh SK, Lee S, Park JM, Young YH, Choi D (2004) A method of high frequency virus-induced gene silencing in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L cv. Bukang). Mol Cells 17: 377–380
Chungwongse J, Chungwongse C, Black L, Hanson P (2002) Molecular mapping of the Ph-3 gene for late blight resistance in tomato. J Hort Sci Biotechnol 77: 281–286
Colas V, Conrod S, Venard P, Keller H, Ricci P, Panabieres F (2001) Elicitin genes expressed in vitro by certain tobacco isolates of Phytophthora parasitica are down-regulated during compatible interactions. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 326–335
Collins NC, Thordal-Christensen H, Lipka V, Bau S, Kombrink E, Qiu JL, Huckelhoven R, Stein M, Freialdenhoven A, Somerville SC, Schulze-Lefert P (2003) SNARE-protein-mediated disease resistance at the plant cell wall. Nature 425: 973–977
Collmer CW, Marston MF, Taylor JC, Jahn MM (2000) The I gene of bean: a dosage-dependent allele conferring extreme resistance, hypersensitive resistance, or spreading vascular necrosis in response to the potyvirus Bean common mosaic virus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1266–1270
Comstock JC, Martinson CA (1975) Involvement of Helminthosporium maydis race T toxin during colonization of maize leaves. Phytopathology 65: 616–619
Conaway-Bormans CA, Marchetti MA, Johnson CW, McClung AM, Park WD (2003) Molecular markers linked to the blast resistance gene Pi-z in rice for use in marker-assisted selection. Theor Appl Genet 107: 1014–1020
Cooper JE, Jones AT (1983) Responses of plants to viruses: proposals for the use of terms. Phytopathology 73: 127–128
Coram TW, Pang ECK (2005a) Isolation and analysis of candidate ascochyta blight defense genes in chickpea. Part I. Generation and analysis of an expressed sequence tag (EST) library. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66: 192–200
Coram TE, Pang ECK (2005b) Isolation and analysis of candidate ascochyta blight defense genes in chickpea. Part II. Microarray expression analysis of putative defense-related ESTs. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66: 201–210
Coram TE, Pang ECK (2006) Expression profiling of chickpea genes differentially regulated during a resistance response to Ascochyta rabiei. Plant Biotechnol J 4: 647–666
Coyne CJ, Mehlenbacher SA, Hampton RO, Pinkerton JN, Johnson KB (1996) Use of ELISA to rapidly screen hazelnut for resistance to eastern filbert blight. Plant Dis 80: 1327–1330
Creelman RA, Mullet JE (1997) Oligosaccharides, brassinolides, and jasmonates: nontraditional regulators of plant growth, development and gene expression. Plant Cell 9: 1211–1223
Cunnac S, Occhialini A, Barberis P, Boucher C, Genin S (2004) Inventory and functional analysis of the large Hrp regulon in Ralstonia solanacearum: identification of novel effector proteins translocated to plant host cells through the type III secretion system. Mol Microbiol53: 115–128
Crute IR (1992) The role of resistance breeding in the integrated control of downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) in protected lettuce. Euphytica 63: 95–102
Cucuzza JD, Kao J (1986) In vitro assay of excised cotyledons of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) to screen for resistance to Colletotrichum trifolii. Plant Dis 70: 111–115
Culver JN, Stubbs G, Dawson WO (1994) Structure-function relationship between Tobacco mosaic virus coat protein and hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris. J Mol Biol242: 130–138
Curir P, Dolci M, Galeotti F (2005) A phytoalexin-like flavonol involved in the carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus)-Fusarium oxysporum f.sp dianthi pathosystem. J Phytopathol153: 65–67
Curir P, Dolci M, Lanzotti V, Taglialatela-Scafati O (2001) The new Kaempferide 3-O [2G-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-β-rutinoside: a factor of resistance of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Phytochem 56: 717–721
da Graca JV, Martin MM (1976) An electron microscope study of hypersensitive tobacco infected with Tobacco mosaic virus at 32ˆC. Physiol Plant Pathol 8: 215–219
Dalmay T, Hamilton A, Rudd S, Angell S, Baulcombe DC (2000) An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene in Arabidopsis is required for posttranscriptional gene silencing mediated by a transgene but not by a virus. Cell 101: 543–553
Dalmay T, Horsefield R, Braunstein TH, Baulcombe DC (2001) SDE 3 encodes an RNA helicase required for posttranscriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis. EMBO J 20: 2069–2077
Dangl JL, Jones JD (2001) Plant pathogens and integrated defense responses to infection. Nature 411: 826–833
Dangl JL, McDowell JM (2006) Two modes of pathogen recognition by plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8575–8576
Dardick CD, Culver JN (1997) Tobamovirus coat proteins: elicitors of the hypersensitive response in Solanum melangena (egg plant). Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 776–778
Dardick CD, Taraporewala Z, Lu B, Culver JN (1999) Comparison of tobamovirus coat protein structural features that affect elicitor activity in pepper, eggplant and tobacco. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12: 247–251
Das MK, Rajaram S, Mundt CC, Kronstad WE, Singh RP (1992) Inheritance of slow-rusting resistance in wheat. Crop Sci 32: 1452–1456
Da Silva FG, Shen Y, Dardick C, Burdman S, Yadav RC, de Leon AL, Ronald PC (2004) Bacterial genes involved in type I secretion and sulfation are required to elicit the rice Xa21-mediated innate immune response. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17: 593–601
Datta K, Tu J, Oliva N, Ona II, Velazhahan R, Mew TW, Muthukrishnan S, Datta SK (2001) Enhanced resistance to sheath blight by constitutive expression of infection-related rice chitinase in transgenic elite indica rice cultivars. Plant Sci 160: 405–414
Datta K, Velazhahan R, Oliva N, Ona I, Mew TW, Kush GS, Muthukrishnan S, Datta SK (1999) Over-expression of the cloned rice thaumatin-like protein (PR-5) gene in transgenic rice plant enhances environmental friendly resistance to Rhizoctonia solani causing sheath blight disease. Theor Appl Genet 98: 1138–1145
Davis RJ (2000) Signal transduction by the JNK group of MAP kianses. Cell 103: 239–252
de Galarreta JIR, Carrasco A, Salazar A, Barrena I, Iturritxa E, Marqinez R, Legorburu FJ, Ritter E (1998) Wild Solanum species as resistance sources against different pathogens of potato. Potato Res 41: 57–68
de Jong AJ, Yakimova ET, Kapchina CM, Woltering EJ (2002). A critical role for ethylene in hydrogen peroxide release during programmed cell death in tomato suspension cells. Planta 214: 537–545
de Jong CF, Laxall AM, Bargmann BOR, de Wit PJGM, Joosten MHAJ, Munnik T (2004) Phosphatidic acid accumulation is an early response in the Cf-4 interaction. Plant J 39: 1–12
de la Cruz A, Lopez L, Tenllado F, Diaz-Ruiz JR, Sanz AI, Vaquero C, Serra MT, Garcia Luque I (1997) The coat protein is required for elicitation of Capsicum L 2-gene-mediated resistance against the tobamoviruses. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 107–113
Delaney TP, Uknes S, Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Weymann K, Negrotto D, Gaffney T, Gut-Rella M, Kessman H, Ward E, Ryals J (1994) A central role of salicylic acid in plant disease resistance. Science 266: 1247–1250
De la Peña RC, Murray TD (1994) Identifying wheat genotypes resistant to eyespot disease a β-glucuronidase transformed strain of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. Phytopathology 84: 972–977
Dellagi A, Heilbronn J, Avrova AO, Montesano M, Palva ET, Sewart HE, Toth IK, Cooke DEL, Lyon GD, Birch PR (2000) A potato gene encoding a WRKY-like transcription factor is induced in interactions with Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica and Phytophthora infestans and is coregulated with class I endochitinase expression. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1092–1101
Delledonne M (2005) No news is good news for plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 390–395
Delledonne M, Xia Y, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ (1998) Nitric oxide functions as a signal in plant disease resistance. Nature 394: 585–588
Delledonne M, Zeier J, Marocco A, Lamb C (2001) Signal interactions between nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates in the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 13454–13459
del Pozo O, Lam E (1998) Caspases and programmed cell death in the hypersensitive response of plants to pathogens. Curr Biol 8: 1129–1132
del Pozo O, Pedley KF, Martin GB (2004) MAPKKK β is a positive regulator of cell death associated with both plant immunity and disease. EMBO J 23: 3072–3082
Deng Z, Huang S, Ling P, Chen C, Yu C, Weber CA, Moore GA, Gmitter FG Jr (2000) Cloning and characterization of NBS-LRR class sequences in citrus. Theor Appl Genet 101: 814–822
Derrick and Barker H (1997) Short and long distance spread of potato leafroll luteovirus: effects of host genes and transgenes conferring resistance to virus accumulation in potato. J Gen Virol 78: 243–251
Desaki Y, Miya A, Venkatesh B, Tsuyumu S, Yamane H, Kaku H, Minami E, Shibuya N (2006) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides induce defense responses associated with programmed cell death in rice cells. Plant Cell Physiol 47: 1530–1540
de Torres M, Mansfield JW, Grabov N, Brown IR, Ammouneh H, Tsiamis G, Forsyth A, Robatzek S, Grant M, Boch J (2006) Pseudomonas syringae effector AvrPtoB suppressors basal defense in Arabidopsis. Plant J 47: 368–382
de Torres-Zabala M, Truman W, Bennett MH, Lafforgue G, Mansfield JW, Egea PR, Bögre L, Grant M (2007) Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato hijacks the Arabidopsis abscisic acid signaling pathway to cause disease. EMBO J 26: 1434–1443
Devoto A, Hartmann HA, Piffanelli P, Elliott C, Simmons C, Tanamino G, Goh CS, Cohen FE, Emerson BC, Schulze-Lefert P (2003) Molecular phylogeny and evolution of the plant-specific seven trans-membrane MLO family. J Mol Evolution 56: 77–88
Díaz-Pendón JA, Fernández-Muñoz R, Gómez-Guillamón ML, Moriones E (2005) Inheritance of resistance to Watermelon mosaic virus in Cucumis melo that impairs virus accumulation, symptom expression and aphid transmission. Phytopathology 95: 840–846
Díaz-Ruíz JR, Kaper JM (1978) Isolation of viral double stranded RNAs using a Licl fractionation procedure. Preparatory Biochem 8: 1–17
Diaz-Vivancos P, Rubio M, Mesonero V, Periago PM, RosBarcelo A, Martinez-Gómez and Hernández JA (2006) The apoplastic antioxidant system in Prunus: response to long-term Plum pox virus infection. J Exp Botany 57: 3813–3824
Dijikstra J, Bruin GCA, Burgers AC (1977) Systemic infection of some N-gene carrying Nicotiana species and cultivars after inoculation with Tobacco mosaic virus. Neth J Plant Pathol83: 41–49
Dinseh-Kumar SP, Anandalakshmi R, Marathe R, Schiff M, Liu Y (2003) Virus-induced gene silencing. Meth Mol Biol 236: 287–294
Dinesh-Kumar SP, Tham WH, Baker BJ (2000) Structure-function analysis of the Tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 14789–14794
Ding XS, Schneider WL, Chaluvadi SR, Mian MAR, Nelson RS (2006) Characterization of a Brome mosaic virus strain and its use as a vector for gene silencing in monocotyledonous host. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19: 1229–1239
Dixon MS, Hatzixanthis K, Jones DA, Harrison K, Jones JD (1998) The tomato Cf-5 disease resistance gene and six homologs show pronounced allelic variation in leucine-rich repeat copy number. Plant Cell 10: 1915–1925
Dixon MS, Goldstein C, Thomas CM, van der Biezen EA, Jones JDG (2000) Genetic complexity of pathogen perception by plants: The example of Rcr3, a tomato gene required specifically by Cf-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:8807–8814
Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Catanzariti AM, Ayliffe MA, Ellis JG (2004) The Melampsora lini AvrL 567 avirulence genes are expressed in haustoria and their products are recognized inside plant cells. Plant cell 16: 755–768
Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Catanzariti AM, Teh T, Wang CA, Ayliffe MA, Kobe B, Ellis JG (2006) Direct protein interaction underlines gene-for-gene specificity and coevolution of the flax resistance genes and flax rust avirulence genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8888–8893
Dodds PN, Lawrence GJ, Pryor AJ, Ellis JG (2000) Genetics analysis and evolution of plant disease resistance genes In: Dickinson M, Beynon J (eds) Molecular plant pathology. Sheffield Academic Press, Sheffield, UK, pp 88–107
Dong J, Chen C, Chen Z (2003) Expression profiles of the Arabidopsis WRKY gene super family during plant defense response. Plant Mol Biol 51: 21–27
Dong W, Nowara D, Schweizer P (2006) Protein polyubiquitination plays a role in basal host resistance of barley. Plant cell 18: 3321–3331
Dong X (2001) Genetic dissection of systemic acquired resistance. Curr Opin Plant Pathol 4: 309–314
Draper J (1997) Salicylate, superoxide synthesis and cell suicide in plant defense. Trend Plant Sci 2: 162–165
Drijfhout E. 1978 Genetic interaction between Phaseolus vulgaris and Bean common mosaic virus with implications for strain identification and breeding for resistance. Agric Res Rep 872, Centre for Agriculture Publication Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Dubin HJ, Rajaram S (1996) Breeding disease resistant wheats for tropical highlands and lowlands. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34: 503–536
Dufour O, Palloix A, Selassie K, Pochard E, Marchoux G (1989) The distribution of Cucumber mosaic virus in resistant and susceptible plants of pepper. Canad J Bot 67: 655–660
Dunkle LD, Cantone FA, Ciuffetti LM (1991) Accumulation of host-specific toxin produced by Cochliobolus carbonum during pathogenesis of maize. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 38: 265–273
Durel CE, Parisi L, Laurens F, van der Weg WE, Liebhard R, Jourjon MF (2003) Genetic dissection of partial resistance to race 6 of Venturia inaequalis in apple. Genome 46:224–234
Durrant WE, Dong X (2004) Ann Rev Phytopathol 42: 185–209
Durrant WE, Rowland O, Piedras P, Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG (2000) cDNA-AFLP reveals a sriking overlap in race-specific resistance and wound response gene expression profiles. Plant Cell 12: 963–977
Durrant WE, Wang S, Dong X (2007) Arabidopsis SN1 and RAD51D regulate both gene transcription and DNA recombination during the defense response. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 4223–4227
Dussle CM, Melchinger AE, Kuntze L, Stork A, Lübberstedt T (2000) Molecular mapping and gene action of Scm1 and Scm2 two major QTL contributing to SCMV resistance in maize. Plant Breeding 119: 14863–14868
Eggenburger AL, Hill JH (1997) Analysis of resistance-breaking determinants of Soybean mosaic virus. Phytopathology 87:S27
Ehsani-Moghaddam B, Charles MT, Carisse O, Khanizadeh S (2006) Superoxide dismutase responses of strawberry cultivars to infection by Mycosphaerella fragariae. J Plant Physiol 163: 147–153
El-Kharbotly A, Leonards-Schippers C, Huigen DJ, Jacobsen E, Pereira A (1994) Seregation analysis and RFLP mapping of the R1 and R3 alleles conferring race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans in progeny of dihaploid potato plants. Mol Genet 242: 749–754
Ellis J (2006) Insights into nonhost disease resistance: can they assist disease control in agriculture? Plant Cell 18: 523–528
Ellis JG, Lawrence GJ, Dodds PN (2007) Further analysis of gene-for-gene disease resistance specificity in flax. Mol Plant Pathol 8: 103–109
Ellwood SR, Kamphuis LG, Oliver RP (2006) Identification of sources of resistance to Phoma medicaginis isolates in Medicago truncatula SARDI core collection accessions and multigene differentiation of isolates. Phytopathology 96: 1330–1336
El Mohtar CA, Atamian HS, Dagher RB, Abou-Jawadh Y (2007) Marker assisted selection of tomato genotypes with I-2 gene for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 2. Plant Dis 91: 758–762
Erbs G, Newman MA (2003) The role of lipopolysaccharides in induction of plant defense responses. Mol Plant Pathol 4: 421–425
Espinosa A, Alfano J (2004) Disabling surveillance: bacterial type III secretion system effectors that suppress innate immunity. Cell Microbiol 6: 1027–1040
Eulgem T (2005) Regulation of the Arabidopsis defense transcriptome. Trend Plant Sci 10: 71–78
Fabritius AL, Cvitanich C, Judelson HS (2002) Stage-specific gene expression during sexual development in Phytophthora infestans. Mol Microbiol 45: 1057–1066
Faivre-Rampant O, Gilory EM, Hrubikova K, Hein I, Millam S, Loake GJ, Birch P, Taylor M, Lacomme C (2004) Potato virus X-induced gene silencing in leaves and tubers of potato. Plant Physiol 134: 1308–1316
