Abstract
Using allele-specific primers and hybridological analysis, the allelic composition of the VRN and PPD loci was determined in common wheat lines derived from the Bezostaya 1 (Bez1) cultivar. In lines of the Bez1 cultivar carrying different dominant alleles of the VRN genes and their combinations, the duration of certain developmental phases was examined. It was demonstrated that, in lines with the combination of two dominant alleles of the VRN-1 locus (Bez1Vrn-A1aVrn-B1a and Bez1Vrn-A1aVrn-B1c), the duration of the “tillering–first node” and “shoots–heading” periods was statistically significantly decreased compared to the initial isogenic lines (i:Bez1Vrn-A1a, i:Bez1Vrn-B1a, and i:Bez1Vrn-B1c). In addition, the presence of two dominant alleles led to the reduction in the time span of the organogenesis stages, as shown by studying the dynamics of shoot apex size and morphology in common wheat lines of the Bez1 cultivar. The productivity analysis in the lines of the Bez1 cultivar showed that the i:Bez1Vrn-B1c line was characterized by highest productivity among isogenic lines, while the Bez1Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1c line was more productive than the Bez1Vrn-A1a Vrn-B1a line.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Snape, J.W., Butterworth, K., Whitechurch, E., and Worland, A.J., Waiting for fine times: genetics of flowering time in wheat, Euphytica, 2001, vol. 119, pp. 185—190. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1017594422176
Kamran, A., Iqbal, M., and Spaner, D., Flowering time in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a key factor for global adaptability, Euphytica, 2014, vol. 197, pp. 1—26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-014-1075-7
Yan, L., Loukoianov, A., Tranquilli, G., et al., Positional cloning of wheat vernalization gene VRN1,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2003, vol. 100, pp. 6263—6268. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0937399100
Trevaskis, B., Hemming, M.N., Peacock, W.J., and Dennis, E.S., HvVRN2 responds to day length, whereas HvVRN1 is regulated by vernalization and developmental status, Plant Physiol., 2006, vol. 140, pp. 1397—1405. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.073486
Yan, L., Fu, D., Li, C., et al., The wheat and barley vernalization gene VRN3 is an orthologue of FT,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2006, vol. 103, pp. 19581—19586. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0607142103
Yoshida, T., Nishida, H., Zhu, J., et al., Vrn-D4 is a vernalization gene located on the centromeric region of chromosome 5D in hexaploid wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2010, vol. 120, pp. 543—552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1174-3
Stelmakh, A.F., Genetic effects of Vrn genes on heading date and agronomic traits in bread wheat, Euphytica, 1993, vol. 65, pp. 53—60.
Loukoianov, A., Yan, L., Blechl, A., et al., Regulation of VRN-1 vernalization genes in normal and transgenic polyploid wheat, Plant Physiol., 2005, vol. 138, pp. 2364—2373. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.105.064287
Shi, C., Zhao, L., Zhang, X., et al., Gene regulatory network and abundant genetic variation play critical roles in heading stage of polyploidy wheat, BMC Plant Biol., 2019, vol. 19, no. 1, p. 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-018-1591-z
Yan, L., Helguera, M., Kato, K., et al., Allelic variation at the VRN-1 promoter region in polyploid wheat, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2004, vol. 109, pp. 1677—1686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1796-4
Dubcovsky, J., Loukoianov, A., Fu, D., et al., Effect of photoperiod on the regulation of wheat vernalization genes VRN1 and VRN2,Plant Mol. Biol., 2006, vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 469—480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-005-4814-2
Golovnina, K.A., Kondratenko, E.Y., Blinov, A.G., and Goncharov, N.P., Molecular characterization of vernalization loci VRN1 in wild and cultivated wheats, BMC Plant Biol., 2010, vol. 10, pp. 168—182. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-168
Muterko, A., Kalendar, R., and Salina, E., Novel alleles of the VERNALIZATION1 genes in wheat are associated with modulation of DNA curvature and flexibility in the promoter region, BMC Plant Biol., 2016, vol. 16, pp. 65—81. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-015-0691-2
Fu, D., Szucs, P., Yan, L., et al., Large deletions within the first intron in VRN-1 are associated with spring growth habit in barley and wheat, Mol. Genet. Genomics, 2005, vol. 273, pp. 54—65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-004-1095-4
