Abstract
World produces 360 million tons of plastic every year, out of which only 7% plastic undergo recycling leaving majority of this waste lying around that get accumulated in the environment, thus posing a serious threat especially in the form of microplastics (MPs) to the large group of organisms on earth. Microplastics have been observed both in freshwater as well as in marine environment; however, recently, the occurrence of MPs in the fresh water that will ultimately lead to pollution in drinking water is emerging as one of the major concern for the scientific community. Till now, relative to the marine environment, the MPs pollution in the fresh water system is not very well understood and still an area of research that needs to be explored in detail. A detailed understanding of the origin, qualification, quantification, hazardous effects, etc. has be established to develop a proper waste management process for the MPs found in fresh water system. This review focuses on the sources, distribution, sampling methods, separation methods, methods of characterization and toxicological effects of microplastics in the freshwater environment. Various factors that affect the transportation and distribution of microplastics in fresh water system are reviewed. It is recommended that a standard protocol must be developed for identification of microplastics for scientific community across the world. The present study will help us to understand the source, transport, and effects of microplastics on the freshwater environment which would thereafter help to standardize the process for quantification and identification of microplastics in the freshwater environment. A combination of methods for the detection and prevention of microplastics in freshwater environment has also been suggested.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- PU:
-
Polyurethane
- PC:
-
Polycarbonate
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- PVC:
-
Polyvinyl chloride
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PA:
-
Polyamide (nylon)
- PMMA:
-
Polymethyl methacrylate
- PTFE:
-
Polytetrafluoroethylene
- RIC:
-
Resin identification code
- Ρ:
-
Density
- MPs:
-
Microplastics
References
Adjei IM, Sharma B, Labhasetwar V (2014) Nanoparticles: cellular uptake and cytotoxicity. In: Capco DG, Chen Y (eds) Nanomaterial: impacts on cell biology and medicine. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 73–91
Alfonso MB, Scordo F, Seitz C et al (2020) First evidence of microplastics in nine lakes across Patagonia (South America). Sci Total Environ 733:139385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139385
Allen S, Allen D, Phoenix VR et al (2019) Atmospheric transport and deposition of microplastics in a remote mountain catchment. Nat Geosci 12:339–344. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-019-0335-5
Alves VEN, Figueiredo GM (2019) Microplastic in the sediments of a highly eutrophic tropical estuary. Mar Pollut Bull 146:326–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.042
American Chemical Society (1993) Bakelite: The World’s First Synthetic Plastic. A Natl Hist Chem Landmarks 1–3
Anderson JC, Park BJ, Palace VP (2016) Microplastics in aquatic environments: implications for Canadian ecosystems. Environ Pollut 218:269–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.074
Anderson PJ, Warrack S, Langen V et al (2017) Microplastic contamination in Lake Winnipeg, Canada. Environ Pollut 225:223–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.072
Andrady AL (2011) Microplastics in the marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1596–1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.05.030
Andrady AL (2017) The plastic in microplastics: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 119:12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082
Arthur C, Baker J, Bamford H (2009) Proceedings of the international research workshop on the occurrence, effects, and fate of microplastic marine debris. Group 530
Atugoda T, Wijesekara H, Werellagama DRIB et al (2020) Adsorptive interaction of antibiotic ciprofloxacin on polyethylene microplastics: implications for vector transport in water. Environ Technol Innov 19:100971. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ETI.2020.100971
Bagaev A, Khatmullina L, Chubarenko I (2018) Anthropogenic microlitter in the Baltic Sea water column. Mar Pollut Bull 129:918–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.049
Baldwin AK, Corsi SR, Mason SA (2016) Plastic debris in 29 great lakes tributaries: relations to watershed attributes and hydrology. Environ Sci Technol 50:10377–10385. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02917
Ballent A, Corcoran PL, Madden O et al (2016) Sources and sinks of microplastics in Canadian Lake Ontario nearshore, tributary and beach sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 110:383–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.037
Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:1985–1998. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
Barrows APW, Christiansen KS, Bode ET, Hoellein TJ (2018) A watershed-scale, citizen science approach to quantifying microplastic concentration in a mixed land-use river. Water Res 147:382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.013
Benson NU, Fred-Ahmadu OH (2020) Occurrence and distribution of microplastics-sorbed phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in coastal psammitic sediments of tropical Atlantic Ocean. Gulf of Guinea Sci Total Environ 730:139013. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.139013
Bergmann M, Wirzberger V, Krumpen T et al (2017) High quantities of microplastic in arctic deep-sea sediments from the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Environ Sci Technol 51:11000–11010. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03331
Bianchi FR, Moreschi L, Gallo M et al (2021) Environmental analysis along the supply chain of dark, milk and white chocolate: a life cycle comparison. Int J Life Cycle Assess 26:807–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01817-6
Bioplastics E (2020) Facts and figures
Blair RM, Waldron S, Phoenix VR, Gauchotte-Lindsay C (2019) Microscopy and elemental analysis characterisation of microplastics in sediment of a freshwater urban river in Scotland. UK Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04678-1
Bolea-Fernandez E, Rua-Ibarz A, Velimirovic M et al (2020) Detection of microplastics using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) operated in single-event mode. J Anal at Spectrom 35:455–460. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ja00379g