Farman ML, Eto Y, Nakao T, Tosa Y, Nakayashi H, Mayama S, Leong SA (2002) Analysis of the structure of the AVR1-CO39 avirulence locus in virulent rice-infecting isolates of Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 6–16
Farnham G, Baulcombe DC (2006) Artificial evolution extends the spectrum of viruses that are targeted by a disease-resistance gene from potato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA103: 18828–18833
Fedak G (2000) Sources of resistance to Fusarium head blight In: Raupp WJ, Ma Z, Chen PD, Liu DJ (eds) Proceedings of international symposium on wheat improvement in scab resistance. Suzhou and Nanjing, China, p 4
Feng JX, Liu D, Pan Y, Gong W, Ma LG, Luo JC, Deng XW, Zhu YX (2005) An annotation update via cDNA sequence analysis and comprehensive profiling of developmental, hormonal or environmental responsiveness of the Arabidopsis AP2/EREBP transcription factor gene family. Plant Mol Biol 59: 853–868
Fernandez MT, Fernandez M, Centeno ML, Canal J, Rodriguez R (2000) Reaction of common bean callus to culture filtrate of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: differences in the composition and toxic activity of fungal culture filtrates. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 61: 41–49
Feys JF, Parker JE (2000) Interplay of signaling pathways in plant disease resistance. Trend Genet 16: 449–455
Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391: 806–811
Fisher ML, Kyle MM (1994) Inheritance of resistance to potyviruses in Phaseolus vulgaris L III. Cosegregation of phenotypically similar dominant responses to nine potyviruses. Theor Appl Genet 89: 818–823
Fitt BDL, Doughty KJ, Gladders P, Steed JM, Sutherland KG (1998) Diagnosis of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae) on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in the UK. Ann Appl Biol 133: 155–166
Fjellstrom R, McClung AM, Shank AR (2006) SSR markers closely linked to the Pi-z locus are useful for selection of blast resistance in a broad array of rice germplasm. Mol Breed 17: 149–157
Flis B, Hennig J, Strzelczyk-Zyta D, Gebhardt C, Marczewski W (2005) The Ry-f sto gene from Solanum stoloniferum for extreme resistant Potato virus Y maps to potato chromosome XII and is diagnosed by PCR marker GP122718 in PVY resistant potato cultivars. Mol Breed 15: 95–101
Fraser RSS (1990) The genetics of resistance to plant viruses. Annu Rev Phytopath 28: 179–200
Friedrich L, Lawston K, Dietrich R, Willits M, Cade R, Ryals J (2001) NIM1 overexpression in Arabidopsis potentiates plant disease resistance and results in enhanced effectiveness of fungicides. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 1114–1124
Gabriels SHEJ, Takken FLW, Vossen JH, de Jong CF, Liu Q, Stefan CHJ, Wachowski LK, Peters J, Witsenboer HMA, de Wit PJGM, Joosten MHAJ (2006) cDNA-AFLP combined with functional analysis reveals novel genes involved in the hypersensitive response. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19: 567–576
Gachon C, Saindrenan P (2004) Real-time PCR monitoring of fungal development in Arabidopsis thaliana infected by Alternaria brassicola and Botrytis cinerea. Plant Physiol Biochem 42: 367–371
Gaffney T, Friedrich L, Vernooij B, Negrotto D, Nye G, Uknes S, Ward E, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1993) Requirement of salicylic acid for the induction of systemic acquired resistance. Science 261: 754–756
Gao X, Jackson KN, Lambert KN, Li S, Hartman GL, Niblack TL (2004) Detection and quantification of Fusarium solani f.sp glycines in soybean roots with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Plant Dis 88: 1372–1380
Garrido-Ramirez ER, Sudharshana MR, Gilbertson RL (2000a) Bean golden yellow mosaic virus Chipas, Mexico: Characterization pseudorecombination with other bean-infecting geminiviruses and germplasm screening. Phytopathology 90: 1224–1232
Garrido-Ramirez ER, Sudharshana MR, Lucas WJ, Gilbertson RL (2000b) Bean dwarf mosaic virus BV1 protein is a determinant of the hypersensitive response and avirulence in Phaseolus vulgaris. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1184–1194
Gau AE, Koutb M, Piotrowski M, Kloppstech K (2004) Accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins in the apoplast of a susceptible cultivar of apple (Malus domestica cv Elstar) after infection by Venturia inaequalis and constitutive expression of PR genes in the resistant cultivar Remo. Eur J Plant Pathol 110: 703–711
Gaulin E, Dramé N, Lafitte C, Torto-Alalibo T, Martinez Y, Ameline-Torregrosa C, Khatib M, Mazarguil H, Villalba-Mateos F, Kamoun S, Mazars C, Dumas B, Bottin A, Esquerre-Tugayé MT, Rickauer M (2006) Cellulose binding domains of a Phytophthora cell wall protein are novel pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Plant Cell 18: 1766–1777
Gaulin E, Jauneau A, Villalba F, Rickauer M, Esquerré-Tugaye MT, Bottin A (2002) The CBEL glycoprotein of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae is involved in cell wall deposition and adhesion to cellulosic substrates. J Cell Sci 115: 4565–4575
Gebhardt C, Ballvora A, Walkemeir B, Oberhagemann P, Schüler K (2004) Assessing genetic potential in germplasm collections of crop plants of marker-trait association: a case study for potatoes with quantitative variation of resistance to late blight and maturity type. Mol Breeding 13: 93–102
Gebhardt C, Valkonen JP (2001) Organization of genes controlling disease resistance in the potato genome. Annu Rev Phytopathol 39: 79–102
Gerber IB, Zeidler D, Durner J, Dubeny IA (2004) Early perception responses of Nicotiana tabacum cells in response to lipopolysaccharides from Burkholderia cepacia. Planta 218: 647–657
Gibbs KS, Hellman GM, Pirone TP (1989) Nature of resistance of a tobacco cultivar to Tobacco vein mottling virus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2: 332–339
Giese H, Holm-Jensen AG, Jensen HP, Jensen J (1993) Localization of the Laevigatum powdery mildew resistance gene to barley chromosome 2 by the use of RFLP markers. Theor Appl Genet 85: 897–900
Giannakis C, Bucheli CS, Skene KGM, Robinson SP, Scott NS (1998) Chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in grapevine leaves : A possible defense against powdery mildew infection. Austr J Grapewine Res 4: 14–22
Glazebrook J (2005) Contrasting mechanisms of defense against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43: 205–227
Gómez-Gómez L, Boller T (2000) FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis. Mol Cell 5: 1003–1011
Gómez-Gómez L, Boller T (2002) Flagellin perception: a paradigm for innate immunity. Trends Plant Sci 7: 251–256
Gomez O, Laterrot H (1997) Herencia de la resistancia al virus del encrepamiento amarillo de las hojas del tomate (TYLCV) en Lycopersicon chilense. Agrotecnia-de-Cuba 27: 38–42
González-Lamothe R, Tsitsigiannis DI, Ludwig AA, Panicot M, Shirasu K, Jones JDG (2006) The U-box protein CMPG1 is required for efficient activation of defense mechanisms triggered by multiple resistance genes in tobacco and tomato. Plant Cell 18: 1067–1083
Goodrick BJ, Kuhn CW, Hussey RS (1991) Restricted systemic movement of Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus in soybean with nonnecrotic resistance. Phytopathology 81: 1426–1431
Gout L, Fudal I, Kuhn ML, Blaise F, Eckert M, Cattolico L, Balesdent MH, Rouxel T (2006) Lost in the middle of nowhere: the AvrLm1 avirulence gene of the Dothideomycete Lepotsphaeria maculans. Mol Microbiol 60: 67–80
Govrin EM, Levine A (2000) The hypersensitive response facilitates plant infection by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Curr Biol 10: 751–757
Govrin EM, Rachmilevitch S, Tiwan BS, Solomon M, Levine A (2006) An elicitor from Botrytis cinerea induced the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plants and promotes the gray mold disease. Phytopathology 96: 299–307
Grant M, Brown I, Adams S, Knight M, Ainslie A, Mansfield J (2000) The RPM1 plant disease resistance gene facilitates a rapid and sustained increase in cytosolic calcium that is necessary for the oxidative burst and hypersensitive cell death. Plant J 23: 441–450
Grant M, Lamb C (2006) Systemic immunity. Curr Opin Plant Biol 9: 414–420
Grant MR, Godiard L, Straube E, Ashfield T, Lewald J, Sattler A, Innes RW, Dangl TL (1995) Structure of the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene enabling dual specificity disease resistance. Science 269: 843–846
Griffiths PD, Scott JW (2001) Inheritance and linkage of geminivirus resistance genes derived from Lycopersicon chilense accession LA 1932. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 126: 462–467
Grison R, Grezesbesset B, Schneider M, Lucante N, Olsen N, Leguay JJ, Toppan A (1996) Field tolerance to fungal pathogens of Brassica napus constitutively expressing a chimeric chitinase gene. Nature Biotechnol 14: 643–646
Grünwald NJ, Cadena-Hinojosa MA, Rubio-Covarrufias O, Rivera-Peña A, Nieder-Hauser JS, Fry WE (2002) Potato cultivars from the Mexican National Program: Sources and durability of resistance against late blight. Phytopathology 92: 688–693
Gu K, Yang B, Tian D, Wu L, Wang D, Sreekala C, Yang F, Chu Z, Wang G-L, White FF, Yin Z (2005) R gene expression induced by a type-III effector triggers disease resistance in rice. Nature 435: 1122–1125
Guérin F, Le Cam B (2004) Breakdown of the scab resistance gene Vf in apple leads to a founder effect in populations of the fungal pathogen Venturia inaequalis. Phytopathology 94: 364–369
Guevara MG, Oliva CR, Huarte M, Daleo GR (2002) An aspartic protease with antimicrobial activity is induced after infection and wounding in intercellular fluids of potato tubers. Eur J Plant Pathol 108: 131–137
Gygax M (2004) The use of different PCR-based technologies to analyse the genetics of apple scab resistance conferred by the resistance genes Vbj and Vf. Dissertion 15384, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
Gygi SP, Rochon Y, Franza BR, Aebersold R (1999) Correlation between protein and mRNA abundance in yeast. Mol Cell Biol 19: 1720–1730
Hajimorad MR, Hill JH (2001) Rsv-1-mediated resistance against Soybean mosaic virus – N is hypersensitive response-independent at inoculation site, but has the potential to initiate a hypersensitive response-like mechanism. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 587–598
Halterman D, Wise RP (2004) A single amino acid substitution in the sixth leucine-rich repeat of barley MLA6 and MLA13 alleviates dependence on RAR1 for disease resistance signaling. Plant J 38: 215–226
Hömölöinen JH, Kekarainen T, Gebhardt C, Watanabe KN, Valkonen JP (2000) Recessive and dominant genes interfere with the vascular transport of Potato virus A in diploid potatoes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 402–412
Hömölöinen JH, Watanabe KN, Valkonen JPT, Arihara A, Plaisted RL, Pehu E, Miller L, Slack SA (1997) Mapping and marker-assisted selection for a gene for extreme resistance to Potato virus Y. Theor Appl Genet 94: 192–197
Hamilton A, Baulcombe D (1999) A species of small antisense RNA in post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 286: 940–952
Hamilton A, Voinnet O, Chappel L, Baulcombe DC (2002) Two classes of short interfering RNA in RNA silencing. EMBO J 21: 4671–4679
Hammond-Kosack KE, Jones JDG (1997) Plant disease resistance genes. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48: 575–607
Hammond-Kosack K, Jones JDG (2000) Responses to plant pathogens. In: Buchnan B, Gruissen W, Jones R (eds) Biochemistry and molecular biology of plants. American Society of Plant Physiologists, Rockville, Maryland, USA, pp 1102–1156
Hancock JT, Desikan R, Clarke A, Hurst RD, Neill SJ (2002) Cell signaling following plant/pathogen interactions involves the generation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. Plant Physiol Biochem 40: 611–617
Harmer SL, Kay SA (2001) Microarrays: determining the balance of cellular transcription. Plant Cell 12: 613–615
Hasegawa H, Miyazawa J, Iwata M (1999) Use of ELISA to quantify Magnaporthe grisea in rice leaf. Ann Phytopathol Soc Jpn 65: 312–314
Hatsugai N, Kuroyanagi M, Yamada K, Meshi T, Tsuda S, Konda M, Nishimura M, Hara-Nishimura I (2004) A plant vascular protease, VPE, mediates virus-induced hypersensitive cell death. Science 305: 855–858
Hayashi K, Hashimoto N, Daigen M, Ashikawa I (2004) Development of PCR-based SNP markers for rice blast resistance genes at the Piz locus. Theor Appl Genet 108: 1212–1280
Hayes AJ, Jeong SC, Gore MA, Yu YG, Buss GR, Tolin SA, Saghai Maroof MA (2004) Recombination within a nucleotide binding-site/leucine-rich-repeat gene cluster produces new variants conditioning resistance to Soybean mosaic virus in soybeans. Genetics 166: 493–503
Hayes RJ, Wintermantel WM, Nicely PA, Ryder EJ (2006) Host resistance to Mirafiori lettuce big-vein virus and Lettuce big-vein-associated virus and virus sequence diversity and frequency in California. Plant Dis 90: 233–239
He P, Shan L, Lin N-C, Martin GB, Kemmerling B, Nürunberger T, Sheen J (2006a) Specific bacterial supperssors of MAMP signaling upstream of MAPKKK in Arabidopsis innate immunity. Cell 12: 563–575
He Q, Li D, Zhu Y, Tan M, Zhang D, Lin X (2006b) Fine mapping of Xa2, a bacterial blight resistance gene in rice. Mol Breeding 17: 1–6
He SY, Huang HC, Collmer A (1993) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae harpin \mathrmPss: a protein that is secreted via the Hrp pathway and elicits the hypersensitive response in plants. Cell 73: 1255–1266
Heath MC (2000) Nonhost resistance and nonspecific plant defenses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 3: 315–319
Hemmat M, Brown SK, Weeden NF (2002) Tagging and mapping scab resistance genes from R1270-7A apple. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 127: 365–370
Henry RJ (1997) Practical applications of plant molecular biology. Chapman & Hall, London
Hernández JA, Cano J, Portillo B, Rubio M, Marízez-Gómez P (2006) Antioxidant enzymes biochemical markers for sharka resistance in apricot. Biol Plant 50: 395–399
Himber C, Dunoyer P, Moissiard G, Ritzenthaler C, Voinnet O (2003) Transitivity-dependent and independent cell-to-cell movement of RNA silencing. EMBO J 22: 4523–4533
Hittalmani S, Foolad MR, Mew T, Rodriguez RL, Huang N (1995) Development of a PCR-based marker to identify rice blast resistance gene Pi-2(t) in a segregating populations. Theor Appl Genet 91: 9–14
Holden JHW (1977) Potato breeding at Pentlandfield. Report of Scotish Plant Breeding Station 1996–1997, pp 66–87
Hosaka K, Hosaka Y, Mori M, Maida T, Matsunaga H (2001) Detection of a simplex RAPD marker linked to resistance to Potato virus Y in a tetraploid potato. Amer J Potato Res 78: 191–196
Hsam SLK, Zeller FJ (2002) Breeding for powdery mildew resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L) In: Bélanger RR, Bushnell WR, Dik AJ, Carver TL (eds) The powdery mildews: a comprehensive treatise. APS Press, St Paul, MN, USA, pp 219–238
Huang L, Brooks SA, Li W, Fellers JP, Trick HN, Gill BS (2003) Map-based cloning of leaf rust resistance gene Lr21 from the large and polyploid genome of bread wheat. Genetics 164: 655–664
Huang L, Gill BS (2001) An RGA-like marker detects all known Lr21 leaf rust-resistance gene family members in Aegilops tauschii and wheat. Theor Appl Genet 103: 1007–1013
Huang S, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Visser RGF, Jacobsen E (2005) An accurate in vitro assay for high-throughput disease testing of Phytophthora infestans in potato. Plant Dis 89: 1263–1267
Huang S, Vleeshouwers VGM, Werij JS, Hutten RC, van Eck HJ, Visser RGF, Jacobsen E (2004) The R3 resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato is conferred by two closely linked R genes with distinct specificities. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17:428–435
Huckelhoven R, Kogel KH (2003) Reactive oxygen intermediates in plant-microbe interactions: who is who in powdery mildew resistance? Planta 216: 891–902
Huitema E, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Cakir C, Kamoun S, Govers F (2005) Differences in the intensity and specificity of hypersensitive response induction in Nicotiana spp. by INF1, INF2A and INF2B of Phytophthora infestans. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 183–193
Hull R (2002) Matthews’ plant virology, 4th edn. Academic Press, New York
Hunold R, Hartleb H, Afanasenko OS (1992) Resistance against Drechslera teres (Sacc) Shoem, in progenies of in vitro selected callus derived plants of barley. J Phytopathol 135: 89–98
Hutcheson SW (1998) Current concepts of active defense in plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol 36: 59–90
Inohara N, Nunez G (2003) Nods: Intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Nature Rev Immunol 3: 371–382
