Abstract
Key message
This article describes the composition of root exudates, how these metabolites are released to the rhizosphere and their importance in the recruitment of beneficial microbiota that alleviate plant stress.
Abstract
Metabolites secreted to the rhizosphere by roots are involved in several processes. By modulating the composition of the root exudates, plants can modify soil properties to adapt and ensure their survival under adverse conditions. They use several strategies such as (1) changing soil pH to solubilize nutrients into assimilable forms, (2) chelating toxic compounds, (3) attracting beneficial microbiota, or (4) releasing toxic substances for pathogens, etc. In this work, the composition of root exudates as well as the different mechanisms of root exudation have been reviewed. Existing methodologies to collect root exudates, indicating their advantages and disadvantages, are also described. Factors affecting root exudation have been exposed, including physical, chemical, and biological agents which can produce qualitative and quantitative changes in exudate composition. Finally, since root exudates play an important role in the recruitment of mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), the mechanisms of interaction between plants and the beneficial microbiota have been highlighted.
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Abbreviations
- AACT:
-
Acetoacetyl CoA thiolase
- ABC:
-
ATP-binding cassette
- ACC:
-
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
- AMF:
-
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
- ATH:
-
Arabidopsis Twinkle homolog
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- ALMT:
-
Aluminium-activated-malate transporters
- CPT:
-
Camptothecin
- DTX:
-
Detoxification
- DVS:
-
Dual vessel system
- ECM:
-
Ectomycorrhiza
- FRDL:
-
Ferric reductase defective like
- GC–MS:
-
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
- JA:
-
Jasmonic acid
- LC–MS:
-
Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
- MATE:
-
Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion
- MRP:
-
Multidrug resistance-associated protein
- NBD:
-
Nucleotide-binding domains
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PDR:
-
Pleiotropic drug resistance
- PEZ:
-
Phenolics efflux zero
- PGP:
-
P-glycoprotein
- PGPR:
-
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
- QUAC:
-
Quick anion channels
- RITA:
-
Recipient à Immersion Temporaire Automatique
- R-type:
-
Rapid-type
- SA:
-
Salicylic acid
- S-type:
-
Slow-type
- SLAC:
-
Slow anion channels
- TIS:
-
Temporary immersion system
- TMD:
-
Transmembrane domains
- VAM:
-
Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae
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Acknowledgements
The work published in this article has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) and Universitat Jaume I through Grant nos. AGL2016-76574-R and UJI-B2016-23, respectively. V.V.-P. was recipient of a predoctoral contract from the Universitat Jaume I (PREDOC/2013/31).
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Vives-Peris, V., de Ollas, C., Gómez-Cadenas, A. et al. Root exudates: from plant to rhizosphere and beyond. Plant Cell Rep 39, 3–17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-019-02447-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-019-02447-5