Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the fundamental phenomena related to the swelling behaviour of densified and thermally modified wood under changing moisture content, as well as to investigate the differences in recovery behaviour between four different methods: (i) soaking–drying cycles, (ii) soaking–drying cycles in hot water, (iii) water-soaking with continuous data logging to measure dynamic changes in thickness and (iv) humid–dry cycles at different relative humidity (RH). Methods were applied to untreated, thermally modified, densified (D) and densified + thermally modified (DTM) Scots pine sap wood samples. Soaking methods were found to produce significantly higher set-recovery results than RH cycling, with higher temperature accelerating the relaxation during soaking. Repeated cycles increased the swelling of the densified samples. The RH thresholds for set-recovery were found to be between 65 and 75 % for the D samples and between 75 and 84 % in the case of DTM samples.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anshari B, Guan ZW, Kitamori A, Jung K, Hassel I, Komatsu K (2011) Constr Build Mater 25:1718
Armstrong LD, Kingston RST (1962) Aust J Appl Sci 13:257
Blomberg J, Persson B, Bexell U (2006) Holzforschung 60:322
Boonstra MJ, Blomberg J (2007) Wood Sci Technol 41:607
Dwianto W, Norimoto M, Morooka T, Tanaka F, Inoue M, Liu Y (1998) Holz Roh Werkst 56:403
Dwianto W, Morooka T, Norimoto M, Kitajima T (1999) Holzforschung 53:541
Fang C-H, Cloutier A, Blanchet P, Koubaa A, Mariotti N (2011) Bioresources 6:373
Fang C-H, Mariotti N, Cloutier A, Koubaa A, Blanchet P (2012) Eur J Wood Prod 70:155
García Esteban L, Gril J, de Palacios P, Guindeo Casasús A (2005) Ann For Sci 62:275
Gong M, Lamason C, Li L (2010) J Mater Process Technol 210:293
Gong M, Li L, Chui YH, Li K, Yuan N (2008) Modelling of recovery of residual stress in densified wood. Eng Wood Prod Associat Paper 107. http://www.ewpa.com/Archive/2008/June/Paper_107.pdf. Accessed 17 Mar 2013
Grossman PUA (1976) Wood Sci Technol 10:163
Heger F, Groux M, Girardet F, Welzbacher C, Rapp AO, Navi P (2004) Mechanical and durability performance of THM-densified wood. In: Proceeding of the Final Workshop COST Action E22 ‘Environmental Optimisation of Wood Protection’ 22–23 March 2004, Lisboa, Portugal
Hill CAS, Ramsay J, Keating B, Laine K, Rautkari L, Hughes M, Constant B (2012) J Mat Sci 47:3191
Hillis WE, Rozsa AN (1978) Holzforschung 32:68
Inoue M, Norimoto M, Tanahashi M, Rowell RM (1993) Wood Fib Sci 25:224
Inoue M, Sekino N, Morooka T, Rowell RM, Norimoto M (2008) J Trop For Sci 20:273
Keckes J, Burgert I, Frühmann K, Müller M, Kölln K, Hamilton M, Burghammer M, Roth SV, Stanzl-Tschegg S, Fratzl P (2003) Nat Mater 2:810
Kamke FA, Kutnar A (2010) Wood Fib Sci 42:377
Kutnar A, Kamke FA (2012) Wood Sci Technol 46:953
Kutnar A, Kamke FA, Sernek M (2009) Wood Sci Technol 43:57
Kutnar A, Šernek M (2007) Zb Gozd Lesar 82:53
Laine K, Rautkari L, Hughes M (2013) Eur J Wood Prod 71:13
Laine K, Kutnar A, Rautkari L, Hughes M (2013) Eur J Wood Prod 71:17
Li L, Gong M, Yuan N, Li D (2013) Bioresources 8:3967
Mantanis GI, Young RA, Rowell RM (1994) Wood Sci Technol 28:119
Morsing N (2000) Densification of wood. The influence of hygrothermal treatment on compression of beech perpendicular to the grain. PhD thesis. Technical University of Denmark. Department of structural engineering and materials
Navi P, Girardet F (2000) Holzforschung 54:287
Navi P, Heger F (2004) MRS Bull 29:332
Navi P, Girardet F, Vulliemin P, Spycher M, Heger F (2007) Effect of post-treatment parameters on densified wood set-recovery. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Wood Machining, COST Action E35 ‘Fracture mechanics and micromechanics of wood and wood composites with regard to wood machining’ 21. 23.5.2007, Lausanne, Switzerland
Norimoto M, Ota C, Akitsu H, Yamada T (1993) Wood Res 79:23
Olsson A-M, Salmén L (1997) Nordic Pulp Pap Res J 12:140
Rautkari L, Hughes M (2009a) Eliminating set-recovery in densified wood using a steam heat-treatment process. In: Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Wood Modification, Stockholm, Sweden
Rautkari L, Properzi M, Pichelin F, Hughes M (2009) Wood Sci Technol 43:291
Rautkari L, Kamke FA, Hughes M (2010) Wood Sci Technol 45:693
Rautkari L, Milena Properzi, Pichelin F, Hughes M (2010) Wood Sci Techol 44:679
Rautkari L, Laine K, Kutnar A, Medved S, Hughes M (2013) J Mater Sci 48:2370. doi:10.1007/s10853-012-7024-8
Salmén L (1984) J Mater Sci 19:3090. doi:10.1007_BF01026972
Tarkow H, Seborg R (1968) For Prod J 18:104
Welzbacher CR, Wehsener J, Rapp AO, Haller P (2008) Eur J Wood Prod 66:39
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laine, K., Belt, T., Rautkari, L. et al. Measuring the thickness swelling and set-recovery of densified and thermally modified Scots pine solid wood. J Mater Sci 48, 8530–8538 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7671-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7671-4