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Emerging contaminants migration from pipes used in drinking water distribution systems: a review of the scientific literature

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Abstract

Migration of emerging contaminants (ECs) from pipes into water is a global concern due to potential human health effects. Nevertheless, a review of migration ECs from pipes into water distribution systems is presently lacking. This paper reviews, the reported occurrence migration of ECs from pipes into water distribution systems in the world. Furthermore, the results related to ECs migration from pipes into water distribution systems, their probable sources, and their hazards are discussed. The present manuscript considered the existing reports on migration of five main categories of ECs including microplastics (MPs), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, nonylphenol (NP), perfluoroalkyl, and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from distribution network into tap water. A focus on tap water in published literature suggests that pipes type used had an important role on levels of ECs migration in water during transport and storage of water. For comparison, tap drinking water in contact with polymer pipes had the highest mean concentrations of reviewed contaminants. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most frequently detected types of microplastics (MPs) in tap water. Based on the risk assessment analysis of ECs, levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were above 1, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic health risk to consumers. Finally, there are still scientific gaps on occurrence and migration of ECs from pipes used in distribution systems, and this needs more in-depth studies to evaluate their exposure hazards on human health.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dr. Bruce Spittle for helping us in English editing the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Azam Mohammadi & Mohammad Malakootian

  2. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

    Azam Mohammadi & Mohammad Malakootian

  3. Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Sina Dobaradaran

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran

    Sina Dobaradaran

  5. Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

    Sina Dobaradaran & Torsten C. Schmidt

  6. Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran

    Sina Dobaradaran

  7. IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany

    Torsten C. Schmidt

  8. Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany

    Torsten C. Schmidt

  9. Akademie Für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany

    Jörg Spitz

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Contributions

Azam Mohammadi: writing original draft, methodology; Sina Dobaradaran: project administration, conceptualization, supervision, writing—review and editing; Torsten C. Schmidt: writing—review and editing; Mohammad Malakootian: writing—review and editing; Jörg Spitz: writing—review and editing.

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Mohammadi, A., Dobaradaran, S., Schmidt, T.C. et al. Emerging contaminants migration from pipes used in drinking water distribution systems: a review of the scientific literature. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 75134–75160 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23085-7

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