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Principles of Growth and Adhesion of Oxide Scales

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The Role of Active Elements in the Oxidation Behaviour of High Temperature Metals and Alloys

Abstract

Some of the important principles which govern the establishment and growth of the protective scales, Cr2O3 and Al2O3, on high-temperature alloys are considered and discussed. Emphasis is placed on the transient oxidation stages and how these influence the development of the healing layer of the protective oxide. The importance of alloy composition, alloy interdiffusion coefficients and oxygen solubility and diffusivity in the alloy is indicated and correlated with the relative ease of establishment of the protective layers on iron-, nickel- and cobalt-base alloys. It is shown how alloy grain boundaries can assist in the development of Cr2O3 healing layers by providing enhanced transport paths for chromium to the surface, particularly for nickel-base alloys where the alloy interdiffusion coefficient is relatively low.

Following establishment of the steady-state scale, its subsequent development is influenced by the transport paths for the reactants, the microstructure of the oxide and the properties of the alloy substrate. The importance of short-circuit diffusion in the growth of Cr2O3 and Al2O3 scales is discussed and the possible processes by which poorly-adherent, convoluted configurations can develop are considered and correlated with the observed morphologies.

A major cause of failure of high-temperature alloys is cracking and spallation of the Cr2O3 or Al2O3 scales, particularly under thermal-cycling conditions. The main factors which influence the scale-adhesion characteristics are considered and discussed while possible scale-failure mechanisms are described.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Corrosion and Protection Centre, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK

    F. H. Stott

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  1. F. H. Stott
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. CEC Joint Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Materials, Petten, The Netherlands

    E. Lang

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© 1989 ECSC, EEC, EAEC. Brussels and Luxembourg

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Stott, F.H. (1989). Principles of Growth and Adhesion of Oxide Scales. In: Lang, E. (eds) The Role of Active Elements in the Oxidation Behaviour of High Temperature Metals and Alloys. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1147-5_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1147-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-7009-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-009-1147-5

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