Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Preparation, properties and chemistry of glass- and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

An overview is given outlining the materials and technologies that have been employed in the preparation of glass- and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings. Metal/non-metal bonding theories are summarized, and the conditions required for the formation of strong chemical bonding are described and discussed. Particular reference is given to the interfacial chemistry involved for individual glass/metal and glass-ceramic/metal combinations. The major factors responsible for the preparation of high-quality seals and coatings, free from porosity and other undesirable defects, are also outlined and discussed. In addition, a number of applications for seals and coatings are briefly described.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. W. McMillan and B. P. Hodgson, Engineering 196 (1963) 366.

    Google Scholar 

  2. B. W. King, H. P. Tripp and W. H. Duckworth, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 42 (1959) 504.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. J. A. Pask and R. M. Fulrath, ibid. 45 (1962) 592.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M. P. Borom and J. A. Pask, ibid. 49 (1966) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. J. J. Brennan and J. A. Pask, ibid. 56 (1973) 58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. T. Takamori, in “Treatise on Materials Science and Technology”, Vol. 17, edited by M. Tomozawa and R. H. Doremus (Academic Press, New York, 1979) pp. 173–255.

    Google Scholar 

  7. N. N. Singhdeo and R. K. Schukla, in “Glass Science and Technology”, Vol. 2, “Processing”, edited by D. R. Uhlmann and N. J. Kreidl, (Academic Press, Orlando, 1984) pp. 169–207.

    Google Scholar 

  8. E. M. Rabinovich, J. Mater. Sci. 20 (1985) 4259.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. R. H. Dalton, US Pat. 2392314 (1946).

  10. A. I. Andrews, “Porcelain Enamels: the preparation, application, and properties of enamels” 2nd Edn. (Garrard Press, Champaign, ILL, 1961).

    Google Scholar 

  11. N. Kataoka, T. Kawamoto and Y. Manabe, Jpn Pat. 37-4029 (1962).

  12. P. W. McMillan, G. Partridge and F. R. Ward, Brit. Pat. 1205 652 (1970).

  13. J. L. Ellis, US Pat. 3564 587 (1971).

  14. N. Kataoka and Y. Manabe, Osaka Kogyo Gijutsu Shikensho Kiho 23 (1972) 204.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. N. J. Kreidl, in “Glass-forming systems”, edited by D. R. Uhlmann and N. J. Kreidl (Academic Press, New York, 1983) pp. 105–299.

    Google Scholar 

  16. A. E. Dale and J. E. Stanworth J. Soc. Glass Technol. 33 (1949) 167.

    Google Scholar 

  17. P. P. Pirooz, US Pat. 3088 833 (1963).

  18. Idem, US Pat. 3088 834 (1963).

  19. Y. Suzuki, S. Nagahara and N. Ichimura, US Pat. 3674 520 (1972).

  20. J. W. Malmendier, US Pat. 3883 358 (1975).

  21. T. Yamanaka and Y. Takagi, Jpn Pat. 50-55 612 (1975).

  22. T. Moriguchi, K. Miwa and T. Shibuya, US. Pat. 3900 330 (1975).

  23. Hitachi Ltd. Brit. Pat. 1563 790 (1980).

  24. M. Ishiyama, T. Matsuda, S. Nagahara and Y. Suzuki, Asahi Garasu Kenkyu Hokoku 16 (1966) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. T. Hikino and M. Mikoda, Jpn Pat. 46-3467 (1971).

  26. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, Brit. Pat. 1306 727 (1973).

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. P. Fraser and A. L. Cianchi, US Pat. 2660 531 (1953).

  28. N. H. Ray, C. J. Lewis, J. N. C. Laycock and W. D. Robinson, Glass Technol. 14 (1973) 50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. N. H. Ray, J. N. C. Laycock and W. D. Robinson, ibid. 14 (1973) 55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Y. Asahara and T. Izumitani, US Pat. 3885 974 (1975).

  31. N. H. Ray, R. J. Plaisted and W. D. Robinson, Glass Technol. 17 (1976) 66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. M. A. Tindyala and W. R. Ott, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 57 (1978) 432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. K. Kobayashi, ibid, 66 (1987) 685.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. R. S. Chambers, F. P. Gerstle and S. L. Monroe, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 72 (1989) 929.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Y. Abe and H. Hosono, in “Inorganic phosphate materials”, edited by T. Kanazawa (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1989) pp. 247–81.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Y. B. Peng and D. E. Day, Glass Technol. 32 (1991) 166.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Idem, ibid. 32 (1991) 200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. W. R. Eubank and W. R. Beck, US. 2863 782 (1958).