Santra, D.K., Santra, M., Allan, R.E., et al., Genetic and molecular characterization of vernalization genes Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 in spring wheat germplasm from the Pacific Northwest region of the USA, Plant Breed., 2009, vol. 128, pp. 576—584. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2009.01681.x
Milec, Z., Tomková, L., Sumíková, T., and Pánková, K., A new multiplex PCR test for the determination of Vrn-B1 alleles in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Mol. Breed., 2012, vol. 30, pp. 317—323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9621-7
Shcherban, A.B., Efremova, T.T., and Salina, E.A., Identification of a new Vrn-B1 allele using two near-isogenic wheat lines with difference in heading time, Mol. Breed., 2012, vol. 29, pp. 675—685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-011-9581-y
Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Wu, S., et al., A single nucleotide polymorphism at the Vrn-D1 promoter region in common wheat is associated with vernalization response, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2012, vol. 125, pp. 1697—1704. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-1946-z
Muterko, A., Balashova, I., Cockram, J., et al., The new wheat vernalization response allele Vrn-D1s is caused by DNA transposon insertion in the first intron, Plant Mol. Biol. Rep., 2015, vol. 33, pp. 294—303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-014-0750-0
Nowak, M. and Kowalczyk, K., Allelic variation at the Vrn-1 locus of Polish cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Acta Biol. Cracov., Ser. Bot., 2010, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 86—91. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10182-010-0028-2
Shcherban, A.B., Emtseva, M.V., and Efremova, T.T., Molecular genetical characterization of vernalization genes Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 in spring wheat germplasm from Russia and adjacent regions, Cereal Res. Commun., 2012, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 425—435. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.40.2012.3.4
Shcherban, A.B., Börner, A., and Salina, E.A., Effect of VRN-1 and PPD-1 genes on heading time in European bread wheat cultivars, Plant Breed., 2014, vol. 134, pp. 49—55. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12223
Efremova, T.T., Chumanova, E.V., Trubacheeva, N.V., et al., Prevalence of VRN1 locus alleles among spring common wheat cultivars cultivated in Western Siberia, Russ. J. Genet., 2016, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 146—153. https://doi.org/10.1134/S102279541601004X
Likhenko, I.E., Stasyuk, A.I., Shcherban, A.B., et al., Study of allelic composition of Vrn-1 and Ppd-1 genes in early–ripening and middle–early varieties of spring soft wheat in Siberia, Russ. J. Genet.: Appl. Res., 2014, vol. 5, no. 3, pp 198—207. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059715030107
Yankovskaya, A.A., Fisenko, A.V., Dragovich, A.Yu., et al., The genetic diversity of spring soft wheat cultivars in European Russia at the VRN and PPD genes, defining the earing time, Genetika (Moscow), 2018, vol. 54, no. 13, suppl., pp. S32—S36. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0016675818130209
Iqbal, M., Navabi, A., Yang, R.C., et al., Molecular characterization of vernalization response genes in Canadian spring wheat, Genome, 2007, vol. 50, pp. 511—516. https://doi.org/10.1139/G07-028
Zhang, X.K., Xiao, Y.G., Zhang, Y., et al., Allelic variation at the vernalization genes Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn-B3 in Chinese wheat cultivars and their association with growth habit, Crop Sci., 2008, vol. 48, pp. 458—470. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2007.06.0355
Iqbal, M., Shahzad, A., and Ahmed, I., Allelic variation at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1, Vrn-D1, Vrn-B3 and Ppd-D1a loci of Pakistani spring wheat cultivars, Electron. J. Biotechnol., 2011, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1—8. https://doi.org/10.2225/vol14-issue1-fulltext-6
Potokina, E.K., Koshkin, V.A., Alekseeva, E.A., et al., The combination of the Ppd and Vrn gene alleles determines the heading date in common wheat varieties, Russ. J. Genet.: Appl. Res., 2012, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 311—318. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079059712040089
Milec, Z., Sumíková, T., Tomková, L., and Pánková, K., Distribution of different Vrn-B1 alleles in hexaploid spring wheat germplasm, Euphytica, 2013, vol. 192, pp. 371—378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-013-0863-9
Law, C.N., Sutka, J., and Worland, A.J., A genetic study of day-length response in wheat, Heredity, 1978, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 185—191.
Worland, A.J., Börner, A., Korzun, V., et al., The influence of photoperiod genes on the adaptability of European winter wheats, Euphytica, 1998, vol. 100, pp. 385—394.
