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Irradiation assisted synthesis of hydrogel: A Review

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Abstract

Hydrogels are crosslinked hydrophilic systems that can be made up of various routes. Radiation technology is one of the advanced routes explored for hydrogel synthesis. The gamma, electron beam, and microwave are the most extensively studied irradiation methods for hydrogel. The ionising radiations gamma and electron beam offer the benefit of synthesis and grafting without any initiator or crosslinker; hence, the highly pure product can be made and sterilisation can be achieved in a single step which is beneficial for medical applications. With a variation of the dosage of radiation, the gel content and swelling behaviour can be adjusted as these are the two prime properties. Both the gel fraction and swelling capacity increase up to a certain dosage and increasing the dosage further leads to a decrease in the performance due to compact structure formation, with more crosslinking points, and sometimes deterioration of properties in the case of natural polymers. Hence, optimization of radiation dosage is the crucial step. The nonionising radiation, namely microwave, is explored for the synthesis and it offers the benefit of better yield with faster reaction time. The radiation dosage studied for gamma is 0.5–50 KGy by varying the dose rate, whereas for electron beam, the dosage variation is mostly seen in the range of 10–50 KGy, whereas in few cases, 300 KGy is also studied and beam energy and beam current are another key parameter. By microwave, the power variation is done in the range of 100–800 W for the hydrogel synthesis.

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Abbreviations

3D:

Three-dimensional

EB:

Electron beam

kGy:

KiloGray

EG:

Ethylene glycol

MAA:

Methacrylic acid

AMPS:

2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane-sulphonic acid

PEO:

Polyethylene oxide

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

CTS:

Chitosan

HPC:

Hydroxypropyl cellulose

PVA:

Polyvinyl alcohol

Am:

Acrylamide

PAm:

Polyacrylamide

PAA:

Polyacrylic acid

AA:

Acrylic acid

PVP:

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

PEI:

Polyethyleneimine

MAc:

Malonic acid

NVP:

N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone

IPNs:

Interpenetrating polymer networks

Sty:

Styrene

DMAEMA:

Dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate

EGDMA:

Ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate

MHEC:

Methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose

KC:

Kappa-carrageenan

GA:

Gum arabica

DMAAm:

Dimethyl acrylamide

HEMA:

Hydroxyethyl methacrylate

NIPAm:

N-Isopropylacrylamide

PNIPAm:

Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)

MAETC:

[2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride

AB25:

Acid blue 25

AB74:

Acid blue 74

AY99:

Acid yellow 99

CMCS:

Carboxymethyl chitosan

PLA:

Poly(lactic acid)

ws-chitosan:

Water-soluble chitosan

Mam:

Methacrylamide

POPGMA:

Poly(oligo(propylene glycol) methacrylate)

NIPAm:

N-Isopropylacrylamide

VBT:

Vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride

SSS:

Sodium styrene sulphonate

TG:

Tara Gum

AbA:

Abietic acid

PGA:

Poly(7-glutamic acid)

MMT:

Montmorillonite

BA:

N-Butyl acrylate

SA:

Sodium alginate

PL:

Poly(ε-lysine)

AC:

Activated carbon

CA:

Cellulose acetate

PLST:

Plasticized starch

PEGDC:

Poly(ethylene glycol) dicarboxylate

HPMCP:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate

CMHA:

Carboxymethyl hyaluronic acid

PVME:

Poly(vinylmethyl ether)

HPMC:

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

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    Aarti P. More & Shubham Chapekar

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More, A.P., Chapekar, S. Irradiation assisted synthesis of hydrogel: A Review. Polym. Bull. 81, 5839–5908 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-023-05020-z

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