Bordós G, Urbányi B, Micsinai A et al (2019) Identification of microplastics in fish ponds and natural freshwater environments of the Carpathian basin, Europe. Chemosphere 216:110–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.110
Botterell ZLR, Beaumont N, Dorrington T et al (2019) Bioavailability and effects of microplastics on marine zooplankton: a review. Environ Pollut 245:98–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2018.10.065
Brennholt N, Heß M, Reifferscheid G (2018) Freshwater microplastics: challenges for regulation and management BT—freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Springer International Publishing. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 239–272
Bretas Alvim C, Bes-Piá MA, Mendoza-Roca JA (2020) Separation and identification of microplastics from primary and secondary effluents and activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Chem Eng J 402:126293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2020.126293
Browne MA (2015) Sources and Pathways of Microplastics to Habitats. In: Bergmann M, Gutow L, Klages M (eds) Marine anthropogenic litter. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 229–244
Browne MA, Galloway TS, Thompson RC (2010) Spatial patterns of plastic debris along estuarine shorelines. Environ Sci Technol 44:3404–3409. https://doi.org/10.1021/es903784e
Bruge A, Dhamelincourt M, Lanceleur L et al (2020) A first estimation of uncertainties related to microplastic sampling in rivers. Sci Total Environ 718:137319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137319
Campanale C, Stock F, Massarelli C et al (2020) Microplastics and their possible sources: the example of Ofanto river in southeast Italy. Environ Pollut 258:113284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113284
Carpenter EJ, Smith KL (1972) Plastics on the Sargasso sea surface. Science (80-) 80(175):1240–1241. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
Carr SA, Liu J, Tesoro AG (2016) Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants. Water Res 91:174–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.002
Castro RO, Silva ML, Marques MRC, de Araújo FV (2016) Evaluation of microplastics in Jurujuba Cove, Niterói, RJ, Brazil, an area of mussels farming. Mar Pollut Bull 110:555–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.05.037
Chen G, Feng Q, Wang J (2020) Mini-review of microplastics in the atmosphere and their risks to humans. Sci Total Environ 703:135504
Cheung LTO, Lui CY, Fok L (2018) Microplastic contamination of wild and captive flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040597
Cheung PK, Hung PL, Fok L (2019) River microplastic contamination and dynamics upon a rainfall event in Hong Kong, China. Environ Process 6:253–264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-018-0345-0
Cincinelli A, Scopetani C, Chelazzi D et al (2017) Microplastic in the surface waters of the Ross Sea (Antarctica): Occurrence, distribution and characterization by FTIR. Chemosphere 175:391–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.024
Claessens M, Van Cauwenberghe L, Vandegehuchte MB, Janssen CR (2013) New techniques for the detection of microplastics in sediments and field collected organisms. Mar Pollut Bull 70:227–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2013.03.009
Cole M, Lindeque P, Halsband C, Galloway TS (2011) Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.09.025
Cole M, Webb H, Lindeque PK et al (2014) Isolation of microplastics in biota-rich seawater samples and marine organisms. Sci Rep 4:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep04528
Convery F, McDonnell S, Ferreira S (2007) The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy. Environ Resour Econ 38:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-006-9059-2
Cooper DA, Corcoran PL (2010) Effects of mechanical and chemical processes on the degradation of plastic beach debris on the island of Kauai. Hawaii Mar Pollut Bull 60:650–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.12.026
Cózar A, Martí E, Duarte CM et al (2017) The Arctic Ocean as a dead end for floating plastics in the North Atlantic branch of the Thermohaline Circulation. Sci Adv 3:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600582
Crawford CB, Quinn B (2017) Microplastic pollutants.
Cutroneo L, Reboa A, Besio G et al (2020) Microplastics in seawater: sampling strategies, laboratory methodologies, and identification techniques applied to port environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:8938–8952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07783-8
Dahms HTJ, van Rensburg GJ, Greenfield R (2020) The microplastic profile of an urban African stream. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138893
Deng H, Wei R, Luo W et al (2020) Microplastic pollution in water and sediment in a textile industrial area. Environ Pollut 258:113658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113658
Derraik JGB (2002) The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a review. Mar Pollut Bull 44:842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5
Desforges JPW, Galbraith M, Dangerfield N, Ross PS (2014) Widespread distribution of microplastics in subsurface seawater in the NE Pacific Ocean. Mar Pollut Bull 79:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2013.12.035
Di M, Wang J (2018) Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Sci Total Environ 616–617:1620–1627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.150
Di M, Liu X, Wang W, Wang J (2019) Manuscript prepared for submission to environmental toxicology and pharmacology pollution in drinking water source areas: Microplastics in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, China. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 65:82–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2018.12.009
Driedger AGJ, Dürr HH, Mitchell K, Van Cappellen P (2015) Plastic debris in the Laurentian Great Lakes: a review. J Great Lakes Res 41:9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2014.12.020
Dris R, Gasperi J, Mirande C et al (2017) A first overview of textile fibers, including microplastics, in indoor and outdoor environments. Environ Pollut 221:453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.013
Dris R, Gasperi J, Rocher V, Tassin B (2018) Synthetic and non-synthetic anthropogenic fibers in a river under the impact of Paris Megacity: sampling methodological aspects and flux estimations. Sci Total Environ 618:157–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.009
Dümichen E, Eisentraut P, Bannick CG et al (2017) Fast identification of microplastics in complex environmental samples by a thermal degradation method. Chemosphere 174:572–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.010