Inukai T, Nelson RJ, Ziegler RS, Sarkarung S, Mackill DJ, Bonman JM, Takamure I, Kinoshita T (1994) Allelism of blast resistance genes in near-isogenic lines of rice. Phytopathology 84: 1278–1283
Ireland KF, Leath KT (1987) Potential of using culture filtrates from Verticillium albo-atrum to evaluate alfalfa germplasm for resistance to Verticillium wilt. Plant Dis 71: 900–903
Ishida Y, Kumashiro T (1988) Expression of tolerance to the host-specific toxin of Alternaria alternata (AT toxin) in cultured cells and isolated protoplasts of tobacco. Plant Dis72: 892–895
Islam MR, Shepherd KW (1991) Present status of genetics of rust resistance in flax. Euphytica 55: 255–267
Itaya A, Folimonov A, Matsuda Y, Nelson RS, Ding B (2001) Potato spindle tuber viroid as inducer of RNA silencing in infected tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 1332–1334
Ito S, Nagata A, Kai T, Takahara H, Tanaka S (2005) Symptomless infection of tomato plants by tomatinase producing Fusarium oxysporum formae speciales nonpathogenic on tomato plants. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66: 183–191
Iwai T, Miyaska A, Seo S, Ohashi Y (2006) Contribution of ethylene biosynthesis for resistance to blast fungus infection in young rice plants. Plant Physiol 142: 1202–1215
Jackson EW, Avant JB, Overturf KE, Bonman JM (2006) A quantitative assay of Puccinia coronata f.sp. avenae DNA in Avena sativa. Plant Dis 90: 629–636
Jacobs AK, Dry IB, Robinson SP (1999) Induction of different pathogenesis-related cDNAs in grapevine-infected with powdery mildew and treated with ethephon. Plant Pathol 48: 325–336
Janick J, Cummings JN, Brown SK, Hemmat M (1996) Apples. In: Janick J, Moore JN (eds) Fruit breeding : tree and tropical fruits, vol 1. Wiley, New York, pp 1–77
Jayasankar S, Li Z, Gray DJ (2000) In vitro selection of Vitis vinifera ‘Chardonnay’ with Elsinoe ampelina culture filtrate is accompanied by fungal resistance and enhanced secretion of chitinase. Planta 211: 200–208
Jayasankar S, Litz RE, Gray DI, Moon PA (1999) Response of embryogenic mango cultures and seedling bioassays to a partially purified phytotoxin produced by a mango leaf isolate of Colletotrichum gleosporioides Pez. In vitro Cell Develop Biol Plant 34: 475–479
Jeandet P, Douillet-Breuil AC, Beissis R, Debord S, Sbaghi M, Adrian M (2002) Phytoalexins from the Vitaceae : Biosynthesis, phytoalexin gene expression in transgenic plants, antifungal activity and melabolism. J Agrl Food Chem 50: 2731–2741
Jeger MJ, Vijanen-Rollinson SLH (2001) The use of the area under the disease progress curve(AUDPC) to assess quantitative disease resistance in crop cultivars. Theor Appl Gene 102: 32–40
Jenner CE, Sanchez F, Nettleship SB, Foster GD, Ponz F, Walsh JA (2000) The cylindrical inclusion gene of Turnip mosaic virus encodes a pathogenic determinant to the Brassica resistance gene TuRBO1. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 1102–1108
Jenner CE, Tomimura K, Ohshima K, Hughes SL, Walsh JA (2002) Mutations in Turnip mosaic virus P3 and cylindrical inclusion proteins are separately required to overcome two Brassica napus resistance genes. Virology 300: 50–59
Jenner CE, Wang X, Tomimura K, Ohshima K, Ponz F, Walsh JA (2003) The dual role of the potyvirus P3 protein of Turnip mosaic virus as a symptom and aviruelnce determinant in Brassicas. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16: 777–784
Jia YL, McAdams SA, Bryan GI, Hershey HP, Valent B (2000) Direct interaction of resistance gene and avirulence gene products confers rice blast resistance. EMBO J 19: 4004–4014
Jia YL, Wang ZH, Singh P (2002) Development of dominant rice blast Pi-ta resistance gene markers. Crop Sci 42: 2145–2149
Jiménez-Gasco MM, Jiménez-Diaz RM (2003) Development of a specific polymerase chain reaction-based assay for the identification of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris and its pathogenic races 0, 1A, 5 and 6. Phytopathology 93: 200–209
Jiménez-Gasco MM, Pérez-Artés E, Jiménez-Diaz RM (2001) Identification of pathogenic races O, 1 B/C, 5 and 6 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Eur J Plant Pathol 107: 237–248
Jin Y, Singh RP (2006) Resistance in US wheat to recent Eastern Aftrican isolates of Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici with virulence to resistance gene Sr31. Plant Dis 90: 476–480
Johal GS, Briggs SP (1992) Reductase activity encoded by the HM1 disease resistance gene in maize. Science 258: 985–987
Johansen LK, Carrington JC (2001) Silencing on the spot. Induction and suppression of RNA silencing in the Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system. Plant Physiol 126: 930–938
Jones DA, Jones JDG (1997) The role of leucine-rich repeat proteins in plant defenses. Adv Bot Res 24: 89–167
Jones AME, Thomas V, Bennett MH, Mansfield J, Grant M (2006) Modifications to the Arabidopsis defense proteome occur prior to significant transcriptional change in response to inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae. Plant Physiol 142: 1603–1620
Jones AME, Thomas V, Truman B, Lilley K, Mansfield J, Grant M (2004) Specific changes in the Arabidopsis proteome in response to bacterial challenge: differentiating basal and R-gene-mediated resistance. Phytochemistry 65: 1805–1816
Jones DA, Thomas CM, Hammond-Kosac KE, Balint-Kurti PJ, Jones JD (1994) Isolation of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Caldosporium fulvum by transposon tagging. Science 266: 789–793
Joosten MHAJ, Cozijnsen TJ, Verberne MC, de Wit PJGM (1994) Host resistance to a fungal tomato pathogen lost by a single base-pair change in an avirulence gene. Nature 367: 384–386
J⊝rgensen JH (1992) Discovery, characterization and exploitation of Mlo powdery mildew resistance in barley. Euphytica 63: 141–152
J⊝rgensen JHC (1994) Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in barley. Crit Rev Plant Sci 13: 97–119
Journot-Catalino N, Somssich IE, Roby D, Kroj T (2006) The transcription factors WRKY11 and WRKY17 act as negative regulators of basal resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell 18: 3289–3302
Jung W, Yu O, Law SM, O’Keefe DP, Odell J, Fader G, McGonigle B (2000) Identification and expression of isoflavone synthetase, the key enzyme for biosynthesis of isoflavones in legumes. Nature Biotechnol 18: 208–212
Jwa N, Agrawal GK, Tamogami S, Yonekara M, Han O, Iwahashi H, Rakwal R (2006) Role of defense/stress-related marker genes, proteins and secondary metabolites in defining rice self-defense mechanisms. Plant Physiol Biochem 44: 261–273
Kaewnum S, Prathvangwong S, Burr TJ (2006) A pectate lyase homolog, xagP, in Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines is associated with hypersensitive response induction on tobacco. Phytopathology 96: 1230–1236
Kaku H, Nishizawa Y, Ishii-Minami N, Akimoto-Tomiyama C, Dohmae N, Takio K, Minami E, Shibuya N (2006) Plant cells recognize chitin fragments for defense signaling through a plasma membrane receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 11086–11091
Kalantidis K, Psaradakis S, Tabler M, Tsagris M (2002) The occurrence of CMV-specific short RNAs in transgenic tobacco expressing virus-derived double-stranded RNA is indicative of resistance to the virus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 826–833
Kamoun S (2001) Nonhost resistance to Phytophthora: novel prospects for a classical problem. Curr Opin Plant Biol 4: 295–300
Kamoun S (2003) Molecular genetics of pathogenic oomycetes. Eukary Cell 2: 191–199
Kamoun S (2006) A catalogue of the effector secretome of plant pathogenic oomycetes. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43: 41–60
Kamoun S, Lindqvist H, Govers F (1997) A novel class of elicitin-like genes from Phytophthora infestans. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 1028–1030
Kamoun S, Smart CD (2005) Late blight of potato and tomato in the genomics era. Plant Dis 89: 692–699
Kamoun S, van West P, Govers F (1998a) Quantification of late blight resistance of potato using transgenic Phytophthora infestans expressing β-glucuronidase. Eur J Plant Pathol104: 521–525
Kamoun S, van West P, Vleeshouwers VGAA, der Groot KE, Govers F (1998b) Resistance of Nicotiana benthamiana to Phytophthora infestans is mediated by the recognition of the elicitor protein INF1. Plant Cell 10: 1413–1425
Kamoun S, Young M, Glascock C, Tyler BH (1993) Extracellular elicitors from Phytophthora: Host specificity and induction of resistance to fungal and bacterial phytopathogens. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 6:15–25
Kanazin V, Marek LF, Shoemaker RC (1996) Resistance gene analogs are conserved and clustered in soybean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 11746–11750
Kang B-C, Yeam I, Frantz JD, Murphy JF, and Jahn MM (2005a) The pvr1 locus in pepper encodes a translation initiation factor eIF4W that interacts with Tobacco etch virus VPg. Plant J 42: 392–405
Kang B-C, Yeam I, Jahn MM (2005b) Genetics of plant virus resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 43: 581–621
Kanneganti TD, Huitema E, Cakir C, Kamoun S (2006) Synergistic interactions of the plant cell death pathways induced by Phytophthora infestans Nep1-like protein PiNPP1.1 and INF1 elicitin. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19: 854–863
Kaprovich-Tate N, Spanu P, Dewey FW (1998) Use of monoclonal antibodies to determine biomass of Cladosporium fulvum in infected tomato leaves. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11: 710–716
Kariola T, Palmöki TA, Brader G, Palva T (2003) Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Erwinia-derived elicitors Hrp and Peh trigger distinct but interacting defense responses and cell death in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 16: 179–187
Karolewski Z, Fitt BDL, Latunde-Data AO, Foster SJ, Toda AD, Evans N (2006) Visual and PCR assessment of light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brasicae) on winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus) cultivars. Plant Pathol 55: 387–400
Kasuga T, Shanmukaswami SS, Shi J, Gijzen M, Buzzell RI, Bhattacharya MK (1997) High resolution genetic and physical mapping of molecular markers linked to the Phytophthora resistance gene Rps1-K in soybean. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 1035–1044
Katiyar-Agarwal S, Morgan R, Dahlbeck D, Borsani O, Villegas A Jr, Zhu JK, Staskawicz BJ, Jin H (2006) A pathogen-inducible endogenous siRNA in plant immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 18002–18007
Kawasaki T, Henmi K, Ono E, Hatelunama S, Iwano M, Satoh H, Shimamoto K (1999) The small GTP-binding protein Rac is a regulator of cell death in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10922–10926
Kay S, Boch J, Bonas U (2005) Characterization of AvrBs3-like effectors from a Brassicae pathogen reveals virulence and avirulence activities and a protein with a novel repeat architecture. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 838–848
Kazan K, Schenk PM, Wilson I, Manners JM (2001) DNA microarray: new tools in the analysis of plant defense responses. Mol Plant Pathol 2: 177–185
Keller B, Winzeler H, Winzeler M, Fried PM (1994) Differential sensitivity of wheat embryos against extracts containing toxins of Sepotria nodorum, first steps towards in vitro selections. J Phytopathol 141: 233–240
Kennedy BG, Waters DLE, Henry RL (2006) Screening for the rice blast resistance gene Pi-ta using LNA displacement probes and real-time PCR. Mol Breeding 18: 185–193
Kenyon D, Thomas J, Handy C (2004) Feasibility of using a quantitative PCR for assessing resistance to stem canker in oilseed rape cultivars. Int Org Biol Control Bull 27: 109–117
Kervinen T, Peltonen S, Teeri TH, Karajalainen R (1998) Differential expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase genes in barley induced by fungal infection or elicitors. New Phytol 139: 293–300
Kesseli RV, Paran I, Michelmore RW (1994) Analysis of a detailed genetic map of Lactuca sativa. In: O’Brien SJ (ed) Genetics maps, 6th edn. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp 229–233
Khan MA, Duffy B, Gessler C, Patocchi A (2006) QTL mapping of fire blight resistance in apple. Mol Breeding 17: 299–306
Khatib M, Lafitte C, Esquerré-Tugayé MT, Bottin A, Rickauer M (2004) The CBEL elicitor of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae activates defense in Arabidopsis thaliana via three different signaling pathways. New Phytol 162: 501–510
Kim BR, Nam HY, Kim SU, Pai T, Chang YJ (2004a) Reverse transcription quantitative PCR of three genes with high homology encoding 3-hydroxy-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase in rice. Biotechnol Lett 26: 985–988
Kim CY, Liu Y, Thorne ET, Yang H, Fukushig H, Gassmann W, Hildebrand D, Sharp RE, Zhang S (2003a) Activation of a stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade induces the biosynthesis of ethylene in plants. Plant Cell 15: 2707–2718
Kim JG, Joen E, Oh J, Moon JS, Hwang I (2004b) Mutational analysis of Xanthomonas Harpin HapG identifies a key functional region that elicits the hypersensitive response in nonhost plants. J Bacteriol 186: 6239–6247
Kim MC, Panstruga R, Elliott C, Müller J, Devoto A, Yoon HW, Park HC, Cho MJ, Schulze-Lefert P (2002) Calmodulin interacts with MLO protein to regulate defense against mildew in barley. Nature 416: 447–450
Kim ST, Cho KS, Yu S, Kim SG, Hong JC, Han C, Bae DW, Nam MH, Kang KY (2003b) Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by rice blast fungus and elicitor in suspension cultured rice cells. Proteomics 3: 2368–2378
Kinoshita T (1995) Report of Committee of gene symbolization, nomenclature and linkage groups. Rice Genet News Lett 12: 9–153
Klessig DF, Durner J, Noad R, Novarre DA, Wendenhenne D, Kumar D, Zhou JM, Shah J, Zhang S, Kachroo P, Trifa Y, Pontier D, Lam E, Silva H (2000) Nitric oxide and salicylic acid signaling in plant defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 8849–8855
Knogge W, Scheel D (2006) LysM receptors recognize friend and foe. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 10829–10830
Koike M, Fujita M, Nagao H, Ohshima S (1996) Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Japanese isolates of Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum. Plant Dis 80: 1224–1227
Koike M, Murakami T, Katsumata Y, Amemyia Y, Shimada T (1993) Use of culture filtrates of Verticillium dahliae as a bioassay for screening of disease tolerant egg plant. Plant Tissue Cult Lett 10: 71–74
Kombrink E, Somssich IE (1997) Pathogenesis-related proteins and plant defense. In: Carrol G, Tudzynski P (eds) The mycota, Part A-plant relationships. Springer-Verlag, Münster, Germany, pp 107–128
Kooman-Gersmann M, Vogelsang R, Hoogendiijk ERM, De Wit PJGM (1997) Assignment of amino acid residues of the AVR9 peptide of Cladosporium fulvum that determine elicitor activity. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 821–829
Kortekamp A (2006) Expression analysis of defense-related genes in grapevine leaves after inoculation with a host and nonhost pathogen. Plant Physiol Biochem 44: 58–67
Kraft JM, Boge WL (1994) Development of an antiserum to quantify Aphanomyces euteiches in resistant pea lines. Plant Dis 78: 179–183
Kraft JM, Boge WL (1996) Identification of characteristics associated with resistance to root rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches in pea. Plant Dis 80: 1383–1386
Krivanek AF, Walker MA (2005) Vitis resistance to Pierce’s disease is characterized by differential Xylella fastidiosa populations in stems and leaves. Phytopathology 95: 44–52
Krüger J, Thomas CM, Golstein C, Dixon MS, Smoker M, Taug S, Mulde L, Jones JDG (2002) A tomato cysteine protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance and suppression of autonecrosis. Science 296:744–747
Kuang H, Woo, SS, Meyers BC, Nevo E, Michelmore RW (2004) Multiple genetic processes result in heterogeneous rates of evolution within the major cluster disease resistance genes in lettuce. Plant Cell 6: 2870–2894
Kuć J (1995) Phytoalexins, stress metabolism and disease resistance in plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol 33: 275–297
Kumagai MH, Donson J, Della-Cioppa G, Harvey D, Hanley K, Grill LK (1995) Cytoplasmic inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis with virus-derived RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 1679–1683
Kuntze L, Fuchs E, Gruntzig M, Schulz B, Klein D, Melchinger AE (1997) Resistance of early-maturing European maize germplasm to Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV). Plant Breed 116: 499–501
Kunze G, Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Niehaus K, Boller T, Felix G (2004) The N terminus of bacterial elongation factor Tu elicits innate immunity in Arabidopsis plants. Plant Cell 16: 3496–3507
