Fig Tree Genome and Diversity

Abstract

The common fig (Ficus carica L.) is one of the most remarkable fruit species of the Mediterranean area. Its adaptive potentialities to various ecological areas have contributed to its expansion to other continents and areas with similar climate conditions, resulting in numerous genetically distinct varieties and ecotypes. Since ancient times, the highly nutritious fruits have represented an important energy source for humans and animals and have been used for different purposes in traditional medicine. The functional properties and various chemical compounds with biological activities and diverse applications in food, medicines, and cosmetics have increased interest in F. carica research at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Research approaches have become increasingly interdisciplinary, reflecting attempts to link fig genotype, nutritional properties, pharmacology compounds, and agronomic traits. In this context, the knowledge of fig genetic resources and the extent of genetic diversity of both cultivated and wild figs is essential for identifying and selecting the most promising genotypes for future breeding programs. This chapter is dedicated to the review of past and current efforts and achievements in the fields of common fig diversity, fig genome and transcriptome investigation, development of DNA markers for F. carica and their applications in variety identification procedures and genetic resources management, including characterization and conservation of germplasm at the national and international level.