Dyachenko A, Mitchell J, Arsem N (2017) Extraction and identification of microplastic particles from secondary wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent. Anal Methods 9:1412–1418. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ay02397e
Eerkes-Medrano D, Thompson RC, Aldridge DC (2015) Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs. Water Res 75:63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.012
Elert AM, Becker R, Duemichen E et al (2017) Comparison of different methods for MP detection: What can we learn from them, and why asking the right question before measurements matters? Environ Pollut 231:1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.074
Enders K, Lenz R, Stedmon CA, Nielsen TG (2015) Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics ≥10 μm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution. Mar Pollut Bull 100:70–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027
Enfrin M, Dumée LF, Lee J (2019) Nano/microplastics in water and wastewater treatment processes—origin, impact and potential solutions. Water Res 161:621–638. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2019.06.049
Eo S, Hong SH, Song YK et al (2019) Spatiotemporal distribution and annual load of microplastics in the Nakdong River, South Korea. Water Res 160:228–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.05.053
Eriksen M, Mason S, Wilson S et al (2013) Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Mar Pollut Bull 77:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.10.007
Estahbanati S, Fahrenfeld NL (2016) Influence of wastewater treatment plant discharges on microplastic concentrations in surface water. Chemosphere 162:277–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.07.083
Plastics Europe (2019) Plastics—the facts 2019
Everaert G, Van Cauwenberghe L, De Rijcke M et al (2018) Risk assessment of microplastics in the ocean: modelling approach and first conclusions. Environ Pollut 242:1930–1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.069
Fendall LS, Sewell MA (2009) Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: microplastics in facial cleansers. Mar Pollut Bull 58:1225–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025
Fischer EK, Paglialonga L, Czech E, Tamminga M (2016) Microplastic pollution in lakes and lake shoreline sediments—a case study on Lake Bolsena and Lake Chiusi (central Italy). Environ Pollut 213:648–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.03.012
Free CM, Jensen OP, Mason SA et al (2014) High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large, remote, mountain lake. Mar Pollut Bull 85:156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.001
Frias JPGL, Nash R (2019) Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition. Mar Pollut Bull 138:145–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
Frias JPGL, Sobral P, Ferreira AM (2010) Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast. Mar Pollut Bull 60:1988–1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.030
Frias J, Antunes J, Sobral P (2013) Local marine litter survey—a case study in Alcobaça municipality, Portugal. J Integr Coast Zo Manag 13:169–179. https://doi.org/10.5894/rgci395
Frias J, Pagter E, Nash R et al (2018) Standardised protocol for monitoring microplastics in sediments. JPI Oceans Baseman Proj. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36256.89601/1
Fuller S, Gautam A (2016) A procedure for measuring microplastics using pressurized fluid extraction. Environ Sci Technol 50:5774–5780. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b00816
Gall SC, Thompson RC (2015) The impact of debris on marine life. Mar Pollut Bull 92:170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.12.041
Gasperi J, Dris R, Bonin T et al (2014) Assessment of floating plastic debris in surface water along the Seine River. Environ Pollut 195:163–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.09.001
Geyer R, Jambeck JR, Law KL (2017) Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Sci Adv 3:25–29. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
Grbic J, Nguyen B, Guo E et al (2019) Magnetic extraction of microplastics from environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol Lett 6:68–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00671
Grbić J, Helm P, Athey S, Rochman CM (2020) Microplastics entering northwestern Lake Ontario are diverse and linked to urban sources. Water Res 174:115623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115623
Gregory MR (1977) Plastic pellets on New Zealand beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 8:82–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(77)90193-X
Gregory MR (1978) Accumulation and distribution of virgin plastic granules on New Zealand beaches. New Zeal J Mar Freshw Res 12:399–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288330.1978.9515768
Hale RC (2017) Analytical challenges associated with the determination of microplastics in the environment. Anal Methods 9:1326–1327. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ay90015e
Han M, Niu X, Tang M et al (2020) Distribution of microplastics in surface water of the lower Yellow River near estuary. Sci Total Environ 707:135601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135601
Harrison JP, Ojeda JJ, Romero-González ME (2012) The applicability of reflectance micro-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the detection of synthetic microplastics in marine sediments. Sci Total Environ 416:455–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.078
He B, Goonetilleke A, Ayoko GA, Rintoul L (2020) Abundance, distribution patterns, and identification of microplastics in Brisbane River sediments. Australia Sci Total Environ 700:134467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134467
Heinrich P, Hanslik L, Kämmer N, Braunbeck T (2020) The tox is in the detail: technical fundamentals for designing, performing, and interpreting experiments on toxicity of microplastics and associated substances. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27:22292–22318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08859-1
Hengstmann E, Tamminga M, vom Bruch C, Fischer EK (2018) Microplastic in beach sediments of the Isle of Rügen (Baltic Sea)—implementing a novel glass elutriation column. Mar Pollut Bull 126:263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2017.11.010
Hernandez E, Nowack B, Mitrano DM (2017) Polyester textiles as a source of microplastics from households: a mechanistic study to understand microfiber release during washing. Environ Sci Technol 51:7036–7046. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b01750
Herrera A, Asensio M, Martínez I et al (2018) Microplastic and tar pollution on three Canary Islands beaches: an annual study. Mar Pollut Bull 129:494–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.020
Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson RC, Thiel M (2012) Microplastics in the marine environment: a review of the methods used for identification and quantification. Environ Sci Technol 46:3060–3075. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2031505
Hildebrandt L, von der Au M, Zimmermann T et al (2020) A metrologically traceable protocol for the quantification of trace metals in different types of microplastic. PLoS ONE 15:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236120
The Hindu (2015) Green rules of the National Games. The Hindu 1
Hirai H, Takada H, Ogata Y et al (2011) Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1683–1692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.004
Hodson ME, Duffus-Hodson CA, Clark A et al (2017) Plastic bag derived-microplastics as a vector for metal exposure in terrestrial invertebrates. Environ Sci Technol 51:4714–4721. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00635
Horton AA, Dixon SJ (2018) Microplastics: an introduction to environmental transport processes. Wires Water 5:1268. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1268
Horton AA, Svendsen C, Williams RJ et al (2017) Large microplastic particles in sediments of tributaries of the River Thames, UK—abundance, sources and methods for effective quantification. Mar Pollut Bull 114:218–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.004
Hung H-W, Lin T-F, Chiou CT (2010) Partition coefficients of organic contaminants with carbohydrates. Environ Sci Technol 44:5430–5436. https://doi.org/10.1021/es1004413
Hurley R, Woodward J, Rothwell JJ (2018) Microplastic contamination of river beds significantly reduced by catchment-wide flooding. Nat Geosci 11:251–257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0080-1
Imhof HK, Ivleva NP, Schmid J et al (2013) Contamination of beach sediments of a subalpine lake with microplastic particles. Curr Biol 23:R867–R868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.001
Imhof HK, Laforsch C, Wiesheu AC et al (2016) Pigments and plastic in limnetic ecosystems: a qualitative and quantitative study on microparticles of different size classes. Water Res 98:64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.015
Ivleva NP, Wiesheu AC, Niessner R (2017) Microplastic in aquatic ecosystems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 56:1720–1739. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201606957
Jiang C, Yin L, Wen X et al (2018) Microplastics in sediment and surface water of west dongting lake and south dongting lake: abundance, source and composition. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102164
Jiang C, Yin L, Li Z et al (2019) Microplastic pollution in the rivers of the Tibet plateau. Environ Pollut 249:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.022
Kalčikova G, Alič B, Skalar T, et al (2017) Ac Sc. Ecsn
Kapp KJ, Yeatman E (2018) Microplastic hotspots in the snake and lower columbia rivers: a journey from the greater yellowstone ecosystem to the Pacific ocean. Environ Pollut 241:1082–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.033
Karami A, Golieskardi A, Choo CK et al (2017) A high-performance protocol for extraction of microplastics in fish. Sci Total Environ 578:485–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.213
Karbalaei S, Hanachi P, Walker TR, Cole M (2018) Occurrence, sources, human health impacts and mitigation of microplastic pollution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:36046–36063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3508-7
Karlsson TM, Vethaak AD, Almroth BC et al (2017) Screening for microplastics in sediment, water, marine invertebrates and fish: Method development and microplastic accumulation. Mar Pollut Bull 122:403–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.081
Karlsson TM, Kärrman A, Rotander A, Hassellöv M (2020) Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:5559–5571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5
Katsnelson A (2015) News feature: microplastics present pollution puzzle. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. p E3150
Kedzierski M, Le Tilly V, Bourseau P et al (2017) Microplastics elutriation system. Part A: numerical modeling. Mar Pollut Bull 119:151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2017.04.060
Klein S, Worch E, Knepper TP (2015) Occurrence and spatial distribution of microplastics in river shore sediments of the rhine-main area in Germany. Environ Sci Technol 49:6070–6076. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00492
Klein S, Dimzon IK, Eubeler J, Knepper TP (2018) Analysis, occurrence, and degradation of microplastics in the aqueous environment. In: Wagner M, Lambert S (eds) Freshwater microplastics: emerging environmental contaminants? Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 51–67
Kokalj AJ, Kunej U, Skalar T (2018) Screening study of four environmentally relevant microplastic pollutants: uptake and effects on Daphnia magna and Artemia franciscana. Chemosphere 208:522–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.172
Laborda F, Trujillo C, Lobinski R (2021) Analysis of microplastics in consumer products by single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using the carbon-13 isotope. Talanta 221:121486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121486
Lambert S, Wagner M (2016) Characterisation of nanoplastics during the degradation of polystyrene. Chemosphere 145:265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2015.11.078
Lares M, Ncibi MC, Sillanpää M, Sillanpää M (2018) Occurrence, identification and removal of microplastic particles and fibers in conventional activated sludge process and advanced MBR technology. Water Res 133:236–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2018.01.049
Lechner A, Keckeis H, Lumesberger-Loisl F et al (2014) The Danube so colourful: a potpourri of plastic litter outnumbers fish larvae in Europe’s second largest river. Environ Pollut 188:177–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.006
Lei L, Liu M, Song Y et al (2018) Polystyrene (nano)microplastics cause size-dependent neurotoxicity{,} oxidative damage and other adverse effects in Caenorhabditis elegans. Environ Sci Nano 5:2009–2020. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EN00412A
Li J, Liu H, Paul Chen J (2018a) Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review on occurrence, environmental effects, and methods for microplastics detection. Water Res 137:362–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.056
Li J, Zhang K, Zhang H (2018b) Adsorption of antibiotics on microplastics. Environ Pollut 237:460–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.050
