Abstract
Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are a diverse group of fungi that form mutualistic relationships with plant roots, especially under stressful conditions such as heavy metal exposure, water limitation, and exposure to xenobiotics. DSEs belong to the phylum Ascomycota, and mainly colonize the parenchymal tissue of plant roots either intra- or intercellularly. These fungi synthesize dark pigments called melanins, which are considered to be important in their ability to tolerate extreme or toxic environmental conditions. The aim of this study was to gather information on the current state of knowledge regarding melanins from DSE fungi. While most DSEs synthesize 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin, some can also synthesize other types of melanin such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-melanin, pyomelanin, and heterogeneous ones. Additionally, the genome of some DSEs contains genes that are involved in various melanin synthesis pathways. Understanding the diversity and characteristics of melanins from DSE fungi and their main melanization pathways could contribute to a better understanding of the role of melanins in these mutualistic fungi. The chemical nature and function of many of the dark pigments synthesized by these fungi are not yet known, so further research is needed to elucidate their contribution to stress tolerance and their impact on the interaction of DSE fungi with various plants of agro-forestry importance.
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Data Availability
Data supporting the finding of this review are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information file.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Diana Lauff from the Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina) for her technical assistance in the preparation of the figures of the present manuscript.
Funding
This research was partially financed by the National Agency for Scientific and Technological Promotion (ANPCyT) of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation of Argentina through the PICT 2019–00207 project (Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat), CONICET (PUE INFIVE and PIP 11220200100527CO), the Secretary of Science and Technology of the National University of La Plata, Argentina, through the R&D Project A344 (Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat) and A316 (Marcela Fabiana Ruscitti), and the Secretary of Science and Technology of the National University of Buenos Aires, Argentina, through the UBACyT Project -20020170100707BA (Viviana Mónica Chiocchio).
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Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat designed the structure and formulated the aim of the manuscript. Roberto Oscar Lopez and Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat contributed to review literature and write the manuscript. Viviana Mónica Chiocchio and Marcela Fabiana Ruscitti helped in writing-review and editing. Carlos Pelleschi Taborda critically reviewed and commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Roberto Oscar Lopez is a recipient of a fellowship from the ANPCyT of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation of Argentina. Viviana Mónica Chiocchio is a professor from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Marcela Fabiana Ruscitti is a professor from the National University of Noroeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Mario Carlos Nazareno Saparrat is a researcher from CONICET, Argentina.
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Lopez, R.O., Chiocchio, V.M., Ruscitti, M.F. et al. Towards a Better Understanding of Melanins from Dark Septate Endophytes (DSEs): Their Variability, Synthesis Pathways and Biological Roles. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01693-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-024-01693-1