  39. P. L. Baynton, H. Rawson and J. E. Stanworth, J. Electrochem. Soc. 104 (1957) 237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Hiruma and S. Shimizu, Jpn Pat. 48-17 848 (1973).

  41. J. W. Malmendier and J. E. Sojka, US Pat. 3885 975 (1975).

  42. S. A. Claypoole, US Pat. 2889 952 (1959).

  43. W. Sack, H. Scheidler and J. Petzoldt, Glastech. Ber. 41 (1968) 138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Y. Suzuki and N. Ichimura, Asahi Garasu Kenkyu Hokoku 18 (1968) 49 (in Japanese).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. F. W. Martin, Jpn Pat. 45-19 982 (1970).

  46. K. Minagawa and K. Suzuki, Jpn Pat. 49-36 807 (1974).

  47. J-S. Lee, J-C. Peng and C-W. Huang. Glass Technol. 31 (1990) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. M. B. Volf, “Chemical Approach to Glass”, (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  49. P. W. McMillan, “Glass Ceramics” 2nd Edn (Academic Press, London, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Z. Strnad, “Glass-Ceramic Materials”, (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  51. I. W. Donald, in “Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Technology”, 3rd Supplement, edited by R. W. Cahn, (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993) pp. 1689–95.

    Google Scholar 

  52. S. D. Stookey, Brit. Pat. 752 243, (1956).

  53. Anon, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 36 (1957) 279.

  54. S. D. Stookey, Brit. Pat. 829 447 (1960).

  55. Idem, US Pat. 2933 857 (1960).

  56. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, Proc. Brit. Ceram. Soc. 3 (1965) 241.

    Google Scholar 

  57. M. Wada and S. Kawamura, Bull. Inst. Chem. Res. Kyoto Univ. 59 (1981) 256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. D. G. Grossman, in “Advances in Ceramics 4, Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses”, edited by J. H. Simmons, D. R. Uhlmann and G. H. Beall (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH, 1982) pp. 249–60.

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. Hlavac, “The Technology of Glass and Ceramics”, (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1983) pp. 228–43.

    Google Scholar 

  60. G. H. Beall, in “Glass Science and Technology”, Vol. 1, “Glass-Forming Systems”, edited by D. R. Uhlmann and N. J. Kreidl (Academic Press, New York, 1983) pp. 403–45.

    Google Scholar 

  61. I. W. Donald, “Inorganic Glasses and Glass-Ceramics: a Review”, AWRE Report No. O 19/84, December 1984.

  62. G. H. Beall, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 73 (1985) 413.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. G. P. Smith, Mater. Design 10 (1989) 54.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. G. H. Beall, Rev. Solid State Sci. 3 (1989) 113.

    Google Scholar 

  65. W. D. Kingery, “Introduction to Ceramics”, (Wiley, New York, 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  66. P. W. McMillan, and G. Partridge, Brit. Pat. 924 996 (1963).

  67. P. W. McMillan, S. V. Phillips and G. Partridge, J. Mater. Sci. 1 (1966) 269.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. D. P. Kramer, R. F. Salerno and E. E. Egleston, “Effect of several surface treatments on the strength of a glass ceramic-to-metal seal”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-2893, February 1982.

  69. W. R. Henderson, D. P. Kramer and D. B. Sullenger, “Determination of the optimum crystallization conditions of a high thermal expansion glass-ceramic”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-3136. March 1984.

  70. W. F. Hammetter and R. E. Loehman, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 70 (1987) 577.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. D. P. Kramer, G. L. Harville, D. A. Buckner, J. P. McCarthy, A. B. Nease and D. B. Sullenger, “Physical property changes of a lithia-alumina-silica based glass as a function of composition”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-3272, July 1985.

  72. English Electric Co., French Pat. 1328 620 (1963).

  73. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, Brit. Pat. 1028 871 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  74. W. E. Smith, US Pat. 3380 818 (1968).

  75. I. W. Donald, B. L. Metcalfe and D. J. Bradley, in “Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Materials and their Applications”, University of Warwick, UK, 10–12 April 1990, Institute of Physics Conference Series no. 111, edited by D. Holland, (IOP, Bristol, 1990) pp. 207–16.