Lafortune D, Béramis M, Daubéze AM, Boissot N, Palloix A (2005) Partial resistance of pepper to bacterial wilt is oligogenic and stable under tropical conditions. Plant Dis 89: 501–506
Lahaye T, Bonas U (2001) Moelcular secrets of bacterial type III effector proteins. Trend Plant Sci 6: 479–485
Lakatos L, Szittya G, Silhavy D, Burgyan J (2004) Molecular mechanism of RNA silencing suppression mediated by p19 protein of tombusviruses. EMBO J 23: 876–884
Lam E (2004) Controlled cell death, plant survival and development. Nature Rev Mol Cell Biol 5: 305–315
Lamb C, Dixon RA (1997) The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Mol Biol 48: 251–275
Lee CC, Wood MD, Ng K, Andersen CB, Liu Y, Luginbuhl P, Spraggon G, Katagiri F (2004) Crystal structure of the type III effector AvrB from Pseudomonas syringae. Structure 12: 487–494
Lee KS, Rasabandith S, Angeles ER, Khush GS (2003) Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in 21 cultivars of rice. Phytopathology 93: 147–152
Lee YK, Hippe-Sanwald S, Jung HW, Hong JK, Hause B, Hwang BK (2000) In situ localization of chitinase mRNA and protein in compatible and incompatible interactions of pepper stems with Phytophthora capsici. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 57: 111–121
Leister D, Ballvora A, Salamini F, Gebhardt C (1996) A PCR-based approach for isolating pathogen reistance genes from potato with potential for wide application in plants. Nature Genet 14: 421–429
Leister D, Kurth J, Laurie DA, Yano M, Sasaki T, Devos K, Graner A, Schultz-Lefert P (1998) Rapid reorganization of resistance gene homologues in cereal genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 370–375
Lepidot M, Ben-Joseph R, Cohen L, Machbash Z, Levy D (2006) Development of a scale for evaluation of Tomatoyellowleafcurlvirusresistance level in tomato plants. Phytopathology 96:1404–1408
Lespinasse Y (1989) Three genes, resistance mechanisms, present work and prospects. IOBC-WPRS Bull 12: 100–115
Li AL, Wang ML, Zhou RH, Kong XY, Huo NX, Wang WS, Jia JZ (2005a) Comparative analysis of early H2 O_2 accumulation in compatible and incompatible wheat powdery mildew interactions. Plant Pathol 54: 308–316
Li J, Brader G, Kariola T, Palva ET (2006) WRKY70 modulates the selection of signaling pathways in plant defense. Plant J 46: 477–491
Li J, Brader G, Palva ET (2004) The WRKY70 transcription factor: a node of convergence for jasmonate-mediated and salicylate-mediated signals in plant defense. Plant Cell 16: 319–331
Li P, Wang J (2004) Genetic diversity of harpin from Xanthomonas oryzae and their activity to induce hypersensitive response and disease resistance. Science, China (C) 4: 461–469
Li X, Xin H, Zhang W, Zou Y, Zhang J, Tang X, Zhou JM (2005b) Flagellin induces innate immunity in nonhost interactions that is suppressed by Pseudomonas syringae effectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102: 12990–12995
Ligterink W, Kroj T, zur Nieden U, Hirt H, Scheel D (1997) Receptor-mediated activation of a MAP kinase in pathogen defense of plants. Science 276: 2054–2057
Lim MTS, Kunkel BN (2004) The Pseudomonas syringae type III effector AvrRpt2 promotes virulence independently of RIN4, a predicted virulence target in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J 40: 790–798
Lin NC, Martin GB (2005) An avrPto/avrPtoB mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato mediated resistance and is less virulent in tomato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 43–51
Lindermayr C, Saalbach G, Durner J (2005) Proteomic identification of S-nitrosylated proteins in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 137: 921–930
Lipka V, Panstruga R (2005) Dynamic cellular responses in plant-microbe interactions. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 625–631
Liu F, Liu H, Jia Q, Wu X, Guo X, Zhang S, Song F, Dong H (2006) The internal glycine-rich motif and cysteine suppress several effects of the HpaGxooc protein in plants. Phytopathology 96: 1052–1059
Liu G, Sheng X, Greenshields DL, Ogieglo A, Kaminskyj S, Selvaraj G, Wei Y (2005) Profiling of wheat class III peroxidase genes derived from powdery mildew attacked epidermis reveals distinct sequence-associated expression patterns. Mol Plant Microbe Interact18: 730–741
Liu Y, Schiff M, Dinesh-Kumar SP (2002) Virus-induced gene-silencing in tomato. Plant J 31: 777–786
Liu Y, Zhang S (2004) Phosphorylation of 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid synthase by MPK6, a stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase, induces ethylene biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 16: 3386–3399
Livingstone DM, Hampton SL, Phipps PM, Grabau EA (2005) Enhancing resistance to Sclerotium minor in peanut expressing a barley oxalate oxidase gene. Plant Physiol 137: 1354–1362
Loannidou D, Pinel A, Brucidou C, Albar L, Ahmadi N (2003) Characterization of the effects of a major QTL of the partial resistance to Rice yellow mottle virus using a near-isogenic-line approach. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 63:213–221
Lot H, Campbell RN, Souche S, Milne RG, Roggero P (2002) Transmission by Olpidium brassicae of Mirafiori lettuce virus and Lettuce big-vein virus and their roles in lettuce big-vein etiology. Phytopathology 92: 288–293
Lou Y, Baldwin IT (2006) Silencing of germin-like gene in Nicotiana attenuata improves performance of native herbivores. Plant Physiol 140:1126–1136
Love AJ, Yun BW, Laval V, Loake GJ, Milner JL (2005) Cauliflower mosaic virus, a compatible pathogen of Arabidopsis engages three distinct defense-signaling pathways and activates rapid systemic generation of reactive oxygen species. Plant Physiol 139: 935–948
Lozoya-Saldaña H, Guzmán-Galindo L, Fernández-Pavia S, Grünwald NJ, McElhinny E (2006) Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary 1. Host-pathogen specificity and resistance components. Agrociencia 40: 205–217
Lucas WJ, Gilberton RL (1994) Plasmodesmata in relation to viral movement within leaf tissues. Annu Rev Phytopathol 32: 387–411
Luderer R, Joosten MHAJ (2001) Avirulence proteins of plant pathogens: determinants of victory and defeat. Mol Plant Pathol 6: 355–364
Luderer R, Rivas S, Nürenberger T, Mattei B, Van den Hooven HW, Van der Hoom RAL, Romeis T, Wehrfritz JM, Blume B, Nennstiel D, Zuidema J, Vervoort G, De Lorenzo G, Jones JDG, Dewit PJ GM, Joosten MHAJ (2001) No evidence for binding between resistance gene product Cf-9 of tomato and avirulence gene product Avr9 of Cladosporium fulvum. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 867–876
Luderer R, Takken FW, de Wit PJGM, Joosten MHAJ (2002) Cladosporium fulvum overcomes Cf-2 mediated resistance by producing truncated AVR2 elicitor proteins. Mol Microbiol 45: 875–884
Luo M, Dang P, Bausher MG, Holbrook CC, Lee RD, Lynch RE, Guo BZ (2005) Identification of transcripts involved in resistance responses to leaf spot disease caused by Cercosporidium personatum in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Phytopathology 95: 381–387
Lusso M, Kuć J (1996) The effect of sense and antisense expression of the PR-N gene forβ-glucanase on disease resistance of tobacco to fungi and viruses. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 49:267
Lu WZ, Cheng SH, Wang YZ (2000) Evaluation of wheat and its relatives for Fusarium head blight resistance. In: Lu WZ, Cheng SH, Wang RZ (eds) Studies of fusarium head blight resistance in wheat. Agri Press, Beijing, China, pp 61–67
Lu WZ, Cheng SH, Wang YZ (2001) Study of wheat fusarium head blight. Science Press, Beijing, PR China
Mackenzie SJ, Legard DE, Timmer LW, Chandler CK, Peres NA (2006) Resistance of strawberry cultivars to crown rot caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates from Florida is nonspecific. Plant Disease 90: 1091–1097
Mackey D, Holt BF, Wiig A, Dangl JL (2002) RIN4 interacts with Pseudomonas syringae type III effector molecules and is required for RPM1-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis. Cell 108: 743–754
Maisonneuve B, Bellec Y, Anderson P, Michelmore RW (1994) Rapid mapping of two genes for resistance to downy mildew from Lactuca serriola to existing clusters of resistance genes. Theor Appl Genet 89: 96–104
Malcolmson JF, Black W (1966) New R genes in Solanum demissum Lindl and their complementary races of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Euphytica 15: 199–203
Malony M, Venisse JS, Chevreau E (2005) Expression of a bacterial effector, harpin N, causes increased resistance to fire blight in Pyrus communis. Tree Genet Genome 1: 41–49
Mansoor S, Briddon RW, Bull SE, Bedford ID, Bashir A, Hussain M, Saeed M, Zafar Y,Malik KA, Fauquet C, Markham PG (2003) Cotton leaf curl disease in associated with multiple monopartite begomoviruses supported by single DNA β. Arch Virol 148: 1969–1986
Marathe R, Anandalakshmi R, Smith TH, Pruss GJ, Vance VB (2000) RNA viruses as inducers, suppressors and targets of posttranscriptional gene silencing. Plant Mol Biol 43:295–306
Martin GB (1999) Functional analysis of plant disease resistance genes and their down stream effectors. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 273–279
Martin GB, Bogdnanove AJ, Sessa G (2003) Understanding the functions of plant disease resistance proteins. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54: 23–61
Matthews REF (1991) Plant virology, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London
Maule AJ, Caranta C, Boulton MI (2007) Sources of natural resistance to plant viruses : status and prospects. Mol Plant Pathol 8: 223–231
Mc Cartney CA, Somers DJ, Mc Callum BD, Thomas J, Humphreys DG, Menzies JG, Brown PD (2005) Microsatellite tagging of the leaf rust resistance gene Lr16 on wheat chromosome 2BSc. Mol Breeding 15: 329–337
McGee JD, Hamer JE, Hodges TK (2001) Characterization of a PR-10 pathogenesis related gene family induced in rice during infection with Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 877–886
McGrath KC, Dombrecht B, Manners JM, Schenk PM, Edgar CI, Maclean DJ, Scheible WR, Udvardi MK, Kazan K (2005) Repressor-and activator-type ethylene response factors functioning in jasmonate signaling and disease identified via a genome-wide screen of Arabidopsis trancripion factor gene expression. Plant Physiol 139: 949–959
McHardy WE (1996) Apple scab biology, epidemiology and management. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA
Mc Intosh RA (1992) Close genetic linkage of genes conferring adult plant resistance to leaf rust and stripe rust of wheat. Plant Pathol 41: 523–527
Meeley RB, Johal G, Briggs SP, Walton JD (1992) A biochemical phenotype for a resistance gene in maize. Plant Cell 4: 71–77
Mei C, Qi M, Scheng G, Yang Y (2006) Inducible over expression of a rice allene oxide synthase gene increases the endogenous jasmonic acid level, PR gene expression and host resistance to fungal infection. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19: 1127–1137
Mekhedov S, Martínez de Ilárdya O, Ohlrogge J (2000) Toward a functional catalog of the plant genome: A survey of genes for lipid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 122: 389–401
Mellersh DG, Foulds IV, Higgins VJ, Heath MC (2002) H_2O_2 plays different roles in determining penetration failure in three diverse plant-fungal interactions. Plant J 29: 257–268
Melotto M, Afanador L, Kelly JD (1996) Development of a SCAR marker linked to the I gene in common bean. Genome 39: 1216–1219
Melotto M, Underwood W, Koczan J, Nomura K, He SY (2006) Plant stomata function in innate immunity against bacterial invasion. Cell 126: 969–980
Méndez-Vigo B, Rodírguez-Suárez C, Pañeda A, Ferreira JJ, Giraldez R (2005) Molecular markers and allelic relationships of anthracnose resistance gene cluster B4 in common bean. Euphytica 141: 237–245
Mèrai Z, Kerènyl Z, Monar A, Barta E, Vàloizi A, Bisztray G, Havelda Z, Burgyán J, Silhavy D (2005) Aureusvirus P14 is an efficient RNA silencing suppressor that binds double-stranded RNAs without size specificity. J Virol 79: 7217–7226
Messmer MM, Seyfarth S, Keller M, Schchermayr G, Winzeler M, Zametti S, Feuillet C, Keller B (2000) Genetic analysis of durable leaf rust resistance in winter wheat. Theoret Appl Genet 100:419–431
Mesterhazy A (1995) Types and components of resistance to Fusarium head blight of wheat. Plant Breed 114: 377–386
Métraux JP (2001) Systemic acquired resistance and salicylic acid: current state of knowledge. Eur J Plant Pathol 107: 13–18
Mette MF, Aufsatz W, van der Winden J, Matzke MA, Matzke AJM (2000) Trancriptional silencing and promoter methylation triggered by double-stranded RNA. EMBO J 19: 5194–5201
Meyer UM, Spotts RA, Dewey FM (2000) Detection and quantification of Botrytis cinerea by ELISA in pear stems during cold storage. Plant Dis 84: 1099–1103
Meyers BC, Chin DB, Shen KA, Sivaramakrishnan S, Lavelle DO, Zhang Z, Michelmore RW (1998) The major resistance gene cluster in lettuce is highly duplicated and spans several megabases. Plant Cell 10: 1817–1832
Mezzetti B, Zimmerman RH, Mischke C, Rosati P, Hammerschlag FA (1992) Merocyanine 540 as an optical probe to monitor the effects of culture filtrates of Phytophthora cactorum on apple cell membranes. Plant Sci 83: 163–167
Mignowna HD, Abang MM, Onsanya A, Asiedu R (2002) Identification and application of RAPD markers for anthracnose resistance in water yam (Dioscorea alata). Ann Appl Bot 141: 61–66
Miklas PN, Larsen RC, Riley R, Kelly JD (2000) Potential marker-assisted selection for bc-I 2 resistance to bean common mosaic potyvirus in common bean. Euphytica 116: 211–219
Miklis M, Consonni C, Bhat RA, Lipka V, Schulze-Lefert P, Panstruga R (2007) Barley MLO modulates actin-dependent and actin-independent antifungal defense pathways at the cell periphery. Plant Physiol 144: 1132–1143
Mlotshwa S, Voinnet O, Mette MF, Matzke M, Vaucheret H, Ding SW, Pruss G, Vance VB (2002) RNA silencing and mobile silencing signal. Plant Cell 14 (Suppl) S289–S301
Mohanraj D, Padmanaban P, Karunakaran M (2003) Effect of phytotoxin of Colletotrichum falcatum Went (Phytophthora tucumanensis) on sugarcane in tissue culture. Acta Phytopathol Entomol Hung 38: 21–28
Mohler V, Zeller FJ, Wenzel G, Hsam SLK (2006) Chromosomal location of genes for resistance to powdery mildew in wheat (Triticum aestivun L em Thell) 9 Gene MlZec1 from the Triticum dicoccoides-derived wheat line Zecoi-1. Euphytica 142: 161–167
Moissiard G, Voinnet O (2004) Viral suppression of RNA silencing in plants. Mol Plant Pathol 5: 71–82
Moissiard G, Voinnet O (2006) RNA silencing of host transcripts by Cauliflower mosaic virus requires coordinated action of the four Arabidopsis dicer-like proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 19593–19598
Molnár A, Csorba T, Lakatos L, Várallyay E, Lacomme C, Burgyan J (2005) Plant virus-derived small interfering RNAs originate predominantly from highly structured single-stranded viral RNAs. J Virol 79: 7812–7818
Monci F, García-Andrés, Maldonado JA, Moriones E (2005) Resistance to monopartite begomoviruses associated with the bean leaf crumple disease in Phaseolus vulgaris controlled by a single dominant gene. Phytopathology 95: 819–826
Monteiro S, Barakat M, Picarra-Pereira MA, Teixeira AR, Ferreira RB (2003) Osmotin and thaumatin from grape: a putative general defense mechanism against pathogenic fungi. Phytopathology 93: 1505–1512
Motoyoshi F, Oshima N (1975) Infection of leaf mesophyll protoplasts from susceptible and resistance lines of tomato. J Gen Virol 29: 81–91
Mourrain P, Beclin C, Elmayan T, Feuerbach G, Godon C, Morel JB, Jouette D, Lacombe AM, Nikic S, Picault N, Remoue K, Sanial M, Vo TA, Vaucheret H (2000) Arabidopsis SGS2 and SGS 3 genes are required for posttranscriptional gene silencing and natural virus resistance. Cell 101:533–542
Mucyn TS, Clemente A, Andriotis VME, Balmuth AL, Oldroyd ED, Staskawicz BJ, Rathijen JP (2006) The tomato NBARC-LRR protein Prf interacts with Pto kinase in vivo to regulate specific plant immunity. Plant cell 18: 2792–2806
Mutlu N, Miklas PN, Coyne DP (2006) Resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) markers co-localize with disease resistance genes and QTL in common bean. Mol Breeding 17: 127–135
Nakano T, Suzuki K, Fujimura T, Shinshi H (2006) Genome-wide analysis of the ERF gene family in Arabidopsis and rice. Plant Physiol 140: 411–432
Narayanasamy P (2001) Plant pathogen detection and disease diagnosis, 2nd edn. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York
Narayanasamy P (2002) Microbial plant pathogens and crop disease management. Science Publishers, Enfield, Newhampshire, USA
Narayanasamy P (2006) Postharvest pathogens and disease management. John-Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey, USA
Narayanasamy P, Doraiswamy S (2003) Plant viruses and viral diseases. New Century Book House, Chennai, India.
