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Substrate-Related Factors Affecting Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocelluloses: Our Recent Understanding

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Abstract

Enzymatic saccharification of cellulose is a key step in conversion of plant biomass to advanced biofuel and chemicals. Many substrate-related factors affect saccharification. Rather than examining the role of each individual factor on overall saccharification efficiency, this study examined how each factor affects the three basic processes of a heterogeneous biochemistry reaction: (1) substrate accessibility to cellulose—the roles of component removal and size reduction by pretreatments, (2) substrate and cellulase reactivity limited by component inhibition, and (3) reaction conditions—substrate-specific optimization. Our in-depth analysis of published literature work, especially those published in the last 5 years, explained and reconciled some of the conflicting results in literature, especially the relative importance of hemicellulose vs. lignin removal and substrate size reduction on enzymatic saccharification of lignocelluloses. We concluded that hemicellulose removal is more important than lignin removal for creating cellulase accessible pores. Lignin removal is important when alkaline-based pretreatment is used with limited hemicellulose removal. Partial delignification is needed to achieve satisfactory saccharification of lignocelluloses with high lignin content, such as softwood species. Rather than using passive approaches, such as washing and additives, controlling pretreatment or hydrolysis conditions, such as pH, to modify lignin surface properties can be more efficient for reducing or eliminating lignin inhibition to cellulase, leading to improved lignocellulose saccharification.

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Acknowledgments

We would like acknowledge the financial support from the Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive grant no. 2011-68005-30416, USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA), through the Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA), that made the post-doctoral appointment of Leu at the US Forest Service (USFS), Forest Products Laboratory (FPL) possible. We would also like to acknowledge Novozymes North America for their constant support by complementary providing cellulase enzymes, Fred Matt of USFS-FPL for conducting detailed chemical composition analysis, Tom Kuster (USFS-FPL) and Prof. Kecheng Li of University of New Brunswick (Canada) for the SEM and FE-SEM work, and Dr. Scott McNeil and his colleagues at SAIC-Frederick of National Cancer Institute for TEM work. Lastly, but not the least, many past visiting students and scholars at Zhu’s laboratory at FPL are acknowledged for their dedicated work that produced most of the results presented.

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  1. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, USA

    Shao-Yuan Leu & J. Y. Zhu

  2. Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA

    J. Y. Zhu

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Correspondence to J. Y. Zhu.

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This work was conducted on official government time of Zhu. Leu was a postdoctoral fellow at the US Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.

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Leu, SY., Zhu, J.Y. Substrate-Related Factors Affecting Enzymatic Saccharification of Lignocelluloses: Our Recent Understanding. Bioenerg. Res. 6, 405–415 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9276-1

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