Abstract
Brassinosteroids play an essential role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development as well as adaptation to various environmental stresses. The present work provides an analysis of the response of various stress markers upon exogenous application of 28-homobrassinolide (HBL) on Pusa Basmati-1, a commercially important rice variety, under salt and pesticide (Chlorpyrifos and Imidacloprid) stress. Rice seeds treated with HBL were analyzed for various growth parameters, protein, proline and malondialdehyde content (MDA), antioxidant enzyme activities, and their gene expression analysis (Cu/Zn-SOD, Fe-SOD, Mn-SOD, APX, CAT, and GR) in the presence or absence of salt and pesticide stress. Stress-induced reduction in growth, protein, and chlorophyll content and enhancement of proline and MDA content of seedlings was observed. The exogenous application of HBL resulted in the improvement of growth parameters as well as protein and proline content. MDA content decreased significantly under the effect of HBL treatment both under stress and control conditions. HBL treatment also enhanced the activity of various antioxidant enzymes which corroborated with the reduced accumulation of O ⋅-2 and H2O2 under the effect of salt and pesticides. The differential response of various isoforms of SOD under the effect of HBL and stress treatments was observed under salt and among different pesticide treatments. From this study, the potent activity of HBL in stress mitigation in response to salt and pesticide treatment in rice is established.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahammed GJ, Choudhary SP, Chen S, Xia X, Shi K, Zhou Y, Yu J (2013) Role of brassinosteroids in alleviation of phenanthrene-cadmium co-contamination-induced photosynthetic inhibition and oxidative stress in tomato. J Exp Bot 64:199–213
Arnon DI (1949) Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant physiol 24:1–15
Barkla BJ, Castellanos-Cervantes T, Diaz de León JL, Matros A, Mock HP, Perez- Alfocea F, Salekdeh GH, Witzel K, Zörb C (2013) Elucidation of salt stress defense and tolerance mechanisms of crop plants using proteomics—current achievements and perspectives. Proteomic 13:12–13
Bates LS, Waldeen RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207
Caux PY, Weingerger P (1993) Efects of pesticide adjuvants on membrane lipid compositon and fluidity in Lemna minor. Can J Bot 71:1291–1297
Chen S, Liu C, Peng C, Liu C, Hu M, Zhong G (2012) Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by a new fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PLoS ONE 7:e47205
Chris C, Luxmisha G, Masih J, Abraham G (2011) Growth, photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant responses of Azolla filiculoides to monocrotophos toxicity. J Chem Pharm Res 3:381–388
Clouse SD, Sasse JM (1998) Brassinosteroids: essential regulators of plant growth and development. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 49:427–451
Dhaubhadel S, Chaudhary S, Dobinson KF, Krishna P (1999) Treatment with 24-epibrassinolide, a brassinosteroid, increases the basic thermotolerance of Brassica napus and tomato seedlings. Plant Mol Biol 40:333–342
Dhaubhadel S, Browning KS, Gallie DR, Krishna P (2002) Brassinosteroid functions to protect the translational machinery and heat-shock protein synthesis following thermal stress. Plant J 29:681–691
Dobrikova AG, Vladkova RS, Rashkov GD, Todinova SJ, Krumova SB, Apostolova EL (2014) Effects of exogenous 24-epibrassinolide on the photosynthetic membranes under non- stress conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem 80:75–82
Farahat FM, Ellison CA, Bonner MR, McGarrigle BP, Crane AL, Fenske RA, Lasarev MR, Rohlman DS, Anger WK, Lein PJ, Olson JR (2011) Biomarkers of chlorpyrifos exposure and effect in Egyptian cotton field workers. Environ Health Perspect 119:801–806
Fariduddin Q, Yusuf M, Ahmad I, Ahmad M (2014) Brassinosteroids and their role in response of plants to abiotic stresses. Biol Plant 58:9–17
Golldack D, Li C, Mohan H, Probst N (2014) Tolerance to drought and salt stress in plants: unraveling the signaling networks. Front Plant Sci 22:151–176
Gomez JM, Jimenez A, Olmos E, Sevilla F (2004) Location and effects of long-term NaCl stress on superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase isoenzymes of pea (Pisum sativum cv. Puget) chloroplasts. J Exp Bot 55:119–130
Gruszka D (2013) The brassinosteroid signaling pathway-new key players and interconnections with other signaling networks crucial for plant development and stress tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 14:8740–8874
Hayat S, Khalique G, Wani AS, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad A (2014) Protection of growth in response to 28-homobrassinolide under the stress of cadmium and salinity in wheat. Int J Biol Macromol 64:130–136
Hodges MD, DeLong JM, Forney CF, Prange RK (1999) Improving the thiobarbituric acid- reactive-substances assay for estimating lipid peroxidation in plant tissues containing anthocyanin and other interfering compounds. Planta 207:604–611