Navarro L, Dunoyer P, Jay F, Dharmasiri N, Estelle M, Voinnet O, Jones JDG (2006) A plant miRNA contributes to antibacterial resistance by repressing auxin signaling. Science 312: 436–439
Navarro L, Zipfel C, Rowland O, Keller I, Robatzek S, Boller T, Jones JDG (2004) The transcriptional innate immune response to flg22 interplay and overlap with Avr gene-dependent defense responses and bacterial pathogenesis. Plant Pathol 135: 1113–1128
Nidermann T, Genetat I, Bruyére T, Gees R, Stintzi A, Legrand M, Fritig B, Mosinger E (1995) Pathogenesis-related PR-1 proteins are antifungal isolation and characterization of three14-kilodalton proteins of tomato and of a basic PR-1 of tobacco with inhibitory activity against Phytophthora infestans. Plant Physiol 108: 17–27
Niehl A, Lacomme C, Erban A, Kopka J, Krömer U, Fisahn J (2006) Systemic Potato virus X infection induces defense gene expression and accumulation of β-phenyl-ethylamine-alkaloids in potato. Funct Plant Biol 33: 593–604
Niki T, Mitsuhara I, Seo S, Ohtsubo N, Ohashi Y (1998) Antagonistic effect of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid on the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein genes in wounded mature tobacco leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 115–123
Nirmala J, Brueggeman R, Maier C, Clay C, Rostoks N, Kannangara CG, von Wettstein D, Steffenson BJ, Kleinhofs A (2006) Subcellular localization and functions of the barley stem rust resistance receptor-like serine/theronine-specific protein kinase Rpg1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 7518–7523
Nishiguchi M, Motoyoshi F (1987) Resistance mechanisms of Tobacco mosaic virus strains in tomato and tobacco. In: Evered D, Harnett S (eds) Plant resistance to viruses. John Wiley, New York, pp 38–56
Nishimura M, Somerville S (2002) Resisting attack. Science 295: 2032–2033
Nishimura S, Scheffer RP (1965) Interaction between Helminthosporium victoriae spores and oat tissue. Phytopathology 55: 629–634
Nishizawa Y, Saruta M, Nakazona K, Nishio Z, Soma M, Yoshida T, Nakajima E, Hibi T (2003) Characterization of transgenic rice plants over-expressing the stress inducible β-glucanase gene Gns1. Plant Mol Biol 51: 143–152
Notteghem JI, Tharran D, Silue D, Roumen E (1994) Present knowledge of rice resistance genetics and strategies in Magnaporthe grisea pathogenicity and avirulence gene analysis. In: Zeigler RS, Leong SA, Teng PS (eds) Rice blast disease. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp 155–165
Nurnberger T, Brunner F, Kemmerling B, Piater L (2004) Innate immunity in plants and animals: striking similarities and obvious differences. Immunol Rev 198: 249–266
Nurnberger T, Nennstiel D, Jabs T, Sacks WR, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D (1994) High affinity binding of a fungal oligopeptide elicitor to parsley plasma membranes triggers multiple defense responses. Cell 78: 449–460
Okole BN, Schulz FA 1997 Selection of Mycosphaerella fijiensis – resistant cell lines from micro-cross sections of banana and plantain. Plant Cell Rep 16: 339–343
Oliver RE, Cai X, Xu SS, Chen X, Stack RW (2004) Wheat alien species derivatives: a novel source of resistance to Fusarium head blight in wheat. Crop Sci 44:
Oñate-Sánchez L, Anderson JP, Young J, Singh KB (2007) AtERF14, a member of the ERF family of transcription factors, plays a nonredundant role in plant defense. Plant Physiology 143: 400–409
Onozaki T, Tanikawa N, Taneya M, Kudo K, Funayamma T, Ikeda H, Shibata M (2004) A RAPD-derived STS marker is linked to bacterial wilt (Burkholderia caryophylli) resistance gene in carnation. Euphytica 138: 255–262
Orbach MJ, Farrall L, Sweigard JA, Chumbley FG, Valent B (2000) A telomeric avirulence gene determines efficacy for the rice blast resistance gene Pi-Ta. Plant Cell12: 2019–2032
Ori N, Eshed Y, Paran I, Presting G, Aviv D, Tanksley S, Zamir D, Fluhr R (1997) The 12C family from the wilt disease resistance locus 12 belongs to the nucleotide binding, leucine-rich repeat super family of plant resistance genes. Plant Cell 9: 521–532
Orsomando G, Lorenzi M, Ferrari E, de Chiara C, Spisni A, Ruggieri S (2003) PcF protein from Phytophthora cactorum and its recombinant homologue elicit phenylalanine ammonia lyase activation in tomato. Cell Mol Life Sci 60: 1470–1476
Orsomando G, Lorenzi M, Raffaelli N, Dalla Rizza M, Mezzetti B, Ruggieri S (2001) Phytotoxic protein PcF, purification, characterization, and cDNA sequencing of a novel hydroxyproline-containing factor secreted by the strawberry pathogen Phytophthora cactorum. J Biol Chem 276: 21578–21584
Osman H, Mikes V, Milat ML, Ponchet M, Marion D, Prange T, Maume BF, Vauthrin S, Blein JP (2001) Fatty acids bind to the fungal elicitor cryptogein and compete with sterols. FEBS Lett 489: 55–58
Otsuki Y, Takebe I, Honda Y, Matsui C (1972) Ultrastructure of infection of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts by Tobacco mosaic virus. Virology 49: 188–194
Ott, PG, Varga GI, Szatmári A, Bozsó Z, Klement E, Medzihradsky KF, Besenyei E, Czelleng A, Klement Z (2006) Novel extracellular chitinases rapidly and specifically induced by general bacterial elicitors and suppressed by virulent bacteria as a marker of early basal resistance in tobacco. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19: 161–172
Papadopoulou KK, Kavroulakis N, Tourn M, Aggelou I (2005) Use of β-glucuronidase activity to quantify the growth of Fusairum oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici during infection of tomato. J Phytopathol 153: 325–332
Papaefthiniou I, Hamilton AJ, Denti MA, Baulcombe DC, Tsagris M, Tabler M (2001) Replicating potato spindle tuber viroid RNA is accompanied by short RNA fragments that are characteristic of post-transcriptional gene silencing. Nucleic Acids Res 29: 2395–2400
Parlevliet JE (1993) What is durable resistance-a general outline. In: Jacobs TH, Parlevliet JE (eds) Durability of disease resistance. Kluwer Academic Publications, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, pp 23–43
Park T-H, Gros J, Sikkema A, Vleeshouwers VGAA, Muskens M, Allefs S, Jacobsen E, Visser RGF, van der Vossen EAG (2004) The late blight resistance locus Rpi-blb3 from Solanum bulbocastanum belongs to a major late blight R gene cluster on chromosome 4 of potato. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 722–729
Pastor-Corrales MA (1991) Estandardización de variedades differenciales y de designación de razas de Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. (Abst.) Phytopathology 81:694
Patocchi A, Bigler B, Koller B, Kellerhals M, Gessler C (2004) Vr2: a new apple scab resistance gene. Theor App Genet 109: 1087–1092
Pazhouhandeh M, Dieterle M, Marrocco K, Lechner E, Brault V, Hemmer O, Kretsch T, Richards KE, Genschik P, Ziegler-Graff V (2006) F-box-like domain the polerovirus protein PO is required for silencing suppressor function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 1994–1999
Peart JR, Lu R, Sodanandom A, Malcuit I, Moffett P, Brice DC, Schauser L, Jaggard DA, Xiao S, Coleman MJ, Dow M, Jones JD, Shirasu K, Baulcombe DC (2002) Ubiquitin ligase-associated protein SGT1 is required for host and nonhost disease resistance in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 10865–10869
Peck SC, Nühse TS, Hess D, Iglesias A, Meins F, Boller T (2001) Directed proteomics identifies a plant-specific protein rapidly phosphorylated in response to bacterial and fungal elicitors. Plant Cell 13: 1467–1475
Pedersen C, Rasmsussen SW, Giese H (2002) A genetic map of Blumeria graminis based on functional genes, avirulence genes and molecular markers. Fungal Genet Biol 35: 235–246
Pedley KF, Martin GB (2002) Molecular basis of Pto-mediated resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato. Annu Rev Phytopathol 41: 215–243
Peele C, Jordan CV, Muangsan N, Turnage M, Egelkrout E, Eagle P, Hanley-Bowdoin L, Robertson D (2001) Silencing of a meristematic gene using geminivirus-derived vectors. Plant J 27: 357–366
Pellio B, Streng S, Bauer E, Stein N, Perovic D (2005) High resolution mapping of the Rym4/Rym5 locus conferring resistance to the Barley yellow mosaic virus complex (BaMMV, BaYMV, BaYMV-2) in barley (Hordeum vulgare spp. vulgare L). Theor Appl Genet 110: 283–293
Pemberton CL, Salmond GPC (2004) The Nepl-like proteins- A growing family of microbial elicitors of plant necrosis. Mol Plant Pathol 5: 353–359
Pemberton CL, Whitehead NA, Sebaihia M, Bell KS, Hyman LJ, Harris SJ, Matlin AJ, Robson ND, Birch PRJ, Carr JP, Toth IK, Salmond GP (2005) Novel quorum-sensing-controlled genes in Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora: Identification of a fungal elicitor homologue in a soft-rotting bacterium. Mol Plant Pathol 5: 353–359
Peng J, Bao Z, Li P, Chen G, Wang J, Dong H (2004) Harpin\mathrm oo and its functional domains activate pathogen-inducible plant promoters in Arabidopsis. Acta Bot Sin 46: 1083–1090
Peterhansel C, Freialdenhoven A, Kurth J, Kolsch R, Schulze Lefert P (1997) Interaction analysis of genes required for resistance responses to powdery mildew in barley reveal distinct pathways leading to leaf cell death. Plant Cell 9: 1397–1409
Petersen M, Brodersen P, Naested H, Andreasson E, Lindhart U, Johansen B, Nielsen HB, Lacy M, Austin MI, Parker JE, Sharma SB, Klessig DF, Martienssen R, Mattsson D, Jensen AB, Mundy J (2000) Arabidopsis MAP kinase 4 negatively regulates systemic acquired resistance. Cell 103: 1111–1120
Pezet R, Gindro K, Viret O, Richter H (2004) Effects of resveratrol and ptero-stilbene on Plasmopara viticola zoospore mobility and disease development. Vitis 43: 145–148
Pierce ML, Cover EC, Richardson PE, Scholes VE, Essenberg M (1996) Adequacy of cellular phytoalexin concentrations in hypersensitively responding cotton leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 48: 305–324
Pilowsky M, Cohen S (1984) Inheritance of resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in tomatoes. Phytopathology 64: 632–635
Pontier D, del Pozo O, Lam E (2004) Cell death in plant disease : Mechanisms and molecular markers. In: Noodén LD (ed) Plant cell death. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 37–50
Ponz F, Russell ML, Rowhani A, Bruening G (1988) A cowpea line has distinct genes for resistance to Tobacco ringspot virus and Cowpea mosaic virus. Phytopathology 78: 1124–1128
Porter BW, Chittoor JM, Yano M, Sasaki T, White FF (2003) Development and mapping of markers linked to the rice bacterial blight resistance gene Xa7. Crop Sci 43: 1484–1492
Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS (2000) Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Dis 84:203
Punja ZK, Raharjo SHT (1996) Response of transgenic cucumber and carrot plants expressing different chitinase enzymes to inoculation with fungal pathogens. Plant Dis 80: 999–1005
Qi LL, Wang SL, Chen PD, Liu DJ, Friebe B, Gill BS (1997) Molecular cytogenetic analysis of Leymus racemosus chromosomes added to wheat. Theor Appl Genet 95: 1048–1091
Qiu D, Xiao J, Ding X, Xiong M, Meng C, Cao Y, Li X, Xu C, Wang S (2007) OsWRKY13 mediates rice disease resistance by regulating defense related genes in salicylate-and jasmonate-dependent signaling. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 20: 492–499
Qu F, Morris TJ (2002) Efficient infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by Tomato bushy stunt virus is facilitated by the coat protein and maintained by p19 through suppression of gene silencing. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 193–202
Qutob D, Kamoun S, Gijzen M (2002) Expression of a Phytophthora sojae necrosis-inducing protein occurs during transition from biotrophy to necrotrophy. Plant J 32: 361–373
Rahman M, Hussain D, Malik TA, Zafar Y (2005) Genetics of resistance to cotton leaf curl disease in Gossypium hirsutum. Plant Pathol 54: 764–772
Rakwal R, Kaku H, Komatsu S (2001) Immunological evidence for induction of pathogensis-related proteins of jasmonic acid and blast infection in rice (Oryza sativa L). Res Commun Biochem Cell Mol Biol 5: 3–25
Ramonell K, Berrocal-Lobo M, Koh S, Wan J, Edwards H, Stacey S, Somerville S (2005) Loss-of-function mutations in chitin responsive genes show increased susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum. Plant Physiol 138: 1027–1036
Ramonell KM, Zhang B, Ewing RM, Chen Y, Xu D, Stacey G, Somerville S (2002) Microarray analysis of chitin elicitation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant Pathol 3: 301–311
Rao S, Padmaja M (2000) Selection of chickpea cell lines resistant to culture filtrate of Fusarium oxsporum f.sp. ciceri. Phytomorphology 50: 41–46
Ratcliff F, Martin-Hernandez AM, Baulcombe DC (2001) Tobacco rattle virus as a vector for analysis of gene function by silencing. Plant J 25: 237–245
Raupp WJ, Browder JLE, Gill BS (1983) Leaf rust resistance in Aegilops squarrosa: its transfer and expression in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Phytopathology 73:818
Reboutier D, Frankart C, Briand J, Biligui B, Laroche S, Rona J, Barny M, Bouteau F (2007) The HrpN (ea) harpin for Erwinia amylovora triggers differential responses on the nonhost Arabidopsis thaliana cells and on the host apple cells. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 20: 94–100
Rehmany AP, Gordon A, Rose IE, Allen RL, Armstrong MR, Whisson SC, Kamoun S, Tyler BM, Birch PRJ, Beynon JL (2005) Differential recognition of highly divergent downy mildew avirulence gene alleles by RPP1 resistance genes from two Arabidopsis lines. Plant Cell 17: 1839–1850
Reisch BI (1998) Molecular markers: The foundation for genetic mapping, DNA finger-printing and genomics. Proceedings of the seventh international symposium on grapevine breeding. Montepellier, France
Ren D, Yang KY, Li GJ, Liu Y, Zhang S (2006) Activation of Ntf4, a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase, during plant defense response and its involvement in hypersensitive response-like cell death. Plant Physiol 141: 1482–1493
Renault AS, Deloire A, Bierne J (1996) Pathogenesis-related proteins in grapevines induced by salicylic acid and Botrytis cinerea. Vitis 35: 49–52
Renault AS, Deloire A, Letinois I, Kraeva E, Tesniere C, Ageorges A, Redon C, Bierne J (2000) β-1,3-glucanase gene expression in grapevine leaves as a response to infection with Botrytis cinerea. Amer J Enol Viticult 51: 81–87
Rep M, van der Does HC, Meijer M, van Wijk R, Houterman PM, Dekker HL, de Koster CG, Cornelissen BJC (2004) A small, cysteine-rich protein secreted by Fusarium oxysporum during colonization of xylem vessels is required for 1–3-mediated resistance in tomato. Mol Microbiol 53: 1373–1383
Ridout CJ, Skamnioti P, Porritt O, Sacristan S, Jones JDG, Brown JKM (2006) Multiple avirulence paralogues in cereal powdery mildew fungi may contribute to parasite fitness and defeat of plant resistance. Plant Cell 18: 2402–2414
Ricci P, Trentin F, Bonnet P, Venard P, Perronnet FM, Brunteau M (1992) Differential production of parasiticein, an elicitor of necrosis and resistance in tobacco by isolates of Phytophthora parasitica. Plant Pathol 41:298–307
Rines HW, Luke HH (1985) Selection and regeneration of toxin-insensitive plants from tissue cultures of oats (Avena sativa) susceptible to Helminthosporium victoriae. Theor Appl Genet 71: 16–21
Rivera-Vargas LI, Schmitthenner AF, Graham TI (1993) Soybean flavonoid effects on and metabolism by Phytophthora sojae. Phytochemistry 32: 851–857
Rivkin MI, Vallejos CE, McClean PE (1999) Disease resistance related sequences in common bean. Genome 42: 41–47
Robertson D (2004) VIGs vector for gene silencing: many targets, many tools. Annu Rev Plant Biol 55: 495–519
Roelfs AP (1988) Resistance to leaf and stem rust in wheat. In: Simmonds NW, Rajaram S (eds) Breeding strategies for resistance to the rusts of wheat. Centro International de Mejorimento de Maiz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico, DF, Mexico.