    Google Scholar 

  76. B. L. Metcalfe and I. W. Donald, Silicates Industriels 5–6 (1991) 99.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Corning Glass Works, Brit. Pat. 829447 (1960).

  78. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, J. Mater. Sci. 7 (1972) 847.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. G. Partridge, C. A. Elyard and M. I. Budd, “Glasses and Glass-Ceramics”, edited by M. H. Lewis (Chapman and Hall, London, 1989) pp. 226–71.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  80. G. Partridge, C. A. Elyard and H. D. Keatman. Glass Technol. 30 (1989) 215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. V. V. Vargin and E. M. Miklyukov, Zhurnal Prikladnoy Khimii 11 (1968) 194.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Z. Strnad, B. Spirkova and J. Dusil, Silikaty 20 (1976) 225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. L. M. Holleran and W. Martin, US Pat. 4714 687 (1987).

  84. A. A. Omar, A. W. A. El-Shennawi and A. R. El-Ghannam, J. Mater. Sci. 26 (1991) 6049.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, Brit. Pat. 924 996 (1963).

  86. P. W. McMillan and B. P. Hodgson, Brit. Pat. 944 571 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  87. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, US Pat. 3170 805 (1965).

  88. P. W. McMillan, B. P. Hodgson and G. Partridge, US Pat. 3220 815 (1965).

  89. Idem, Glass Technol. 7 (1966) 121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. P. W. McMillan, G. Partridge, B. P. Hodgson and H. R. Heap, ibid. 7 (1966) 128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. P. W. McMillan and B. P. Hodgson. Brit. Pat. 1063 291 (1967).

  92. A. R. West and F. P. Glasser, J. Mater. Sci. 5 (1970) 557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Idem, ibid. 5 (1970), 676.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Z-X. Chen and P. W. McMillan, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) 220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. S-B. Lee and S-M. Han, J. Korean Ceram. Soc. 24 (1987) 227 (in Korean).

    Google Scholar 

  96. I. W. Donald, B. L. Metcalfe, D. J. Wood and J. R. Copley, J. Mater. Sci. 24 (1989) 3892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. B. B. Rao, N. K. Reddy and M. A. Jaleel, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 9 (1990) 1159.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. I. W. Donald, B. L. Metcalfe and A. E. P. Morris, J. Mater. Sci. 27 (1992) 2979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Z-X. Chen and P. W. McMillan, ibid. 20 (1985) 3428.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. W. Vogel and W. Höland, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 26 (1987) 527.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. J. A. Wilder, J. T. Healey and B. C. Bunker, in “Advances in Ceramics” Vol. 4, edited by J. H. Simmons (American Ceramic Society, Columbus OH. (1982) pp. 313–26..

    Google Scholar 

  102. T. H. Wang and P. F. James, in “Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Materials and their Applications”, University of Warwick, UK, 10–12 April 1990, Institute of Physics Conference Series no. 111, edited by D. Holland (IOP, Bristol, 1990) pp. 401–10.

    Google Scholar 

  103. M. Langlet, M. Saltzberg and R. D. Shannon, J. Mater. Sci. 27 (1992) 972.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. J. H. Partridge, “Glass-to-Metal Seals” (Society Glass Technology, Sheffield, 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  105. J. W. Price, Brit. Soc. Sci. Glass Bl. J. 22 (1984) 34.

    Google Scholar 

  106. D. P. Kramer and R. T. Massey, in “Advances in Ceramics”, Vol. 9, “Forming of Ceramics”, (American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH, 1984) pp. 265–73.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Idem, “In situ Vacuum-assisted molding of glass-metal electrical components”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-3267, July 1985.

  108. D. P. Kramer, R. T. Massey and D. L. Halcomb, “Injection moulding sealing of glass to low melting metals”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-3268, July 1985.

  109. Idem. in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic to Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987) pp. 31–7.

    Google Scholar 

  110. R. M. Rulon, in “Introduction to Glass Science”, edited by L. D. Pye, H. J. Stevens and W. C. LaCourse (Plenum Press, New York, 1972) pp. 661–704.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  111. R. G. Buckley, Ceram. Ind. Mag. (1979) 20.

