Abstract
Pioneering observations on the luminescent phenomena generated in evacuated tubes belong to the history of spectroscopy and date as far back as the mid-1800s.(1,2) Within this field of research, the first description of a hollow cathode discharge (HCD) published in the scientific literature can be found in the early years of this century, when a German physicist, Friedrich Paschen, reported on the quite unique features of this radiation source.(3) At the time he was mainly engaged in the investigation of the spectral series of H2 in the IR region and in the distribution of energy in the spectra emitted by glowing gases. Together with Back in 1913 he discovered the effect (named for both scientists) that gives rise to the splitting of emission lines when the source is subjected to a very strong magnetic field. This phenomenon is actually a modification of the Zeeman effect that requires less intense fields.
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Caroli, S., Senofonte, O. (1993). Hollow Cathode Discharges. In: Marcus, R.K. (eds) Glow Discharge Spectroscopies. Modern Analytical Chemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2394-3_6
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