Rohe M, Gierlich A, Hermann H, Hahn M, Schmidt B, Rosahl S, Knogge W (1995) The race-specific elicitor NIP1 from barley pathogen, Rhynchosporium secalis, determines avirulence on host plants of the Rrs 1 resistance genotype. EMBO J 14: 4168–4177
Rojo E, Martin R, Carter C, Zouhar J, Pan S, Plotnikova J, Jin H, Paneque M, Sanchez-Serrano JJ, Baker B, Asubel FM, Raikhel NV (2004) VPE gamma exhibits a caspase-like activity that contributes to defense against pathogens. Curr Biol 14: 1897–1906
Rojo E, Zoucher J, Carter C, Kovaleva V, Raikhel NV (2003) A unique mechanism for protein processing and degradation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 7389–7394
Romeis T, Piedras P, Zhang S, Klessig DF, Hirt H, Jones JDG (1999) Rapid Avr9-andCf-9-dependent activation of MAP kinases in tobacco cell cultures and leaves: convergence of resistance gene elicitor, wound and salicylate responses. Plant Cell 11: 273–287
Ronald PC (1997) The molecular basis of disease resistance in rice. Plant Mol Biol 35: 179–186
Rooney HC, Van’t Klooster JW, van der Hoom RAL, Joosten MHAJ, Jones JDG, de Wit PJGM (2005) Cladosporium Avr2 inhibits tomato Rcr3 protease required for Cf-2-dependent disease resistance. Science 308: 1783–1786
Rose JK, Ham KS, Darvill AG, Albersheim P (2002) Molecular cloning and characterization of glucanase inhibitor proteins: coevolution of a counter defense mechanism by plant pathogens. Plant Cell 14: 1329–1345
Rowland GC, Kerber ER (1974) Telocentric mapping in hexaploid wheat of genes for leaf rust resistance and other characters derived from Aegilops squarrosa. Canad J Genet Cytol 16: 137–144
Rowland O, Ludwig AA, Merrick CJ, Baillieul F,Tracy FE, Durrant WE, Fritz-Laylin L, Nekrasov V, Sjölander K, Yoshioka H, Jones JDG (2005) Functional analysis of Avr9/Cf-9 rapidly elicited genes identifies a protein kinase, ACIK1, that is essential for full Cf-9-dependent disease resistance in tomato. Plant Cell 17: 295–310
Ruiz-Rubio M, Pérez-Espinosa A, Lairini K, Roldán-Arjona T, Di Pietro A, Anaya N (2001) Metabolism of the tomato saponin a-tomatine by phytopathogenic fungi. In: Studies in natural products chemistry, vol. 25. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp 137–143
Rustérucci C, Espunya MC, Díaz M, Chabannes M, Martinez MC (2007) S-nitrosoglutathione reductase afford protection against pathogens in Arabidopsis both locally and systemically. Plant Physiol 143: 1282–1292
Ryals J, Ukness S, Ward E (1994) Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Pathol 104: 1109–1112
Sacks W, Nurnberger T, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D (1995) Molecular characterization of nucleotide sequences encoding the extracelular glycoprotein elicitor from Phytophthora megasperma. Mol Gen Genet 246: 45–55
Saito T, Meshi T, Takamatsu N, Okada Y (1987) Coat protein gene sequence of Tobacco mosaic virus encodes a host response determinant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 6074–6077
Sallaud C, Lorieux M, Roumen E, Tharreau D, Berruyer R, Svestasrani P, Garsmeur O,Ghesquiere A, Notteghem JL (2003) Identification of five new blast resistance gene in the highly blast-resistant rice variety IR64 using QTL mapping strategy. Theor Appl Genet 106: 794–803
Salzaman RA, Tikhonova I, Bordelon BP, Hasegawa PM, Bressant RA (1998) Coordinate accumulation of antifungal proteins and hexose constitutes a developmentally controlled defense response during fruit ripening in grapes. Plant Physiol 117: 465–472
Sano H, Seo S, Orudgev E, Youssefian S, Ishizuka K, Ohashi Y (1994) Expression of the gene for a small GTP binding protein in transgenic tobacco elevates endogenous cytokinin in leaves abnormally induces salicylic acid in response to wounding and increases resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11655–11660
Santa Cruz S (1999) Perspective: phloem transport of viruses and macromolecules what goes in must come out. Trend Microbiol 7: 237–241
Santém K, Marttila S, Liljeroth E, Bryngelsson T (2005) Immunocytochemical localization of the pathogenesis-related PR-1 protein in barley leaves after infection by Bipolaris sorokiniana. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66: 45–54
Sasaki Y, Asamizu E, Shibata D, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T, Awai K, Amagai M, Kuwata C,Tsugane T, Masuda T, Shimada H, Takamiya K-I, Ohata H, Tabata S (2001) Monitoring of methyl jasmonate-reponsive genes in Arabidopsis by cDNA macroarray: self-activation of jasmonic acid biosynthesis and cross-talk with other phyto-hormone signaling pathways. DNA Res 8: 153–161
Saunders K, Norman A, Gucciardo S, Stanley J (2004) The DNA β satellite component associated with ageratum yellow vein disease encodes an essential pathogenicity protein (βc1). Virology 324: 37–47
Schaad MC, Lellis AD, Carrington JC (1997) VPg of Tobacco etch potyvirus is a host genotype-specific determinant for long distance movement. J Virol 71: 8624–8631
Schachermayr G, Siedler H, Gale MD, Winzeler H, Winzeler M, Keller B (1994) Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene to wheat. Theor Appl Genet 88: 110–115
Schenk PM, Kazan K, Wilson I, Anderson JP, Richmond T, Somerville SC, Manners JM (2000) Coordinated plant defense responses in Arabidopsis revealed by microarray analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 11655–11660
Schnursch T, Pailard S, Schori A, Messmer M, Schachermayr G, Winzeler M, Keller H (2004) Dissertation of quantitative and durable leaf rust resistance in Swiss winter wheat reveals a major resistance QTL in the Lr 34 chromosomal region. Theoret Appl Genet 108:477–482
Schornack S, Ballvora A, Gürlebeck D, Peart J, Baulcombe D, Baker B, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2004) The tomato resistance protein Bs4 is a predicted non-nuclear TIR-NB-LRR protein that mediates defense responses to severely truncated derivatives of AvrBs4 and overexpressed AvrBs3. Plant J 37: 46–60
Schornack S, Meyer A, Römer P, Jordan T, Lahaye T (2006) Gene-for-gene-mediated recognition of nuclear-targeted AvrBs3-like bacterial effector proteins. J Plant Physiol 163: 256–272
Schornack S, Peter K, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2005) Expression levels of avrBs3-like genes affect recognition specificity in tomato Bs4 but not in pepper Bs3-mediated perception. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 1215–1225
Schulze-Lefert P (2004) Knocking on heaven’s wall: pathogenesis of and resistance to biotrophic fungi at the cell wall. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7: 377–383
Schwach F, Vaistij FE, Jones L, Baulcomb DC (2005) An RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase prevents meristem invasion by Potato virus X and is required for the activity but not the production of a systemic silencing signal. Plant Physiol 138: 1842–1845
Schweizer P, Buchala A, Dudler R, Métraux JP (1998) Induced systemic resistance in wounded rice plants. Plant J 14: 474–481
Schweizer P, Buchala A, Silverman P, Seskar M, Raskin I, Métraux JP (1997) Jasmonate-inducible genes are activated in rice by pathogen attack without a concomitant increase in endogenous jasmonic acid levels. Plant Physiol 114: 79–88
Scott JW, Schuster DJ (1991) Screening of accessions for resistance to the Florida tomato geminivirus. Tomato Genet Coop Rep 41: 48–50
Sejalon-Delmas N, Villalba Mateos F, Bottin A, Rickauer M, Dargent R, Esquerré-Tugayé MT (1997) Purification, elicitor activity and cell wall localization of a glycoprotein from Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, a fungal pathogen of tobacco. Phytopathology 87: 899–909
Seo Y-S, Gepts P, Gilbertson RL (2004) Genetics of resistance to the geminivirus, Bean dwarf mosaic virus, and the role of the hypersensitive response in common bean. Theor Appl Genet 108: 786–793
Seo Y-S, Zhou Y-C, Turini TA, Cook CG, Gilbertson RL, Natwick ET (2006) Evaluation of cotton germplasm for resistance to the whitefly and cotton leaf crumple (CLCr) disease and etiology of CLCr in California’s Imperial Valley. Plant Dis 90: 877–884
Sesssa G, Martin GB (2000) Protein kinases in the plant defense response. Adv Bot Res 32: 379–404
Shahin EA, Spivey R (1986) A single dominant gene for Fusarium wilt resistance in protoplasts-derived tomato plants. Theo Appl Genet 73: 164–169
Shan L, He P, Zhou JM, Tang X (2000) A cluster of mutations disrupt the virulence but not the virulence function of AvrPto. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 592–596
Shaner G, Buechley G, Nyquist WE (1997) Inheritance of latent period of Puccinia recondita in wheat. Crop Sci 37:748–756
Shankar M, Gregory A, Kalkhoven MS, Sweetingham MW (1998) A competitive ELISA for detecting resistance to latent stem infection by Diaporthe toxica in narrow-leaved lupins. Aust Plant Pathol 27: 251–258
Shen KA, Chin DB, Arroyo-Garcia R, Ochoa OE, Lavelle DO, Wroblewski T, Meyers BC,Michelmore RW (2002a) Dm3 is one member of a large constitutively-expressed family of NBS-LRR encoding genes. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 251–261
Shen KA, Meyers BC, Islam Faridi MN, Chin DB, Stelly DM, Michemore RW (1998) Resistance gene candidates identified by PCR with degenerate oligonucleotide primers map to clusters of resistance genes in lettuce. Mol Plant Microbiol Inst 11: 815–823
Shen Q-H, Zhou F, Bieri S, Haizel T, Shirasu K, Shulze-Lefert P (2003) Recognition specificity and Rar1/Sgt1 dependence in barley Mla disease resistance genes to the powdery mildew fungus. Plant Cell 15: 732–744
Shen Y, Sharma P, da Silva FG, Ronald P (2002b) The Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae raxP and rax Q genes encode an ATP sulfurylase and APS kinase that are required for AvrXa21 avirulence activity. Mol Microbiol 44: 37–48
Shi C, Thümmler F, Melchinger AE, Wenzel G, Lübberstedt T (2005) Association between SCMV resistance and macroarray-based expression patterns in maize inbreds. Mol Breeding 16: 173–184
Shi Y (2002) Mechanisms of caspase activation and inhibition during apoptosis. Mol Cell 9: 459–470
Shibuya N, Minami E (2001) Oligosaccharide signaling for defense responses in plants. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 59: 223–233
Shimada T, Yamada K, Kalaska M, Nakaune S, Koumoto Y, Kuroyanagi M, Tabata S, Kato T, Shinozaki K, Seki M (2003) Vacuolar processing enzymes are essential for proper processing of seed storage proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 278: 32292–32299
Shimizu N, Hosogi N, Hyon GS, Jiang S, Inoue K, Park P (2006) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and ROS-induced lipid peroxidation are associated with plasma membrane modifications in host cells in response to AK-toxin I from Alternaria alteranta, Japanese pear pathotype. J Gen Plant Pathol 72: 6–15
Shirasu K, Lahaye T, Tan MW, Zhou FS, Azevedo C, Schutze-Lefert P (1999) A novel class of eukaryotic zinc-binding proteins is required for disease resistance signaling in barley and development in C. elegans. Cell 99: 355–366
Shirasu K, Schulze-Lefert P (2003) Complex formation, promiscuity and multi-functionality: protein interactions in disease resistance pathways. Trend Plant Sci 8: 252–258
Shukla DD, Ward CW, Brunt AA (1994) The potyviridae. CAB International, Wallingford, UK
Silhavy D, Burgyan J (2004) Effects and side-effects of viral RNA silencing suppressors on short RNAs. Trend Plant Sci 9: 76–83
Silipo A, Molinaro A, Sturiale L, Dow JM, Erbs G, Lanzetta R, Newman MA, Parrilli M (2005) The elicitation of plant innate immunity by lipopolysaccharide of Xanthomonas campestris. J Biol Chem 280: 33660–33668
Silué D, Notteghem JL, Tharreau D (1992a) Evidence of a gene-for-gene relationship in the Oryza sativa-Magnaporthe grisea pathosystem. Phytopathology 82: 577–580
Silué D, Tharreau D, Notteghem JL (1992b) Identification of Magnaporthe grisea virulence gene to seven rice cultivars. Phytopathology 82: 1462–1467
Silvar C, Díaz J, Merino F (2005) Real-time polymerase chain reaction quantification of Phytophthora capsici in different pepper genotypes. Phytopathology 95: 1423–1429
Silverman P, Seskar M, Kanter D, Schweizer P, Métraux JP, Raskin I (1995) Salicylic acid in rice (biosynthesis, conjugation and possible role). Plant Physiol 108: 633–639
Singh RP (1993) Genetic association of gene Bdv1 for tolerance to Barley yellow dwarf virus with genes Lr34 and Yr18 for adult plant resistance to rusts in bread wheat. Plant Dis 77: 1103–1106
Singh RP, Gupta AK (1992) Expression of wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 in seedlings and adult plants. Plant Dis 76:489–491
Singh RP, Mujeeb Kazi A, Huerta-Espino J (1998) Lr46: A gene conferring slow-rusting resistance to leaf rust in wheat. Phytopathology 88: 890–894
Sjödin CH, Glimelius K (1989) Differences in response to the toxin sirodesmin PL produced by Phoma lingam (Tode ex Fr) Desm. on protoplasts, cell aggregates and intact plants of resistant and susceptible Brassica accessions. Theor Appl Genet 77: 76–80
Skiba B, Ford R, Pang ECK (2005) Construction of a cDNA library of Lathyrus sativus inoculated with Mycosphaerella pinodes and the expression of potential defense related expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66: 55–67
Smith N, Singh S, Wang MB, Stoutjesdijk P, Green A, Waterhouse PM (2000) Total silencing by intron-spliced hairpin RNAs. Nature 407: 319–320
Solomon-Blackburn RM, Barker H (2001) A review of host major gene resistance to potato viruses X, Y, A and V in potato: genes, genetics and mapped locations. Heredity 86: 8–16
Somssich IE, Schmelzer E, Kawalleck P, Hahlbrock K (1988) Gene structure and in situ trancript localization of pathogenesis-related protein 1 in parsley. Mol Gen Genet 213: 93–98
Song J, Bradeen JM, Naes SK, Raasch JA, Wielgus SM, Haberlach GT, Liu J, Kuang H,Austin-Phillips S, Buell CR, Helgeson JP, Jiang J (2003) Gene RB cloned from Solanum bulbocastanum confers broad spectrum resistance to potato late blight. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100: 9128–9133
Song HS, Lim SM, Clark JM Jr (1993) Purification and partial characterization of a host-specific pathotoxin from culture filtrates of Septoria glycines. Phytopathology 83: 659–661
Song HS, Lim SM, Widholm JM (1994) Selection and regeneration of soybeans resistant to the pathotoxic culture filtrates of Septoria glycines. Phytopathology 84: 948–951
Song WY, Wang GL, Chen L, Kim HS, Pi LY, Gardner J, Wang B, Holsten T, Zhai WX, Zhu LH, Fauquet C, Ronald P (1995) A receptor-kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene Xa21. Science 270: 1804–1806
Sontheimer EJ, Carthew RW (2005) Silence from within: Endogenous siRNAs and miRNAs. Cell 122: 9–12
Soosaar JL, Burch-Smith TM, Dinesh-Kumar SP (2005) Mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. Nature Rev Microbiol 3: 789–798