  112. A. K. Varshneya, in “Treatise of Materials Science and Technology”. Vol. 22, edited by M. Tomozawa and R. H. Doremus (Academic Press, New York, 1982) pp. 241–306.

    Google Scholar 

  113. G. Partridge and C. A. Elyard, Brit. Ceram. Proc. 34 (1984) 219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. A. P. Tomsia and J. A. Pask, in “Joining of Ceramics”, edited by M. G. Nicholas (The Institute of Ceramics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1990) pp. 7–30.

    Google Scholar 

  115. G. Partridge, ibid.“ pp. 31–55.

    Google Scholar 

  116. K. A. Maskall and D. White, “Vitreous Enamelling: a guide to modern enamelling practice” (Institute of Ceramics, Pergamon Press, London, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  117. M A. Salamah and D. White, in “Surfaces and interfaces in Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Systems”, edited by J. A. Pask and A. Evans (Plenum Press, New York, 1981), pp. 467–76.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  118. P. Klimonda, O. Lingstuyl, B. Lavelle and F. Dabosi, ibid.“, pp. 477–86.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  119. R. Mevrel, “High temperature surface interactions”, AGARD Conference Proceedings, no. 461, (NATO, 1989), pp. 12-1–12-10.

  120. D. S. Rickerby and A. Matthews (eds), “Advanced Surface Coatings” (Blackie, London, Glasgow, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  121. F. H. Stott, in “The Role of Active Elements in the Oxidation Behaviour of High Temperature Metals and Alloys”, edited by E. Lang (Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989) pp. 3–21.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  122. S. Sakka, in “Treatise on Materials Science and Technology”. Vol. 22, “Glass III”, edited by M. Tomozawa and R. H. Doremus (Academic Press, New York, 1982) pp. 129–67.

    Google Scholar 

  123. I. M. Thomas, in “Sol-gel Technology for Thin Films, Fibers, Preforms, Electronics and Speciality Shapes”, edited by L. C. Klein (Noyers, Park Ridge, NJ, 1982) pp. 2–15.

    Google Scholar 

  124. C. W. Turner, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 70 (1991) 1487.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. L. C. Klein, Glass Ind. 62 (1981) 14.

    Google Scholar 

  126. B. D. Fabes, W. F. Doyle, L. S. Silverman, B. J. J. Zelinski, and D. R. Uhlmann, in “Science of Ceramic Chemical Processing”, edited by L. L. Hench and D. R. Ulrich (Wiley, New York, 1986), pp. 217–23.

    Google Scholar 

  127. H. Dislich, in “Sol-gel Technology for Thin Films, Fibers, Preforms, Electronics and Speciality Shapes”, edited by L. C. Klein, (Noyers, Pakk Ridge, NJ, 1982) pp. 50–79.

    Google Scholar 

  128. P. K. Biswas, D. Kundu and D. Ganguli, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 8 (1989) 1436.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. H. G. Floch and J-J. Priotton, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 69 (1990) 1141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. P. W. McMillan, B. P. Hodgson, D. S. Crozier and S. T. Wells, Brit. Pat. 1174 474 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  131. W. J. Miriam, Brit. Pat. 1026 178 (1966).

  132. A. Potter and J. E. Henning, “Continuous glass coating of fine metal wires”, in Engineering Materials: Proceedings of Materials Process Engineering National Symposium Exhibition, Chicago, 1968 Soc. Aerosp. Mater. Process. Eng. pp. 417–430.

  133. G. F. Taylor, Phys. Rev. 23 (1924) 655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  134. Idem, US Pat. 1793 529 (1931).

  135. I. W. Donald and B. L. Metcalfe, in “Proceedings of the 7th CIMTEC World Ceramics Congress, Satellite Symposium 2”, edited by P. Vincenzini, Montecatini Terme, Italy, 2–5 June 1990 (Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1991) pp. 479–88.

    Google Scholar 

  136. I. W. Donald, J. Mater. Sci. 22 (1987) 2661.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Y. Ikeda, Shin Nihon Denki Kiho 3 (1968) pp. 96–106 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

  138. R. A. Eppler, in “Glass Science and Technology”, Vol. 1, edited by D. R. Uhlmann and N. J. Kreidl (Academic Press, New York, 1983) pp. 301–38.

