Abstract
Three rotation rates were selected for friction stir welded (FSW) rolled AZ31 plates, at a constant welding speed of 100 mm/minutes. As the rotation rate was increased from 800 and 2000 to 3500 rpm, the nugget shape varied from a basin- or ellipse-shaped homogeneous structure to a two-layer structure. The grain characteristic was similar in the nugget zones (NZs) at 800 and 2000 rpm, with the column-rotated basal plane. However, at 3500 rpm, the equiaxed fine grains and column-rotated basal plane were found in the lower zone of the two-layer structure, while elongated coarse grains and the basal plane with little inclination comparable to that in the parent material (PM) were detected in the upper zone. Tensile tests indicated that the fracture behaviors of the FSW AZ31 joints at 800 and 2000 rpm were similar with the weak zones being located at the NZ middle and along the boundary between the NZ and the thermo-mechanically affected zone, while contrasting fracture features were found at 3500 rpm. The ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the joints increased as the rotation rate increased, with the highest UTS being about 95 pct of the PM at 3500 rpm. The variations in the strength and fracture behavior of the joints with the rotation rate were accounted for by the variation in the texture.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R.S. Mishra, Z.Y. Ma: Mater. Sci. Eng. R, 2005, vol. 50, pp. 1-78.
W.B. Lee, Y.M. Yeon, S.B. Jung: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2003, vol. 19, pp. 785-790.
S. Lin, S. Kim, C.G. Lee, C.D. Yim, and S.J. Kim: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, vol. 36A, pp. 1906–12.
M.A. Gharacheh, A.H. Kokabi, G.H. Daneshi, B. Shalchi Amirkhiz, R. Sarrafi: Int. J. Mach. Tool Manuf., 2006, vol. 46, pp. 1983-1987.
L. Commin, M. Dumont, J.E. Masse, L. Barrallier: Acta Mater., 2009, vol. 57, pp. 326-334.
N. Afrin, D.L. Chen, X. Cao, M. Jahazi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 472, pp. 179-186.
X.H. Wang and K.S. Wang: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, vol. 431, pp. 114–17.
J. Yang, D. Wang, B.L. Xiao, and Z.Y. Ma: 8th International Friction Stir Welding Symposium: Timmendorfer Strand, Germany, 2010.
J. Yang, B.L. Xiao, D. Wang, Z.Y. Ma: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2010, vol. 527, pp. 708-714.
W. Woo, H. Choo, D. W. Brown, P.K. Liaw, Z. Feng: Scripta Mater., 2006, vol. 54, pp. 1859-1864.
U.F.H.R. Suhuddin, S. Mironov, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa, C.W. Lee: Acta Mater., 2009, vol. 57, pp. 5406-5418.
S. Mironov, Q. Yang, H. Takahashi, I. Takahashi, K. Okamoto, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2010, vol. 41A, pp. 1016-1024.
S. Mironov, Y. Motohashil, R. Kaibyshev: Mater. Trans., 2007, vol. 48, pp. 1387-1395.
G.M. Xie, Z.Y. Ma, L. Geng, R.S. Chen: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2007, vol. 471, pp. 63-68.
D.T. Zhang, M. Suzuki, K. Maruyama: Scripta Mater., 2005, vol. 52, pp. 899-903.
W.J. Kim, S.I. Hong, K.S. Kim, S.H. Min, H.T. Jeong, J.D. Lee: Acta Mater., 2003, vol. 51, pp. 3293-3307.
S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2003, vol. 34, pp. 987-994.
S.H.C. Park, Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa: Scripta Mater., 2003, vol. 49, pp. 161-166.
W. Yuan, R.S. Mishra, B. Carlson, R.K. Mishra, R. Verma, R. Kubic: Scripta Mater., 2011, vol. 64, pp. 580-583.
M.Y. Wang, R.L. Xin, B.S. Wang, Q. Liu: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2011, vol. 528, pp. 2941-2951.
A.H. Feng, Z.Y. Ma: Acta Mater., 2009, vol. 57, pp. 4248-4260.
J.A. Del Valle, M.T. Perez-Prado, O.A. Ruano: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, vol. 36A, pp. 1427-1438.
Ø. Frigaard, Ø. Grong, O.T. Midling: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2001, vol. 32A, pp. 1189-1200.
K. Kumar, S.V. Kailas: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 485, pp. 367-374.
Z. Zhang, B.L. Xiao, D. Wang, Z.Y. Ma: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42A, pp. 1717-1726.
W. J. Arbegast: Scripta Mater., 2008, vol. 58, pp. 372-376.
Y.S. Sato, H. Kokawa, M. Enomoto, S. Jogan: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 34A, pp. 2429-2437.
Z.Y. Ma, S.R. Sharma, R.S. Mishra: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, vol. 433, pp. 269-278.
Z.W. Chen, T. Pasang, Y. Qi: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2008, vol. 474, pp. 312-316.
X.X. Zhang, B.L. Xiao, Z.Y. Ma: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2011, vol. 42A, pp. 3229-3239.
M.M. Myshlyaev, H.J. McQueen, A. Mwembela, E. Konopleva: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2002, vol. 337, pp. 121-133.
C. I. Chang, X. H. Du, J. C. Huang: Scripta Mater., 2007, vol. 57, pp. 209-212.
C. I. Chang, C. J. Lee, J. C. Huang: Scripta Mater., 2004, vol. 51, pp. 509-514.
F.C. Liu, Z.Y. Ma: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2008, vol. 39A, pp. 2378-2388.
S.Y. Mironov, G.A. Salishchev, M.M. Myshlyaev, R. Pippan: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006, vol. 418, pp. 257-267.
J. Koike: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2005, vol. 36A, pp. 1689-1696.
L. Jiang, J.J. Jonas, R.K. Mishra, A.A. Luo, A.K. Sachdev, S. Godet: Acta Mater., 2007, vol. 55, pp. 3899-3910.
M.H. Yoo: Metall. Trans. A, 1981, vol. 12A, pp. 409-418.
B.C. Wonsiewicz, W.A. Backofen: Trans. TMS-AIME, 1967, vol. 239, pp. 1422-1487.
R.E. Reedhill, W.D. Robertson: Acta Metall., 1957, vol. 5, pp. 717-727.
H. Yoshinag,T. Obara, S. Morozumi: Mater. Sci. Eng., 1973, vol. 12, pp. 255-264.
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the National R&D Program of China under grant No. 2011BAE22B05, the National Outstanding Young Scientist Foundation of China under grant No. 50525103, and the Hundred Talents Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Manuscript submitted January 21, 2012.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, J., Wang, D., Xiao, B.L. et al. Effects of Rotation Rates on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture Behavior of Friction Stir-Welded (FSW) AZ31 Magnesium Alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 44, 517–530 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1373-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-012-1373-4