Honnerova J, Rothova O, Hola D, Kocova M, Kohout L, Kvasnica M (2010) The exogenous application of Brassinosteroids to Zea mays (L.) stressed by long term chilling does not affect the activities of photosystem 1 or 2. J Plant Growth Regul 29:500–505
Ismail AM, Thomson MJ, Vergara GV, Rahman MA, Singh RK, Gregorio GB (2010) Designing resilient rice varieties for coastal deltas using modern breeding tools. In: Hoanh CT, Szuster BW, Pheng KS, Ismail AM, Nobel AD (eds) Tropical Deltas and coastal zones: food production, communities and environment at the land-water interface. CAB, Wallingford, pp 154–165
Jiang YP, Cheng F, Zhou YH, Xia XJ, Mao WH, Shi S, Chen Z, Yu JQ (2012a) Cellular glutathione redox homeostasis plays an important role in the brassinosteroid-induced increase in CO2 assimilation in Cucumis sativus. New Phytol 194:932–943
Jiang YP, Cheng F, Zhou YH, Xia XJ, Mao WH, Shi K, Chen ZX, Yu JQ (2012b) Hydrogen peroxide functions as a secondary messenger for brassinosteroids-induced CO2 assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus. Journal of Zhej Univ Sci 13:811–823
Jin H, Do J, Shin SJ, Choi JW, Choi YI, Kim W, Kwon M (2014) Exogenously applied 24-epi brassinolide reduces lignification and alters cell wall carbohydrate biosynthesis in the secondary xylem of Liriodendron tulipifera. Phytochem 101:40–51
Kumar K, Kumar M, Kim SR, Ryu H, Cho YG (2013) Insights into genomics of salt stress response in rice. Rice 6:27–38
Mahajan S, Pandey GK, Tuteja N (2008) Calcium- and salt-stress signaling in plants: shedding light on SOS pathway. Arch Biochem Biophys 471:146–158
Mylona PV, Polidoros AN, Scandalios JG (2007) Antioxidant gene responses to ROS-generating xenobiotics in developing and germinated scutella of maize. J Exp Bot 58:1301–1312
Parween T, Jan S, Mahmooduzzafar S, Fatma T (2012) Evaluation of oxidative stress in Vigna radiata L. in response to chlorpyrifos. Int J Environ Sci Technol 9:605–612
Pospíšil P (2012) Molecular mechanisms of production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species by photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1817:218–231
Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK (2012) Mitigation of adverse effects of chlorpyrifos by 24- epibrassinolide and analysis of stress markers in a rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 85:72–81
Sharma I, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK (2013a) Stress modulation response of 24-epibrassinolide against imidacloprid in an elite indica rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Pest Biochem Physiol 105:144–153
Sharma I, Ching E, Saini S, Bhardwaj R, Pati PK (2013b) Exogenous application of brassinosteroid offers tolerance to salinity by altering stress responses in rice variety Pusa Basmati-1. Plant Physiol Biochem 69:17–26
Starner K, Goh KS (2012) Detections of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in surface waters of three agricultural regions of California, USA, 2010-2011. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88:316–321
Thao NP, Tran LS (2012) Potentials toward genetic engineering of drought-tolerant soybean. Crit Rev Biotech 32:349–362
Wang X, Chen J, Xie Z, Liu S, Nolan T, Ye H, Zhang M, Guo H, Schnable PS, Li Z, Yin Y (2014) Histone lysine methyltransferase SDG8 is involved in brassinosteroid regulated gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Plant. doi:10.1093/mp/ssu056
Wu GL, Cui J, Tao L, Yang H (2010) Fluroxypyr triggers oxidative damage by producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in rice (Oryza sativa). Ecotoxicol 19:124–132
Xia XJ, Huang YY, Wang L, Huang LF, Yu YL, Zhou YH, Yu JQ (2006) Pesticides induced depression of photosynthesis was alleviated by 24-epibrassinolide pre-treatment in Cucumis sativus L. Pest Biochem Physiol 86:42–48
Xia XJ, Wang YJ, Zhou YH, Tao Y, Mao WH, Shi K, Asami T, Chen ZX, Yu JQ (2009) Reactive oxygen species are involved in brassinosteroid—induced stress tolerance in cucumber. Plant Physiol 150:801–814
Xie L, Yang C, Wang X (2011) Brassinosteroids can regulate cellulose biosynthesis by controlling the expression of CESA genes in arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 62:4495–4506
Zhang C, Bai MY, Chong K (2014) Brassinosteroid-mediated regulation of agronomic traits in rice. Plant Cell Rep 33:683–696
Acknowledgments
University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi is duly acknowledged for funding the proposed work under major research Project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sharma, I., Bhardwaj, R. & Pati, P.K. Exogenous Application of 28-Homobrassinolide Modulates the Dynamics of Salt and Pesticides Induced Stress Responses in an Elite Rice Variety Pusa Basmati-1. J Plant Growth Regul 34, 509–518 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9486-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-015-9486-9