    Google Scholar 

  139. B. T. Garland, Mater. Design 7 (1986) 44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. B. A. Chapman, H. D. DeFord, G. P. Wirtz and S. D. Brown, in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic to Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineering, New York, 1987) pp. 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  141. P. K. Gilbert. MSc thesis, Thames Polytechnic (1989).

  142. R. Hill and P. K. Gilbert, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 76 (1993) in press.

  143. R. C. Mackenzie (ed.) “Differential Thermal Analysis” (Academic Press, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  144. T. Daniels, “Thermal Analysis” (Kogan Page, London, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  145. J. L. McNaughton and C. T. Mortimer, “Differential Scanning Calorimetry”, IRS Chemistry Series no. 2 (Butterworths, London, 1975).

    Google Scholar 

  146. M. I. Pope and M. D. Judd, “Differential Thermal Analysis” (Heyden, London, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  147. J. Sesták, in “Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry”, Vol. 12, “Thermal Analysis, Part D, Thermophysical Properties of Solids”, edited by G. Svehla, (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984) pp. 303–43.

    Google Scholar 

  148. M. E. Brown, “Introduction to Thermal Analysis” (Chapman and Hall, London, 1988).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  149. P. R. Chalker, in “Advanced Surface Coatings”, edited by D. S. Rickerby and A. Matthews, (Blackie, London, Glasgow, 1991) pp. 278–314.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  150. C. W. Fairhurst, J. D. Mackert, S. W. Twiggs, R. D. Ringle, D. T. Hashinger and E. E. Parry, Ceram. Engng. Sci. Proc. 6 (1985) 66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. S. J. Bull and D. S. Rickerby, in “Advanced Surface Coatings”, edited by D. S. Rickerby and A. Matthews (Blackie, London, Glasgow, 1991) pp. 315–42.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  152. W. W. McLellan and E. B. Shand, (eds), “Glass Engineering Handbook”, 3rd Edn (McGraw-Hill New York, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  153. H. Rawson, “Properties and Applications of Glass” (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  154. G. W. Scherer, “Relaxation in Glass and Composites” (Wiley, New York, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  155. G. W. Scherer and S. M. Rekhson, in “Treatise on Materials Science and Technology”, Vol. 26, “Glass IV,” edited by M. Tomozawa and R. H. Doremus (Academic Press, London, 1985) pp. 245–318.

    Google Scholar 

  156. C. W. Lau, A. Rahman and F. Delale, in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987) pp. 89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  157. B. L. Metcalfe, I. W. Donald and D. J. Bradley, Institute of Ceramics Proceedings no. 48, edited by R. Morrell and G. Partridge (Institute of Ceramics, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent, 1991) pp. 177–88.

    Google Scholar 

  158. J. H. Laucher, R. L. Cook and A. I. Andrews, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 39 (1956) 288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. S.C. Kunz and R. E. Loehman, Adv. Ceram. Mater. 2 (1987) 69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. F. P. Gerstle and R. S. Chambers, in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987) pp.47–59.

    Google Scholar 

  161. T. Young, Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. 95 (1805) 65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  162. A. Dupré, “Theorie Mechanique de la Chaleur” (Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1869).

    Google Scholar 

  163. A. W. Adamson, “Physical Chemistry of Surfaces”, 4th Edn. (Wiley, New York, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  164. R. E. Loehman, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1989) 891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Idem, “Joining Engineering Ceramics”, Technical Report SAND-90-0966C, 1990.

  166. R. M. King, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 16 (1933) 232.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. J. H. Healy and A. I. Andrews, ibid. 34 (1951) 207.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. W. N. Harrison, J. C. Richmond, J. W. Pitts, and S. G. Benner, ibid. 35 (1952) 113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. H. F. Staley, ibid. 17 (1934) 163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. A. Dietzel, Ceram. Abst. 13 (1934) 250.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Idem. ibid. 14 (1935) 107.