Li L, Xu G, Yu H, Xing J (2018c) Dynamic membrane for micro-particle removal in wastewater treatment: performance and influencing factors. Sci Total Environ 627:332–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.01.239
Li Y, Lu Z, Zheng H et al (2020) Microplastics in surface water and sediments of Chongming Island in the Yangtze Estuary. China Environ Sci Eur. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-0297-7
Li S, Ma R, Zhu X et al (2021) Sorption of tetrabromobisphenol A onto microplastics: Behavior, mechanisms, and the effects of sorbent and environmental factors. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 210:111842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111842
Liu Z, Adams M, Walker TR (2018) Are exports of recyclables from developed to developing countries waste pollution transfer or part of the global circular economy? Resour Conserv Recycl 136:22–23
Liu P, Qian L, Wang H et al (2019) New insights into the aging behavior of microplastics accelerated by advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Technol 53:3579–3588. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00493
Liu P, Zhan X, Wu X et al (2020a) Effect of weathering on environmental behavior of microplastics: properties, sorption and potential risks. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125193
Liu Y, Di ZJ, Cai CY et al (2020b) Occurrence and characteristics of microplastics in the Haihe River: an investigation of a seagoing river flowing through a megacity in northern China. Environ Pollut 262:114261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114261
Löder MGJ, Imhof HK, Ladehoff M et al (2017) Enzymatic purification of microplastics in environmental samples. Environ Sci Technol 51:14283–14292. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03055
Löhr A, Savelli H, Beunen R et al (2017) Solutions for global marine litter pollution. Curr Opin Environ Sustain 28:90–99
Lusher AL, Tirelli V, O’Connor I, Officer R (2015) Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples. Sci Rep 5:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep14947
Ma B, Xue W, Ding Y et al (2019) Removal characteristics of microplastics by Fe-based coagulants during drinking water treatment. J Environ Sci 78:267–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JES.2018.10.006
Maes T, Jessop R, Wellner N et al (2017) A rapid-screening approach to detect and quantify microplastics based on fluorescent tagging with Nile Red. Sci Rep 7:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep44501
Magnusson K, Norén F (2014) Screening of microplastic particles in and down-stream a wastewater treatment plant. IVL Swedish Environ Res Inst C 55:22
Mani T, Burkhardt-Holm P (2020) Seasonal microplastics variation in nival and pluvial stretches of the Rhine River—from the Swiss catchment towards the North Sea. Sci Total Environ 707:135579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135579
Mao R, Hu Y, Zhang S et al (2020) Microplastics in the surface water of Wuliangsuhai Lake, northern China. Sci Total Environ 723:137820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137820
Mathalon A, Hill P (2014) Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia. Mar Pollut Bull 81:69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2014.02.018
Mato Y, Isobe T, Takada H et al (2001) Plastic resin pellets as a transport medium for toxic chemicals in the marine environment. Environ Sci Technol 35:318–324. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0010498
McEachern K, Alegria H, Kalagher AL et al (2019) Microplastics in Tampa Bay, florida: abundance and variability in estuarine waters and sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 148:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.068
Millar GJ, Lin J, Arshad A, Couperthwaite SJ (2014) Evaluation of electrocoagulation for the pre-treatment of coal seam water. J Water Process Eng 4:166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2014.10.002
Mintenig SM, Int-Veen I, Löder MGJ et al (2017) Identification of microplastic in effluents of waste water treatment plants using focal plane array-based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging. Water Res 108:365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.015
Moslehyani A, Ismail AF, Matsuura T et al (2019) Recent progresses of ultrafiltration (UF) membranes and processes in water treatment. Membr Sep Princ Appl Mater Sel Mech Ind Uses. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812815-2.00003-X
Munier B, Bendell LI (2018) Macro and micro plastics sorb and desorb metals and act as a point source of trace metals to coastal ecosystems. PLoS ONE 13:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191759
Munno K, Helm PA, Jackson DA et al (2018) Impacts of temperature and selected chemical digestion methods on microplastic particles. Environ Toxicol Chem 37:91–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.3935
Murphy F, Ewins C, Carbonnier F, Quinn B (2016) Wastewater treatment works (WwTW) as a source of microplastics in the aquatic environment. Environ Sci Technol 50:5800–5808. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b05416
Naidoo T, Glassom D, Smit AJ (2015) Plastic pollution in five urban estuaries of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Mar Pollut Bull 101:473–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.044
Naidoo T, Goordiyal K, Glassom D (2017) Are nitric acid (HNO3) digestions efficient in isolating microplastics from juvenile fish? Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-017-3654-4
Naidu SA, Ranga Rao V, Ramu K (2018) Microplastics in the benthic invertebrates from the coastal waters of Kochi, Southeastern Arabian Sea. Environ Geochem Health 40:1377–1383. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0062-z
Nan B, Su L, Kellar C et al (2020) Identification of microplastics in surface water and Australian freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis in Victoria. Australia Environ Pollut 259:113865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113865
Napper IE, Thompson RC (2016) Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: effects of fabric type and washing conditions. Mar Pollut Bull 112:39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.025
Ng KL, Obbard JP (2006) Prevalence of microplastics in Singapore’s coastal marine environment. Mar Pollut Bull 52:761–767. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.11.017
Norén F (2007) Small plastic particles in Coastal Swedish waters. KIMO Rep 1–11
Nuelle MT, Dekiff JH, Remy D, Fries E (2014) A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments. Environ Pollut 184:161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.027
