Abstract
Requirement of clean energy sources urges us to find substitutes for fossil fuels. Microorganisms provide an option to produce feedstock for biofuel production by utilizing inexpensive, renewable biomass. Rhodotorula toruloides (Rhodosporidium toruloides), a non-conventional oleaginous yeast, can accumulate intracellular lipids (single cell oil, SCO) more than 70% of its cell dry weight. At present, the SCO-based biodiesel is not a price-competitive fuel to the petroleum diesel. Many efforts are made to cut the cost of SCO by strengthening the performance of genetically modified R. toruloides strains and by valorization of low-cost biomass, including crude glycerol, lignocellulosic hydrolysates, food and agro waste, wastewater, and volatile fatty acids. Besides, optimization of fermentation and SCO recovery processes are carefully studied as well. Recently, new R. toruloides strains are developed via metabolic engineering and synthetic biology methods to produce value-added chemicals, such as sesquiterpenes, fatty acid esters, fatty alcohols, carotenoids, and building block chemicals. This review summarizes recent advances in the main aspects of R. toruloides studies, namely, construction of strains with new traits, valorization of low-cost biomass, process detection and optimization, and product recovery. In general, R. toruloides is a promising microbial cell factory for production of biochemicals.
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Abbreviations
- ACAT:
-
Acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase
- ACC:
-
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
- ACL:
-
ATP:citrate lyase
- ACS:
-
Acetyl-CoA synthetase
- ALE:
-
Adaptive laboratory evolution
- ARTP:
-
Atmospheric room temperature plasma
- ATMT:
-
Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
- BIS:
-
Bisabolene synthase
- CDW:
-
Cell dry weight
- crtB:
-
Phytoene synthase
- crtIP:
-
Phytoene desaturase
- DGA:
-
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase
- EIZS:
-
Epi-isozizaene synthase
- FAD2:
-
Δ12-fatty acid desaturase
- FAEE:
-
Fatty acid ethyl ester
- FAR:
-
Fatty alcohol reductase
- FTIR:
-
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- GEM:
-
Genome-scale model
- GK:
-
Glycerol kinase
- GLD:
-
Glycerol dehydrogenase
- GPAT:
-
Glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase
- GPD:
-
Glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GPDH:
-
Gyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- H6PD:
-
Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- HMGC:
-
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
- KCS:
-
3-Ketoacyl-CoA synthase
- ME:
-
Malic enzyme
- OLE1:
-
Δ9 fatty acid desaturase
- PCK:
-
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
- POX:
-
Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase
- PPS:
-
Prespatane synthase
- PYC:
-
Ppyruvate carboxylase
- SCD:
-
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase
- SCO:
-
Single cell oil
- SCOD:
-
Soluble chemical oxygen demand
- TAG:
-
Triacylglycerol
- TGL:
-
Triacylglycerol lipase
- TKL:
-
Transketolase
- TLC:
-
Thin layer chromatography
- TN:
-
Total nitrogen
- TP:
-
Total phosphorus
- VFA:
-
Volatile fatty acid
- WS:
-
Wax ester synthase
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This work is funded by the research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31500418). The authors thank this organization for financial support.
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Zhao, Y., Song, B., Li, J. et al. Rhodotorula toruloides: an ideal microbial cell factory to produce oleochemicals, carotenoids, and other products. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38, 13 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-021-03201-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-021-03201-4