    Google Scholar 

  172. J. C. Richmond, D. G. Moore, H. B. Kirkpatrick and W. N. Harrison, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 36 (1953) 410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. D. G. Moore, J. W. Pitts, J. C. Richmond and W. N. Harrison, ibid. 37 (1954) 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. J. A. Pask, Proc. Porcelain Enamel Inst. Tech. Forum 33 (1971) 1.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. J. A. Pask and A. P. Tomsia, in “Surfaces and Interfaces in Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Systems”, edited by J. A. Pask and A. Evans (Plenum Press, New York, 1981) pp. 411–19.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  176. J. A. Pask Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 66 (1987) 1587.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Idem. in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987) pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  178. A. J. Sturgeon, D. Holland, G. Partridge and C. A. Elyard, Glass Technol. 27 (1986) 102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. M. G. Nicholas, J. Mater. Sci. 21 (1986) 3292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. I. Penkov and I. Gutzow, Silikattechnik 42 (1991) 60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. J. C. Birkbeck, R. T. Cassidy, P. N. Fagin and W. E. Moddeman, in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-ceramic-to-Metal-Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987) pp. 15–24.

    Google Scholar 

  182. R. T. Cassidy and P. N. Fagin, ibid.“, pp. 9–14.

    Google Scholar 

  183. W. E. Moddeman, J. C. Birkbeck, W. C. Bowling, A. R. Burke and R. T. Cassidy, Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 10 (1989) 1403.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. W. E. Moddeman, R. E. Pence, R. T. Massey, R. T. Cassidy and D. P. Kramer, ibid. 10 (1989) 1394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. R. T. Cassidy and W. E. Moddeman, ibid. 10 (1989) 1387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. A. R. Hyde and G. Partridge, in “Advanced Engineering with Ceramics”, British Ceramic Proceedings no. 46, edited by R. Morrell (Institute of Ceramics, Shelton, Stoke-on-Trent, 1990) pp. 345–50.

    Google Scholar 

  187. G. A. Knorovsky, R. K. Brow, R. D. Watkins and R. E. Loehman, “Interfacial Debonding in Stainless Steel/Glass-ceramic Seals”, Technical Report SAND-89-1866C (1990).

  188. B. L. Metcalfe, I. W. Donald and D. J. Bradley, unpublished work, AWE (1990).

  189. W. B. Thomas, Solid State Technol. 29 (1986) 73.

    Google Scholar 

  190. P. W. McMillan and B. P. Hodgson, Brit. Pat. 1023 480 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  191. S. H. Risbud, G. D. Allen and J. E. Poetzinger, in “Ceramic Microstructures '86”, edited by J. A. Pask and A. G. Evans (Plenum Press, New York, 1986) pp. 359–67.

    Google Scholar 

  192. I. W. Donald, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 60 (1972) 89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  193. J. W. McLean and I. R. Sced, Brit. Ceram. Soc. Trans. 72 (1973) 235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. P. V. Kelsey, W. T. Siegal and D. V. Miley, in “Surfaces and Interfaces in Ceramic and Ceramic-Metal Systems”, edited by J. A. Pask and A. Evans (Plenum Press, New York, 1981) pp. 591–601.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  195. H. L. McCollister and S. T. Reed, US Pat. 4414 282 (1983).

  196. D. P. Kramer and R. T. Massey, Ceram. Engng Sci. 5 (1984) 739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. T. J. Headley, R. E. Loehman, R. D. Watkins and M. C. Madden, in “Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Electron Microscopy Section of America”, (San Francisco Press, San Francisco, 1986) pp. 856–7.

    Google Scholar 

  198. R. E. Loehman, S. C. Kunz and R. D. Watkins, Ceram. Engng Sci. Proc. 7 (1986) 721.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. S. M. Craven, D. P. Kramer and W. E. Moddeman, “Chemistry of Glass-ceramic to Metal Bonding for Header Applications”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-3403, December 1986.

  200. R. D. Watkins and R. E. Loehman, Adv. Ceram. Mater. 1 (1986) 77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. A. Tomsia and J. A. Pask, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 69 (1986) C-239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  202. R. E. Loehman and T. J. Headley, in “Materials Science Research”, Vol. 21, “Ceramic Microstructures '86”, edited by J. A. Pask and A. G. Evans (Plenum Press, New York, 1987) pp. 33–43.

    Google Scholar 

  203. D. P. Kramer and W. E. Moddeman, “Chemistry of glass-ceramic to metal bonding for header applications”, EG and G Report MLM-3556, November 1988.

  204. F. Hong and D. Holland, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 112 (1989) 357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  205. Idem, Surf. Coatings Tech. 39/40 (1989) 19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. D. Holland, F. Hong, E. Logan and S. Sutherland, in “Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Materials and their Applications”, University of Warwick, UK, 10–12 April, 1990, Institute of Physics Conference Series no. 111, edited by D. Holland (IOP, Bristol, 1990) pp. 459–68.