Oßmann BE, Sarau G, Holtmannspötter H et al (2018) Small-sized microplastics and pigmented particles in bottled mineral water. Water Res 141:307–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.027
Paço A, Duarte K, da Costa JP et al (2017) Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastics by the marine fungus Zalerion maritimum. Sci Total Environ 586:10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2017.02.017
Park TJ, Lee SH, Lee MS et al (2020) Occurrence of microplastics in the Han River and riverine fish in South Korea. Sci Total Environ 708:134535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134535
Peng J, Wang J, Cai L (2017) Current understanding of microplastics in the environment: occurrence, fate, risks, and what we should do. Integr Environ Assess Manag 13:476–482. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1912
Peng G, Xu P, Zhu B et al (2018) Microplastics in freshwater river sediments in Shanghai, China: a case study of risk assessment in mega-cities. Environ Pollut 234:448–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.034
Perren W, Wojtasik A, Cai Q (2018) Removal of microbeads from wastewater using electrocoagulation. ACS Omega 3:3357–3364. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.7b02037
Pettipas S, Bernier M, Walker TR (2016) A Canadian policy framework to mitigate plastic marine pollution. Mar Policy 68:117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2016.02.025
Phillips MB, Bonner TH (2015) Occurrence and amount of microplastic ingested by fishes in watersheds of the Gulf of Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull 100:264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.08.041
Picó Y, Barceló D (2019) Analysis and prevention of microplastics pollution in water: current perspectives and future directions. ACS Omega 4:6709–6719. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b00222
Pivokonsky M, Cermakova L, Novotna K et al (2018) Occurrence of microplastics in raw and treated drinking water. Sci Total Environ 643:1644–1651. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2018.08.102
Potthoff A, Oelschlägel K, Schmitt-Jansen M et al (2017) From the sea to the laboratory: characterization of microplastic as prerequisite for the assessment of ecotoxicological impact. Integr Environ Assess Manag 13:500–504. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1902
Primpke S, Christiansen SH, Cowger W, et al (2020) Critical assessment of analytical methods for the harmonized and cost-efficient analysis of microplastics
Puckowski A, Cwięk W, Mioduszewska K et al (2021) Sorption of pharmaceuticals on the surface of microplastics. Chemosphere 263:127976. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.127976
Qiao R, Lu K, Deng Y et al (2019) Combined effects of polystyrene microplastics and natural organic matter on the accumulation and toxicity of copper in zebrafish. Sci Total Environ 682:128–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.163
Reddy MS, Basha S, Adimurthy S, Ramachandraiah G (2006) Description of the small plastics fragments in marine sediments along the Alang-Sosiya ship-breaking yard, India. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 68:656–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2006.03.018
Renner G, Schmidt TC, Schram J (2018) Analytical methodologies for monitoring micro(nano)plastics: Which are fit for purpose? Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal 1:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.001
Retama I, Jonathan MP, Shruti VC et al (2016) Microplastics in tourist beaches of Huatulco Bay, Pacific coast of southern Mexico. Mar Pollut Bull 113:530–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.08.053
Rios Mendoza LM, Karapanagioti H, Álvarez NR (2018) Micro(nanoplastics) in the marine environment: Current knowledge and gaps. Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal 1:47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.11.004
Rocha-Santos T, Duarte AC (2015) A critical overview of the analytical approaches to the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of microplastics in the environment. TrAC—Trends Anal Chem 65:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2014.10.011
Rodrigues MO, Abrantes N, Gonçalves FJM et al (2018) Spatial and temporal distribution of microplastics in water and sediments of a freshwater system (Antuã River, Portugal). Sci Total Environ 633:1549–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.233
Rolsky C, Kelkar V, Driver E, Halden RU (2020) Municipal sewage sludge as a source of microplastics in the environment. Curr Opin Environ Sci Heal 14:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2019.12.001
Russell JR, Huang J, Anand P et al (2011) Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:6076–6084. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00521-11
Sangale MK, Shahnawaz M, Ade AB (2019) Potential of fungi isolated from the dumping sites mangrove rhizosphere soil to degrade polythene. Sci Rep 9:5390. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41448-y
Scherer C, Brennholt N, Reifferscheid G, Wagner M (2017) Feeding type and development drive the ingestion of microplastics by freshwater invertebrates. Sci Rep 7:17006. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17191-7
Scherer C, Weber A, Stock F et al (2020) Comparative assessment of microplastics in water and sediment of a large European river. Sci Total Environ 738:139866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139866
Schmidt LK, Bochow M, Imhof HK, Oswald SE (2018) Multi-temporal surveys for microplastic particles enabled by a novel and fast application of SWIR imaging spectroscopy—Study of an urban watercourse traversing the city of Berlin, Germany. Environ Pollut 239:579–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.097
Schneider DR, Ragossnig AM (2015) Recycling and incineration, contradiction or coexistence? Waste Manag Res J Int Solid Wastes Public Clean Assoc ISWA 33:693–695
Shen M, Song B, Zhu Y et al (2020) Removal of microplastics via drinking water treatment: current knowledge and future directions. Chemosphere 251:126612. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.126612
Shim WJ, Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M (2016) Identification and quantification of microplastics using Nile Red staining. Mar Pollut Bull 113:469–476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.10.049
Sighicelli M, Pietrelli L, Lecce F et al (2018) Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of Italian Subalpine Lakes. Environ Pollut 236:645–651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.008