Srichumpa P, Brunner S, Keller B, Yahiaoui N (2005) Allelic series of four powdery mildew resistance genes at the Pm3 locus in hexaploid bread wheat. Plant Physiol 139: 885–895
Stakman EC, Harrar JG (1957) Principles of plant pathology. Ronald Press, New York
Strassner J, Schaller F, Frick UB, Howe GA,Weiler EW, Amrheirn N, Macheroux P, Schaller A (2002) Characterization and cDNA microarray expression analysis of 12-oxophytodienoate reductases reveals differential roles for octadecanoid biosynthesis in the local versus the systemic wound response. Plant J 32: 585–601
Subramanian S, Graham MY, Yu O, Graham TL (2005) RNA interference of soybean isoflavone synthase genes leads to silencing in tissues distal to the transformation site and to enhanced susceptibility to Phytophthora sojae. Plant Physiol 137: 1345–1353
Sun XL, Cao YL, Yang ZF, Xu CG, Li XH, Wang SP, Zhang QF (2004) Xa26 a gene conferring resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice, encodes an LRR receptor kinase-like protein. Plant J 37: 517–527
Suzuki K (2002) MAP kinase cascades in elicitor signal transduction. J Plant Res 115: 237–244
Švábová L, Lebeda A (2005) In vitro selection for improved plant resistance to toxin-producing pathogens. J Phytopathol 153:52–64
Szittya G, Molnar A, Silhavy D, Hornyik C, Burgyan J (2002) Short defective interfering RNAs to tombusviruses are not targeted but trigger post-transcriptional gene silencing against their helper virus. Plant Cell 14: 359–372
Takahashi Y, Berberich T, Yamashita K, Uehara Y, Miyazaki A, Kusano T (2004) Identification of tobacco HIN1 and two closely related genes as spermine-responsibe genes and their differential expression during the Tobacco mosaic virus-induced hypersensitive response and during leaf-and flower-senescence. Plant Mol Biol 54: 613–622
Takahashi Y, Nasir KHB, Ito A, Kanzaki H, Matsumura H, Saitoh H, Fujisawa S, Kamoun S, Terauchi R (2007) A high-throughput screen of cell-death-inducing factors in Nicotiana benthamiana identifies a novel MAPKK that mediates INF-1 induced cell death signaling and nonhost resistance to Pseudomonas eichorii. Plant J 49: 1030–1040
Takai R, Matsuda N, Nakano A, Hasegawa K, Akimoto C, Shibuya N, Minami E (2002) EL5, a rice N-acetyl chitooligo-saccharide elicitor-responsive RING-H2 finger protein, is a ubiquitin ligase which functions in vitro in cooperation with an elicitor-responsive ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, OsUBC 5b. Plant J 30: 447–455
Takeda A, Tsukuda M, Mizumoto H, Okamoto K, Kaido M, Mise K, Okuno T (2005) A plant RNA virus suppresses RNA silencing through viral RNA replication. EMBO J 24: 3147–3157
Takeda K, Kaisho T, Akira S (2003) Toll-like receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 21: 335–376
Takken FLW, Joosten MHAJ (2000) Plant resistance genes: their structure, function and evolution. Eur J Plant Pathol 106:699–713
Tang G, Reinhart BJ, Bartel DP, Zamore PD (2003) A biochemical framework for RNA silencing in plants. Genes Develop 17: 49–63
Tang X, Frederick RD, Zhou J, Halterman DA, Jia Y, Martin GB (1996) Physical interaction of avrPto and the Pto kinase defines a recognition event involved in plant disease resistance. Science 274: 2060–2063
Taraporewala ZF, Culver JN (1997) Structural and functional conservation of the tobamovirus coat protein elicitor active site. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 597–604
Tenllado F, Díaz-Ruíz JR (2002) Double stranded RNA-mediated interference with plant virus infection. J Virol 75: 12288–12297
Tenllado F, Llave C, Díaz-Ruíz JR (2004) RNA interference as a new biotechnological tool for the control of virus diseases in plants. Virus Res 102: 85–96
Tenllado F, Martinez-Garcia B, Vargas M, Díaz-Ruíz JR (2003) Crude extracts of bacterially expressed dsRNA can be used to protect plants against virus infections. BMC Biotechnol 3:3
Thakur M, Sharma DR, Sharma SK (2002) In vitro selection and regeneration of carnation(Dianthus caryophyllus L.) plant resistant to culture filtrate of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. dianthi. Plant Cell Rep 20: 825–828
Thaler JS, Bostock RM (2004) Interactions between abscisic acid-mediated responses and plant resistance to pathogens and insects. Ecology 85: 48–58
Thomas CM, Dixon MS, Parniske M, Golstein C, Jones JDG (1998) Genetic and molecular analysis of tomato Cf genes for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum. Phil Trans Royal Soc London Ser B Biol Sci 353:1413–1424
Thurston G, Regen S, Rampitcsch C, Xing T (2005) Proteomic and phosphoproteomic approaches to understand plant-pathogen interactions. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 66: 3–11
Thwaites R, Spanu PD, Panopoulos NJ, Stevens C, Mansfield JW (2004) Transcriptional regulation of components of the type III secretion system and effectors in Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 17: 1250–1253
Tian M, Benedetti B, Kanwun S (2005a) A second Kazal-like protease inhibitor from Phytophthora infestans inhibits and interacts with the apoplastic pathogenesis-related protease-P69B of tomato. Plant Physiol 138: 1785–1793
Tian M, Huitema E, da Cunha L, Torto-Alalibo T, Kamoun S (2004) A Kazal-like extracellular serine protease inhibitor from Phytophthora infestans targets the tomato pathogenesis-related protease P69B. J Biol Chem 279: 26370–26377
Tian M, Win J, Song J, van der Hoorn R, van der Knaap E, Kamoun S (2007) A Phytophthora infestans cystatin-like protein targets a novel tomato papain-like apoplastic protease. Plant Physiol 143: 364–377
Tian S, Wolf GA, Weinert J (2005b) Accurate assessment of wheat and triticale cultivar resistance to Septoria tritici and Stagonospora nodorum infection by biotin/avidin ELISA. Plant Dis 89: 1229–1234
Tognolli M, Penel C, Greppin H, Simon P (2002) Analysis and expression of the class III peroxidase large gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene 288: 129–138
Tor M, Yemm A, Holub E (2003) The role of proteolysis in R gene mediated defence in plants. Mol Plant Pathol 4: 287–296
Torres MA, Dangl JL (2005) Functions of the respiratory burst oxidase in biotic stress and development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 8: 397–403
Torres MA, Jones JDG, Dangl JL (2006) Reactive oxygen species signaling in response to pathogens. Plant Physiol 141: 373–378
Townsend BJ, Poole A, Blake CJ, Llewellyn DJ (2005) Antisense suppression of a (+)-δ-cadinene synthase gene in cotton prevents the induction of this defense response gene during bacterial blight infection but not its constitutive expression. Plant Physiol 138: 516–528
Truman W, Bennett MH, Kubigsteltig I, Turnbull C, Grant M (2007) Arabidopsis systemic immunity uses conserved defense signaling pathways and is mediated by jasmonates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104: 1075–1080
Ueeda M, Jubota M, Nishi K (2006) Contribution of jasmonic acid to resistance against Phytophthora blight in Capsicum annuum cv. SCM 334. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 67: 149–154
Uppalapatti SR, Toyoda K, Yasuhiro I, Ichinose Y, Shiraishi T (2004) Differential regulation of MBP kinase by a glycoprotein elicitor and a polypeptide suppressor from Mycosphaerella pinodes in pea. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 64: 17–25
Valentine T, Shaw J, Block VC, Philips MS, Oparka KJ, Lacomme C (2004) Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in roots using a modified Tobacco rattle virus vector. Plant Physiol 136: 3999–4009
Valkonen JPT, Rokka VM, Watanabe KN (1998) Examination of the leaf-drop symptom of virus infected potato using anther culture-derived haploids. Phytopathology 88: 1073–1077
Van Camp W, Van Montagu M, Inze D (1998) H2 O2 and NO: redox signals in disease resistance. Trend Plant Sci 3: 330–334
Vance V, Vaucheret H (2001) RNA silencing in plants- defense and counterdefense. Science 292: 2277–2280
Vandemark GJ, Barker BM (2003) Quantifying Phytophthora medicaginis in susceptible and resistant alfalfa with a real-time fluorescent PCR assay. J Phytopathol 151: 577–583
Vandemark GJ, Grünwald NJ (2005) Use of real-time PCR to examine the relationship between disease severity in pea and Aphanomyces euteiches DNA content in roots. Euro J Plant Pathol 111: 309–316
Vandemark GJ, Miklas PN (2002) A fluorescent PCR assay for the codominant interpretation of a dominant SCAR marker linked to the virus resistance allele bc-I 2 in common bean. Mol Breeding 10: 193–201
Vandemark GJ, Miklas PN (2005) Genotyping common bean for the potyvirus resistance alleles I and bc-I 2 with a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Phytopathology 95: 499–505
Van den Ackerveken GFJM, van Kan JAL, de Wit JGMP (1992) Molecular analysis of the avirulence gene avr9 of the fungal tomato pathogen Caldosporium fulvum fully supports the gene-for-gene hypothesis. Plant J 2: 359–366
Van den Burg HA, Westerink N, Frankoijs K, Roth R, Woestenenk E, Boeren S, de Wit PJGM, Joosten MHAJ, Vervoort J (2003) Natural disulfide bond-disrupted mutants of Avr4 of the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum are sensitive to proteolysis-circumvent Cf-4-mediated resistance but retain their chitin binding ability. J Biol Chem 278: 27340–27346
Van der Biezen EA, Jones JDG (1998) Plant disease-resistance proteins and the gene-for-gene concepts. Trend Biochem Sci 12: 454–456
Vanderplank JE (1963) Plant diseases: epidemics and control. Academic Press, New York
Vanderplank JE (1984) Disease resistance in plants, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Inc, Orlando FL, USA
Van der Vossen EA, van der Voort JN, Kanyuka K, Bendahmane A, Sandbrink H, Baulcombe DC, Bakker J, Stiekema WJ, Klein Lankhorst M (2000) Homologues of a single resistance-gene cluster in potato confer resistance to distinct pathogens: a virus and nematode. Plant J 23: 567–576
Van Loon LC, Van Strien EA (1999) The families of pathogenesis-related proteins, their activities and comparative analysis of PR-1 type proteins. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 55: 85–97
van’t Slot KAE, Knogge W (2002) A dual role for microbial pathogen-derived effector proteins in plant disease and resistance. Critical Rev Plant Sci 21: 229–271
Vassilakos N, Vellios EK Brown DJF, Mac Farlane SA (2001) Tobravirus 2b protein acts in trans to facilitate transmission by nematodes. Virology 279: 478–487
Vellios E, Brown DJF, MacFarlane SA (2002) Substitution of a single amino acid in the 2b protein of Pea early-browning virus affects nematode transmission. J Gen Virol 83: 1771–1775
Veneault-Fourrey C, Lauge R, Langin T (2005) Nonpathogenic strains of Colletotrichumlindemuthaianum trigger progressive bean defense responses during appressorium-mediated penetration. Appl Environ Microbiol 71: 4761–4770
Ventelon-Debout M, Delalande F, Brizard JP, Diemer H, Dorsselaer AV, Brugidou C (2004) Proteome analysis of cultivar-specific deregulations of Oryza sativa indica and O. sativa japonica cellular suspensions undergoing Rice yellow mottle virus infection. Proteomics 4: 216–225
Vidal S, Cabrera H, Andersson RA, Fredriksson A, Valkonen JPT (2002) Potato gene Y-1 is an N-gene homolog that confers cell death upon infection with Potato virus Y . Mol Plant Microbe Interact 15: 717–727
Vidhyasekaran P, Ling DH, Borromeo ES, Zapata FJ, Mew TW (1990) Selection of brown spot-resistant rice plants from Helminthosporium oryzae toxin-resistant calluses. Ann Appl Biol 117: 515–523
Vijayan P, Shockey J, Levesque CA, Cook RJ, Browse JA (1998) A role for jasmonate in pathogen defense of Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7209–7214
Villalba Mateos F, Rickauer M, Esquerre-Tugaye MT (1997) Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding an elicitor of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae that shows cellulose-binding and lectin-like activities. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 10: 1045–1053
Vinatzer B, Patocchi A, Gianfranceschi L, Tartarini S, Zhang H, Gessler C, Sansavini S (2001) Apple contains receptor-like genes homologous to the Cladosporium fulvum resistance gene family of tomato with a cluster of genes cosegregating with Vf apple scab resistance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 14: 508–515
Viswanathan R, Padmanaban P, Mohanraj D, Jothi R (2000) Indirect-ELISA technique for detection of the red rot pathogen in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. Hybrid) and resistance screening. Indian J Agrl Sci 70: 308–311
Vleeshouwers VGAA, Driesprong JD, Kamphuis LG, Torto-Alaibo T, Van’t Slot KAE, Govers F, Visser RGF, Jacobsen E, Kamoun S (2006) Agro infection-based high throughput screening reveals specific recognition of INF elicitins in Solanum. Mol Plant Pathol 7: 499–510
Von Gönner M, Schlösser E, Neubacher H (1993) Evidence from electron-spin resonance for formation of free radicals during infection of Avena sativa by Drechslera spp. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 42: 405–412
Voinnet O (2001) RNA silencing as a plant immune system against viruses. Trend Genet 17: 449–459
Voinnet O, Lederer CC, Baulcombe D (2000) A viral movement protein prevents spread of the gene silencing signal in Nicotiana benthamiana. Cell 103: 157–167
Von Tiedemann A (1997) Evidence for a primary role of active oxygen species in induction of host cell death during infection of bean leaves with Botrytis cinerea. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 50: 151–166
Wan J, Dunning FM, Bent AF (2002) Probing plant-pathogen interactions and downstream defense signaling using DNA microarrays. Funct Integ Genom 2: 259–273
Wan J, Zhang S, Stacey G (2004) Activation of a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in Arabidopsis by chitin. Mol Plant Pathol 5: 125–135
Wan YF, Yen C, Yang JL (1997) The diversity of head scab resistance in Triticeae and their relation to ecological conditions. Euphytica 97: 277–281
Wang D, Weaver ND, Kesarwani M, Dong X (2005) Induction of protein secretory pathway is required for systemic acquired resistance. Science 308: 1036–1040
Wang GL, Holsten TT, Song WY, Wang HP, Ronald PC (1995) Construction of a rice bacterial artifical chromosome library and identification of clones linked to the Xa21 disease resistance locus. Plant J 7: 525–533
Wang GL, Song WY, De Ruan L, Siderio S, Ronald PC (1996) The cloned gene Xa21 confers resistance to multiple Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae isolates in transgenic plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 9: 850–855
Wang HL, Sudarshana MR, Gilbertson RL, Lucas WJ (1999a) Analysis of cell-to-cell and long-distance movement of bean long-distance movement of Bean dwarf mosaic virus-green fluorescent protein reporter in host and non-host species: Identification of sites of resistance. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 12: 345–355