    Google Scholar 

  207. F. Hong, PhD dissertation, University of Warwick (1991).

  208. B. L. Metcalfe and I. W. Donald, in “Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on New Materials and their Applications”, University of Warwick, UK, 10–12 April 1990, Institute of Physics Conference Series no. 111, edited by D. Holland (IOP, Bristol, 1990) pp. 469–78.

    Google Scholar 

  209. T. J. Headley and R. E. Loehman, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 67 (1984) 620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. L. D. Haws, D. P. Kramer, W. E. Moddeman and G. W. Wooten, “High Strength Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Seals”, Monsanto Research Corporation Report MLM-3288(OP), December 1985.

  211. W. E. Moddeman, S. M. Craven and D. P. Kramer, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) C-298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. L. D. Haws, private communication (1991).

  213. R. E. Loehman, in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987) pp. 39–45.

    Google Scholar 

  214. M. R. Notis, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 45 (1962) 412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. I. Barin, O. Knacke and O. Kubaschewski, “Thermochemical Properties of Inorganic Substances”, (Springer Berlin, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  216. A. P. Tomsia, Z. Feipeng and J. A. Pask, J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 68 (1985) 20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. T. R. Nash, E. M. Pashby and R. L. Collett, Glass Technol. 24 (1983) 298.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. A. Ya. Sitnikova, A. A. Appen, I. S. Anitov, V. N. Fedorov, A. M. Kalinina and M. M. Piryutko, J. Appl. Chem. USSR 47 (1974) 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  219. I. J. McColm and C. Dimbylow, J. Mater. Sci. 9 (1974) 1320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. A. Passerone, G. Valbusa and E. Biagini, ibid. 12 (1977) 2465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Z. Feipeng, A. P. Tomsia and J. A. Pask, in “Proceedings of the 33rd Pacific Coast Regional Meeting of the American Ceramic Society”, San Francisco, 1980, pp. 76–78.

  222. R. K. Brow and R. D. Watkins, in “Technology of Glass, Ceramic, or Glass-Ceramic-to-Metal Sealing”, edited by W. E. Moddeman, C. W. Merten and D. P. Kramer (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1987), pp. 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  223. B. L. Metcalfe, I. W. Donald and D. J. Bradley, unpublished work, AWE (1992).

  224. G. Partridge, Institute of Physics Conference Series no. 89, (IOP, Bristol, 1987) pp. 161–70.

    Google Scholar 

  225. R. E. Loehman, J. Metals 38 (1986) 42.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Anon, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 70 (1991) 1454.

  227. A. Krajewski, A. Ravaglioli, G. De Portu and R. Visani, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 64 (1985) 679.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. R. E. Loehman and A. P. Pask, ibid. 67 (1988) 375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. A. W. Hey, in “Joining of Ceramics”, edited by M. G. Nicholas (The Institute of Ceramics, Chapman and Hall, London, 1990) pp. 56–72.

    Google Scholar 

  230. M. Courbiere, in “Interfaces in New Materials”, edited by P. Grange and B. Delmon (Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York, 1991) pp. 29–41.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  231. O. M. Akselsen, J. Mater. Sci. 27 (1992) 1989.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. J. M. Rincón, J. M. González-peña and V. A. Bosch, Bull. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 66 (1987) 1124.

    Google Scholar 

  233. M. Kajiwara, Glass Technol. 29 (1988) 188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. L. F. Taswell and M. W. Jones, ibid. 31 (1990) 44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. P. W. McMillan and G. Partridge, Brit. Pat. 1151 860 (1969).

    Google Scholar 

  236. H. Wiggin and Co. Ltd, Hereford, UK, and Haynes Int., Kokomo, USA. Alloy data sheets (1976–78) and (1987).

  237. R. C. Weast, “Handbook of Chemistry and Physics”, 55th Edn (CRC Press, Cleveland, 1974).

    Google Scholar 

  238. G. V. Samsonov, “Handbook of Physicochemical Properties of the Elements” (Oldbourne Book Co, London, 1968).

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Berkshire, UK

    I. W. Donald

Authors
  1. I. W. Donald
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Donald, I.W. Preparation, properties and chemistry of glass- and glass-ceramic-to-metal seals and coatings. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 28, 2841–2886 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354689

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00354689

Keywords

Search

Navigation