Khlestkina, E.K., Giura, A., Roder, M.S., and Borner, A., A new gene controlling the flowering response to photoperiod in wheat, Euphytica, 2009, vol. 165, pp. 579—585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-008-9783-5
Beales, J., Turner, A., Griffiths, S., et al., A pseudo-response regulator is misexpressed in the photoperiod insensitive Ppd-D1a mutant of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Theor. Appl. Genet., 2007, vol. 115, no. 5, pp. 721—733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0603-4
Nishida, H., Yoshida, T., Kawakami, K., et al., Structural variation in the 5′ upstream region of photoperiod-insensitive alleles Ppd-A1a and Ppd-B1a identified in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and their effect on heading time, Mol. Breed., 2013, vol. 31, pp. 27—37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-012-9765-0
Scarth, R. and Law, C.N., The control of the day length response in wheat by the group 2 chromosomes, Z. Pflanzenzücht., 1984, vol. 93, pp. 140—150.
Cockram, J., Jones, H., Leigh, F.J., et al., Control of flowering time in temperate cereals: genes, domestication, and sustainable productivity, J. Exp. Bot., 2007, vol. 58, no. 6, pp. 1231—1244. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm042
Koval, S.F. and Goncharov, N.P., Multiple allelism at the VRN1 locus of common wheat, Acta Agron. Hung., 1998, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 113—119.
Efremova, T.T., Arbuzova, V.S., Leonova, I.N., and Makhmudova, K., Multiple allelism in the Vrn-B1 locus of common wheat, Cereal Res. Commun., 2011, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 12—21. https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.39.2011.1.2
Emtseva, M.V., Efremova, T.T., and Arbuzova, V.S., The influence of Vrn-B1a and Vrn-B1c alleles on the length of developmental phases of substitution and nearisogenic lines of common wheat, Russ. J. Genet., 2013, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 545—552. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795413050050
Shcherban, A.B., Khlestkina, E.K., Efremova, T.T., and Salina, E.A., The effect of two differentially expressed wheat VRN-B1 alleles on the heading time is associated with structural variation in the first intron, Genetica, 2013, vol. 141, pp. 133—141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10709-013-9712-y
Goncharov, N.P., Response to vernalization in wheat: its quantitative or qualitative nature, Cereal Res. Commun., 2004, vol. 32, pp. 323—330.
Chumanova, E.V., Efremova, T.T., Kruchinina, Y.V., and Pershina, L.A., Development and investigation of common wheat lines of winter cultivar Bezostaya 1 with combinations of dominant alleles of VRN-1 loci, Vavilovskii Zh. Genet. Sel., 2018, vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 951—956. https://doi.org/10.18699/VJ18.437
Sharp, P.J., Kreis, M., Shewry, P.R., and Gale, M.D., Location of β-amylase sequences in wheat and its relatives, Theor. Appl. Genet., 1988, vol. 75, pp. 286—290. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00303966
Kuperman, F.M., Rzhanova, E.I., Murashev, V.V., et al., Biologiya razvitiya kul’turnykh rastenii (Developmental Biology of Cultivated Plants), Moscow: Vyssh. Shkola, 1982.
Voronin, A.N. and Stel’makh, A.F., Stages of organogenesis in common wheat lines nearly isogenic for Vrn1–3 loci, Nauch.-Tekhn. Byull. Vses. Sel.-Genet. Inst., 1985, no. 1 (55), pp. 19—23.
Pánková, K. and Košner, J., Chromosome substitutions with dominant loci Vrn-1 and their effect on developmental stages of wheat, Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 2004, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 37—44.
Stelmakh, A.F., Geographic distribution of Vrn genes in landraces and improved varieties of spring bread wheat, Euphytica, 1990, vol. 45, pp. 113—118.
Worland, A.J., The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats, Euphytica, 1996, vol. 89, pp. 49—57. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00015718
Funding
This study was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 18-34-00146 mol_a) and budget financing on the state contract with the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (grant no. 0324-2019-0039).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. This article does not contain any studies involving animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Translated by N. Maleeva
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chumanova, E.V., Efremova, T.T. & Kruchinina, Y.V. The Effect of Different Dominant VRN Alleles and Their Combinations on the Duration of Developmental Phases and Productivity in Common Wheat Lines. Russ J Genet 56, 822–834 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795420070029
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795420070029