Slootmaekers B, Catarci Carteny C, Belpaire C et al (2019) Microplastic contamination in gudgeons (Gobio gobio) from Flemish rivers (Belgium). Environ Pollut 244:675–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.136
Song YK, Hong SH, Jang M et al (2014) Large accumulation of micro-sized synthetic polymer particles in the sea surface microlayer. Environ Sci Technol 48:9014–9021. https://doi.org/10.1021/es501757s
Sruthy S, Ramasamy EV (2017) Microplastic pollution in Vembanad Lake, Kerala, India: the first report of microplastics in lake and estuarine sediments in India. Environ Pollut 222:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.038
Stock F, Kochleus C, Bänsch-Baltruschat B et al (2019) Sampling techniques and preparation methods for microplastic analyses in the aquatic environment—a review. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 113:84–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TRAC.2019.01.014
Stolte A, Forster S, Gerdts G, Schubert H (2015) Microplastic concentrations in beach sediments along the German Baltic coast. Mar Pollut Bull 99:216–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.022
Strand J, Lassen P, Shashoua Y, Anderson JH (2013) Microplastic particles in sediments from Danish waters. ICES Annu Sci Conf 23–27:4000
Su L, Xue Y, Li L et al (2016) Microplastics in Taihu Lake, China. Environ Pollut 216:711–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.036
Sun J, Dai X, Wang Q et al (2019) Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: detection, occurrence and removal. Water Res 152:21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050
Sun C, Wang Z, Chen L, Li F (2020) Fabrication of robust and compressive chitin and graphene oxide sponges for removal of microplastics with different functional groups. Chem Eng J 393:124796. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2020.124796
Talvitie J, Mikola A, Koistinen A, Setälä O (2017a) Solutions to microplastic pollution—removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Res 123:401–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WATRES.2017.07.005
Talvitie J, Mikola A, Setälä O et al (2017b) How well is microlitter purified from wastewater? A detailed study on the stepwise removal of microlitter in a tertiary level wastewater treatment plant. Water Res 109:164–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.046
Tamminga M (2017) Nile red staining as a subsidiary method for microplastic quantifica-tion: a comparison of three solvents and factors influencing application reliability. SDRP J Earth Sci Environ Stud. https://doi.org/10.15436/jeses.2.2.1
Tamminga M, Stoewer S-C, Fischer EK (2019) On the representativeness of pump water samples versus manta sampling in microplastic analysis. Environ Pollut 254:112970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112970
Tan X, Yu X, Cai L et al (2019) Microplastics and associated PAHs in surface water from the Feilaixia Reservoir in the Beijiang River, China. Chemosphere 221:834–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.022
Thiele CJ, Hudson MD, Russell AE (2019) Evaluation of existing methods to extract microplastics from bivalve tissue: adapted KOH digestion protocol improves filtration at single-digit pore size. Mar Pollut Bull 142:384–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2019.03.003
Thompson RC, Moore CJ, Saal FSV, Swan SH (2009) Plastics, the environment and human health: current consensus and future trends. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 364:2153–2166. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0053
Thompson RC, Olsen Y, Mitchell RP, et al (2004) Lost at sea: where is all the plastic? https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1094559
Torre M, Digka N, Anastasopoulou A et al (2016) Anthropogenic microfibres pollution in marine biota. A new and simple methodology to minimize airborne contamination. Mar Pollut Bull 113:55–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.050
Vermaire JC, Pomeroy C, Herczegh SM et al (2017) Microplastic abundance and distribution in the open water and sediment of the Ottawa River, Canada, and its tributaries. Facets 2:301–314. https://doi.org/10.1139/facets-2016-0070
Vianello A, Boldrin A, Guerriero P et al (2013) Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice, Italy: First observations on occurrence, spatial patterns and identification. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 130:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2013.03.022
Wagner M, Lambert S (2018) Freshwater microplastics—the handbook of. Environ Chem 58:302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61615-5
Wagner M, Scherer C, Alvarez-Muñoz D et al (2014) Microplastics in freshwater ecosystems: what we know and what we need to know. Environ Sci Eur 26:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-014-0012-7
Wang W, Wang J (2018) Investigation of microplastics in aquatic environments: an overview of the methods used, from field sampling to laboratory analysis. TrAC—Trends Anal Chem 108:195–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2018.08.026
Wang J, Peng J, Tan Z et al (2017a) Microplastics in the surface sediments from the Beijiang River littoral zone: composition, abundance, surface textures and interaction with heavy metals. Chemosphere 171:248–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.074
Wang W, Ndungu AW, Li Z, Wang J (2017b) Microplastics pollution in inland freshwaters of China: a case study in urban surface waters of Wuhan, China. Sci Total Environ 575:1369–1374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.213
Wang W, Yuan W, Chen Y, Wang J (2018) Microplastics in surface waters of Dongting Lake and Hong Lake, China. Sci Total Environ 633:539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.211
Wang Z, Qin Y, Li W et al (2019) Microplastic contamination in freshwater: first observation in Lake Ulansuhai, Yellow River Basin, China. Environ Chem Lett 17:1821–1830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00888-8
Wang G, Lu J, Tong Y et al (2020) Occurrence and pollution characteristics of microplastics in surface water of the Manas River Basin. China Sci Total Environ 710:136099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136099
Wardrop P, Shimeta J, Nugegoda D et al (2016) Chemical pollutants sorbed to ingested microbeads from personal care products accumulate in fish. Environ Sci Technol 50:4037–4044. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06280
Wei S, Luo H, Zou J et al (2020) Characteristics and removal of microplastics in rural domestic wastewater treatment facilities of China. Sci Total Environ 739:139935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139935
Wesch C, Elert AM, Wörner M et al (2017) Assuring quality in microplastic monitoring: about the value of clean-air devices as essentials for verified data. Sci Rep 7:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05838-4