Wang J, Higgins VJ (2006) Nitric oxide modulates H2O2-mediated defenses in the Colletotrichum coccodes-tomato interaction. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 67: 131–137
Wang JY, Cai Y, Gou JY, Mao YB, Xu YH, Jiang WH, Chen XY (2004a) VdNEP, an elicitor from Verticillium dahliae, induces cotton plant wilting. Appl Environ Microbiol 70: 4989–4995
Wang MB, Abbott DC, Waterhouse PM (2000) A single copy of a virus-derived transgene encoding hairpin RNA gives immunity to Barley yellow dwarf virus. Mol Plant Pathol 1: 347–356
Wang MB, Bian XY, Wu LM, Liu LM, Liu LX, Smith NA, Isenegger D, Wu RM, Masuta C, Vance VB, Watson JM, Rezaian A, Dennis ES, Waterhouse PM (2004b) On the role of RNA silencing in the pathogenicity and evolution of viroids and viral satellites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 3275–3280
Wang X, El Hadrami A, Adam L, Daayf F (2004c) US-1 and US-8 genotypes of Phytophthora infestans differentially affect local, peroximal and distal gene expression of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 3-hydroxy-3 methylglutaryl CoA reductase in potato leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 65: 157–167
Wang ZX, Yano M, Yamanouchi U, Iwamoto M, Monna L, Hayasaka H, Katayose Y, Sasaki T (1999b) The Pi-bgene for blast resistance belongs to the nucleotide binding and leucine-rich repeat class of plant disease resistance genes. Plant J 19: 55–64
Ward ER, Uknes SJ, Williams SC, Dincher SS, Wiederhold DL, Alexander A, Ahl-Goy P, Métraux JP, Ryals JA (1991) Coordinate gene activity in response to agents that induce systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 3: 1085–1094
Watanabe Y, Kishibayashi N, Motoyoshi F, Okada Y (1987) Characterization of Tm-1 gene action on replication of common isolates and a resistance-breaking isolate of TMV. Virology 161: 527–532
Waterhouse PM, Wang MB, Lough T (2001) Gene silencing as an adaptive defense against viruses. Nature 411: 834–842
Weber M, Pfitzner AJP (1998) Tm-2 2 resistance in tomato requires recognition of the carboxy terminus of the movement protein of Tomato mosaic virus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11: 498–503
Weber H, Schultze S, Pfitzner AJP (1993) Amino acid substitutions in the Tomato mosaic virus 30-kilodalton movement protein confer the ability to overcome the Tm-2 2 resistance gene in tomato. J Virol 67: 6432–6438
Wei ZM, Lacy RJ, Zumoff CH, Bauer DW, He SY, Collmer A, Beer SV (1992) Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science 257: 85–88
Wei ZM, Qui D, Kropp MJ, Schading R (1998) Harpin, an HR elicitor activates both defense and growth systems in many commercially important crops. Phytopathology 88:S96
Weiergang I, Dunkle LD, Wood KV, Nicholson RL (1996) Morphogenic regulation of pathotoxin synthesis in Cochliobolus carbonum. Fungal Genet Biol 20: 74–78
Weiergang I, Wood KV, Dunkle LD, Nicholson RL (2004) In vivo growth and pathotoxin production by the maize pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol64: 273–279
Wen W, Wang J (2001) Cloning and expressing a harpin gene from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Acta Phytopathol Sin 31: 296–300
Werling D, Jungi TW (2003) TOLL-like receptors linking innate and adaptive immune response. Veter Immunol Immunopathol 91: 1–12
Wesley SV, Helliwell CA, Smith NA,Wang MB, Rouse DT, Liu Q, Gooding PS, Singh SP, Abott D, Stoutjesdijk PA (2001) Construct design for efficient effective and high-thoroughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J 27: 581–590
Whitham S, Dinesh-kumar SP, Choi D, Hehl R, Corr C, Baker B (1994) The product of Tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N: similarity to Toll and the inter leukin-1 receptor. Cell 78: 1101–1115
Whitham S, McCormick S, Baker B (1996) The N gene tobacco confers resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus in transgenic tomato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 8776–8781
Whittaker GR, Helenius A (1998) Nuclear import and export of viruses and virus genomes. Virology 246: 1–23
Wichmann G, Bergelson J (2004) Effector genes of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria promote transmission and enhance other fitness traits in the field. Genetics 166:693–706
Wilcoxson RD, Skovmand L, Stif AH (1975) Evaluation of wheat cultivars for their ability to retard development of stem rust. Ann App Biol 80: 275–286
William HMD, Hoisington D, Singh RP, Gonzalez-Lean D (1997) Detection of quantitative trait loci associated with leaf rust resistance in bread wheat. Genome 40:253–260
Williams EB, Kuć J (1969) Resistance in Malus to Venturia inaequalis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 7: 223–246
Williams M, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Ortiz Islas S, Hoisington D (2003) Molecular marker mapping of leaf rust resistance gene Lr46 and its association with stripe rust resistance gene Yr29 in wheat. Phytopathology 93:153–159
Wilson FD, Brown JK, Butler GD Jr (1989) Reaction of cotton cultivars and lines to Cotton leaf crumple virus. AZ-NV Acad Sci 23: 7–10
Wise RP (2000) Disease resistance: what’s brewing in barley genomics. Plant Dis 84: 1160–1170
Witsenboer H, Kesseli RV, Fortin M, Stanghellini M, Michelmore RW (1995) Sources and genetic structure of a cluster of genes for resistance of three pathogens in lettuce. Theor Appl Genet 91: 178–188
Wu AJ, Andriotis VME, Durrant MC, Rathjen JP (2004) A patch of surface-exposed residues mediates negative regulation of immune signaling by tomato Pto kinase. Plant cell 16: 2809–2821
Xie Z, Chen Z (2000) Harpin-induced hypersensitive cell death is associated with altered mitochondrial functions in tobacco cells. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13: 183–190
Xu M, Korban S (2002) A cluster of four receptor-like genes resides in the Vf locus that confers resistance to apple scab disease. Genetics 162: 1995–2006
Xu ML, Melchinger AE, Lübbersedt T (2000) Origin of Scm1 and Scm2-two loci conferring resistance to Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) in maize. Theor Appl Genet 100: 934–941
Xu X, Bai G, Carver BF, Shaner GE, Hunger RM (2005) Molecular characterization of slow leaf-rusting resistance in wheat. Crop Sci 45: 758–765
Xu X, Chen C, Fan B, Chen Z (2006) Physical and functional interaction between pathogen-induced Arabidopsis WRKY18, WRKY40 and WRKY60 transcription factors. Plant Cell 18: 1310–1326
Yahiaoui N, Brunner S, Keller B (2006) Rapid generation of new powdery mildew resistance genes after wheat domestication. Plant J 47: 85–98
Yahiaoui N, Srichumpa P, Dudler R, Keller B (2004) Genome analysis at different ploidy levels allows cloning of the powdery mildew resistance gene Pm3b from hexaploid wheat. Plant J 37: 528–538
Yamamoto Y, Iketani H, Ieki H, Nishizawa Y, Notsuka K, Hibi T, Hayashi T, Matsuta N (2000) Transgenic grapevine plants expressing a rice chitinase to fungal pathogens. Plant Cell Rep 19: 639–646
Yamaguchi T, Minami E, Shibuya N (2003) Activation of phospholipases by N-acetylchi-tooligosaccharide elicitor in suspension-cultured rice cells mediates reactive oxygengeneration. Physiol Plant 118: 361–370
Yamaguchi T, Minami E, Ueki J, Shibuya N (2005) Elicitor-induced activation of phospholipases plays an important role for the induction of defense responses in suspension-cultured rice cells. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 579–587
Yamakawa H, Kamada H, Satoh M, Ohashi Y (1998) Spermine is a salicylate-independent endogenous inducer for both tobacco acidic pathogenesis-related proteins and resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Plant Physiol 118: 1213–1222
Yan G, Chen X (2007) Molecular mapping of the rps1.a recessive gene for resistance to stripe rust in BBA 2890 barley. Phytopathology 97: 668–673
Yang B, Sugio A, White FF (2005) Avoidance of host recognition by alterations in the repetitive and C-terminal regions of Avrxa7, a type III effector of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 18: 142–149
Yang W, Francis DM (2005) Marker-assisted selection for combining resistance to bacterial spot and bacterial speck in tomato. J Amer Soc Hort Sci 130: 716–721
Yang Y, Qi M, Mei C (2004) Endogenous salicylic acid protects rice plants from oxidative damage caused by aging as well as biotic and abiotic stress. Plant J 40: 909–919
Yang Z, Sun X, Wang S, Zhang Q (2003) Genetic and physical mapping of a new gene for bacterial blight resistance in rice. Theor Appl Genet 106: 1467–1472
Yoshimura S, Yamanouchi U, Katayose Y, Toki S, Wang ZX, Kono I, Kurata N, Yano M, Iwata N, Sakaki T (1998) Expression of Xa1, a bacterial blight-resistance gene in rice, is induced by bacterial inoculation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 1663–1668
Yasuda N, Noguchi MT, Fujita Y (2005) Identification of an avirulence gene in the fungus Magnaporthe grisea corresponding to a resistance gene at the Pik locus. Phytopathology95: 768–772
Young SA, Wang X, Leach JE (1996) Changes in the plasma membrane distribution of rice phospholipase D during resistant interactions with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Plant Cell 8: 1079–1090
Yuan Y, Zhong S, Li Q, Zhu Z, Lou Y, Wang L, Wang J, Wang M, Li Q, Yang D, He Z (2007) Functional analysis of rice NPR1-like genes reveals that Yuan Y, Zhong S, Li Q, Zhu ZOsNPR1/NH1 is the rice orthologue conferring disease resistance with enhanced herbivore susceptibility. Plant Biotechnol J 5: 313–324
Yu IC, Parker J, Bent AF (1998) Gene-for-gene disease resistance without the hypersensitive response in Arabidopsis dnd1 mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7819–7824
Zaitlin D, De Mars S, Ma Y (1993) Linkage of rhm, a recessive gene for resistance to southern corn blight to RFLP marker loci in maize (Zea mays) seedlings. Genome 36: 555–564
Zambino PJ, Kubelik AR, Szabo LJ (2000) Gene action and linkage of avirulence genes to DNA markers in the rust fungus Puccinia graminis. Phytopathology 90: 819–826
Zamir D, Ekstein-Michelson I, Zakay Y, Navot N, Zeidan M, Safatti M, Eshed Z, Harel E, Pleban T, van-Oss H, Kedar N, Rabinowitch HD, Czonek H (1994) Mapping and introgression of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus tolerance gene, Ty-1. Theor Appl Genet 88: 141–146
Zeidler D, Zahringer U, Gerber I, Dubery I, Hartung T, Bors W, Hutzler P, Durner J (2004) Innate immunity in Arabidopsis thaliana: lipopolysaccharides activate nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and induce defense genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101: 15811–15816
Zeller FJ, Hsam SLK (1998) Progress in breeding for resistance to powdery mildew in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L). In: Slinkard AE (ed) Proceedings of the ninth international wheat genetic symposium, vol 1. University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, pp 178–180
Zhang S, Du H, Klessig DF (1998) Activation of the tobacco SIP kinase by both a cell-wall-derived carbohydrate elicitor and purified proteinaceous elicitins from Phytophthora spp. Plant cell 10: 435–449
Zhang S, Klessig DF (1997) Salicylic acid activates a 48-kDa MAP kinase in tobacco. Plant Cell 9: 809–824
Zhang S, Klessig DF (1998a) Resistance gene N-mediated de novo synthesis and activation of a tobacco mitogen-activated protein kinase by Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7433–7438
Zhang S, Klessig DF (1998b) The tobacco wounding-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase is encoded by SIPK. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 7225–7230
Zhang S, Klessig DF (2001) MAPK cascades in plant defense signaling. Trend Plant Sci 6: 520–527
Zhang X, Zhou M, Ren L, Bai G, Ma H, Scholten OE, Guo P, Lu W (2004) Molecular characterization of Fusarium head blight resistance from wheat variety Wangshuibai. Euphytica 139: 59–64
Zhang Y, Wang L (2005) The WRKY transcription factor superfamily: its origin in eukaryotes and expansion in plants. BMC Evol Biol 5: 1–12
Zhang Z, Feechan A, Pedersen C, Newman MA, Qiu J, Olesen KL, Thordal-Christensen H (2007) A SNARE-protein has opposing functions in penetration resistance and defence signaling pathways. Plant J 49: 302–312
Zhao Y, Thilmony R, Bender CL, Schaller A, He SY, Howe GA (2003) Virulence system of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato promote bacterial speck disease in tomato by targeting the jasmonate signaling pathway. Plant J 36: 485–499
Zhen XH, Li YZ (2004) Ultrastructural changes and location of β-1, 3-glucanase in resistant and susceptible cotton callus cells in response to treatment with toxin of Verticillium dahliae and salicylic acid. J Plant Pathol 161: 1367–1377
Zhou B, Qu S, Liu G, Dolan M, Sakai H, Lu G, Bellizzi M, Wang GL (2006a) The eight amino-acid differences within three leucine-rich repeats between PiZ and Piz-t resistance proteins determine the resistance specificity to Magnaporthe grisea. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 19: 1216–1228
Zhou WC, Kolb FL, Bai GH, Schaner GE, Domier LL (2002) Genetic analysis of scab resistance QTL in wheat with microsatellite and AFLP markers. Genome 45: 719–727
Zhou ZS, Dell’Orco M, Saldarelli P, Turturo C, Minafra A, Martelli GP (2006b) Identification of an RNA-silencing suppression in the genome of Grapevine virus A. J Gen Virol 87:DOI 10–1099 1vir.O.81893-O
Zhu M, Wang L, Pan Q (2004) Identification and characterization of a new blast resistance located on rice chromosome 1 through linakge and differential analyses. Phytopathology 94: 515–519
Zhu Q, Maher EA, Masoud S, Dixon RA, Lamb CJ (1994) Enhanced protein against fungal attack by constitutive co-expression of chitinase and glucanase genes in transgenic tobacco. Biotechnology (NY) 12: 807–812
Zimmermann G, Böumelin H, Mock HP, Himmelbach A, Schweizer P (2006) The multigene family encoding germin-like proteins of barley-regulation and function in basal host resistance. Plant Physiol 142: 181–192
Zipfel C, Robatzek S, Navarro L, Oakeley EJ, Jones JDG, Felix G, Goller T (2004) Bacterial disease resistance in Arabidopsis through flagellin perception. Nature 428: 764–767
Zuo KJ, Qin J, Zhao JY, Ling H, Zhang LD, Cao YF, Tang KX (2007) Overexpression of GbERF2 transcription factor in tobacco enhances brown spots disease resistance by activating expression of downstream genes. Gene 391: 80–90
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Narayanasamy, P. (2008). Genetic Resistance of Crops to Diseases. In: Molecular Biology in Plant Pathogenesis and Disease Management. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8247-4_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8247-4_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-8246-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4020-8247-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)