Wessel CC, Lockridge GR, Battiste D, Cebrian J (2016) Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in beach sediments: Insights into microplastic accumulation in northern Gulf of Mexico estuaries. Mar Pollut Bull 109:178–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.002
Wijesekara H, Bolan NS, Bradney L et al (2018) Trace element dynamics of biosolids-derived microbeads. Chemosphere 199:331–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.166
Willis KA, Eriksen R, Wilcox C, Hardesty BD (2017) Microplastic distribution at different sediment depths in an urban estuary. Front Mar Sci 4:1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2017.00419
Wong G, Löwemark L, Kunz A (2020) Microplastic pollution of the Tamsui River and its tributaries in northern Taiwan: Spatial heterogeneity and correlation with precipitation. Environ Pollut 260:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113935
Wu CC, Bao LJ, Tao S, Zeng EY (2016) Significance of antifouling paint flakes to the distribution of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) in estuarine sediment. Environ Pollut 210:253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVPOL.2015.12.012
Xiong X, Wu C, Elser JJ et al (2019) Occurrence and fate of microplastic debris in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River—from inland to the sea. Sci Total Environ 659:66–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.313
Xu J-L, Thomas KV, Luo Z, Gowen AA (2019) FTIR and Raman imaging for microplastics analysis: state of the art, challenges and prospects. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 119:115629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2019.115629
Yan M, Nie H, Xu K et al (2019) Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in the Pearl River along Guangzhou city and Pearl River estuary, China. Chemosphere 217:879–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.093
Yavuz Y, Ögütveren B (2018) Treatment of industrial estate wastewater by the application of electrocoagulation process using iron electrodes. J Environ Manage 207:151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2017.11.034
Yeo BG, Takada H, Hosoda J et al (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and hopanes in plastic resin pellets as markers of oil pollution via international pellet watch monitoring. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 73:196–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-017-0423-8
Yin L, Wen X, Du C et al (2020) Comparison of the abundance of microplastics between rural and urban areas: a case study from East Dongting Lake. Chemosphere. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125486
Yonkos LT, Friedel EA, Perez-Reyes AC et al (2014) Microplastics in four estuarine rivers in the chesapeake bay, USA. Environ Sci Technol 48:14195–14202. https://doi.org/10.1021/es5036317
Yu F, Yang C, Zhu Z et al (2019) Adsorption behavior of organic pollutants and metals on micro/nanoplastics in the aquatic environment. Sci Total Environ 694:133643. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.133643
Yu Y, Ma R, Qu H et al (2020) Enhanced adsorption of tetrabromobisphenol a (TBBPA) on cosmetic-derived plastic microbeads and combined effects on zebrafish. Chemosphere 248:126067. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2020.126067
Yuan W, Liu X, Wang W et al (2019) Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in water, sediments, and wild fish from Poyang Lake, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 170:180–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.126
Zbyszewski M, Corcoran PL (2011) Distribution and degradation of fresh water plastic particles along the beaches of Lake Huron, Canada. Water Air Soil Pollut 220:365–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-011-0760-6
Zeboudji B, Drouiche N, Lounici H et al (2013) The influence of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation process. Sep Sci Technol 48:1280–1288. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2012.731125
Zhang H (2017) Transport of microplastics in coastal seas. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 199:74–86
Zhang K, Gong W, Lv J et al (2015) Accumulation of floating microplastics behind the Three Gorges Dam. Environ Pollut 204:117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.04.023
Zhang K, Su J, Xiong X et al (2016) Microplastic pollution of lakeshore sediments from remote lakes in Tibet plateau, China. Environ Pollut 219:450–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.048
Zhang K, Xiong X, Hu H et al (2017) Occurrence and characteristics of microplastic pollution in xiangxi bay of three gorges reservoir, China. Environ Sci Technol 51:3794–3801. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b00369
Zhang H, Wang J, Zhou B et al (2018) Enhanced adsorption of oxytetracycline to weathered microplastic polystyrene: kinetics, isotherms and influencing factors. Environ Pollut 243:1550–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.122
Zhang J, Gao D, Li Q et al (2020) Biodegradation of polyethylene microplastic particles by the fungus Aspergillus flavus from the guts of wax moth Galleria mellonella. Sci Total Environ 704:135931. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2019.135931
Zhao S, Zhu L, Wang T, Li D (2014) Suspended microplastics in the surface water of the Yangtze Estuary System, China: First observations on occurrence, distribution. Mar Pollut Bull 86:562–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.032
Zhao S, Zhu L, Li D (2015) Microplastic in three urban estuaries, China. Environ Pollut 206:597–604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.027
Zhao HJ, Xu JK, Yan ZH et al (2020a) Microplastics enhance the developmental toxicity of synthetic phenolic antioxidants by disturbing the thyroid function and metabolism in developing zebrafish. Environ Int 140:105750. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2020.105750
Zhao L, Rong L, Xu J et al (2020b) Sorption of five organic compounds by polar and nonpolar microplastics. Chemosphere 257:127206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127206
Zhong W, Li S (2020) Microplastic pollution control strategy. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/546/3/032046
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gupta, D.K., Choudhary, D., Vishwakarma, A. et al. Microplastics in freshwater environment: occurrence, analysis, impact, control measures and challenges. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 6865–6896 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04139-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04139-2