Abstract
We study sequential fractional pantograph q-differential equations. We establish the uniqueness of solutions via Banach’s contraction mapping principle. Further, we define and study the Ulam–Hyers stability and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability of solutions. We also discuss an illustrative example.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
Differential equations involving q-difference calculus have become a strong tool in modeling many problems in engineering, physics, and mathematics [1–3]. Differential equations with fractional q-difference calculus have been studied by different researchers [4–8]. Many interesting topics concerning fractional q-differential equations (FqDEs) are devoted to the existence and stability of the solutions. In recent years, several scholars have studied the existence, uniqueness, and different types of Ulam stability (US) of solutions of FqDEs; see, for example, [9–12]. Recently, sequential fractional differential equations has been studied by many scholars [13–15].
In the current paper, we discuss the uniqueness and different types of US of solutions for pantograph equations. This equation appears in different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as probability, number theory, quantum mechanics, dynamical systems, etc. [16–18]. The classical form of the pantograph differential equations (PDEs) is given by
Several authors have studied the existence, uniqueness, and US of solutions for the above PDEs involving different fractional derivatives. In [19] the authors discussed the existence and uniqueness of PDEs of the form
where is the Caputo fractional derivative of order \(\nu \in \mathrm{J}\). In [20] the authors studied the existence, uniqueness, and stability of the following fractional pantograph q-differential equation (FPqDE):
where is the Caputo fractional q-derivative of order \(\nu \in \mathrm{J}\). Recently, in [21] the authors discussed the existence and uniqueness of sequential ψ-Hilfer FPDEs of the form
via conditions \(w ( 0 ) =0\),
where \(\sigma _{\jmath} > 0\), \(\jmath =1,\dots , \mathrm{n}\), \({}_{k} \mathring{\upeta}_{\jmath}\) (\(k =1,2,3\)), \(\Lambda \in \mathbb{R}\), and are the ψ-Hilfer derivatives of order \(\gamma \in \{ \gamma _{\jmath},\nu \}\), \(1<\gamma _{\jmath}< \nu \leq 2\), \(0<\sigma \leq 1\), are the ψ-Riemann Liouville fractional integrals, and \(\varphi : \overline{\Omega} \times \mathbb{R}^{2} \to \mathbb{R}\) is a continuous function.
In this work, we discuss the uniqueness and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability (UHRS) of solutions for the following sequential FPqDE:
where \(r\in \mathbb{R}^{+}\), \(1 < \nu \leq 2, \sigma ,q\), \(\uptheta \in \mathrm{J}\), \(\eta \in \Omega , \Lambda , \lambda _{1}\), \(\lambda _{2}\in \mathbb{R}\), and are the Caputo-type q-fractional derivatives, and \(\varphi :\Omega \times \mathbb{R}^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) is a given continuous function.
The outline of the paper is the following. In Sect. 2, we discuss the main definitions and lemmas by providing a necessary background of q-calculus, including the q-derivative and q-integral. In Sect. 3, we investigate the uniqueness for the FPqDE (1). In Sect. 5, we present an example to apply our outcomes.
2 Preliminaries on fractional q-calculus
In this section, we present essential q-derivative and q-integral notions. For more background information, we refer to [12, 22–24]. For a function w, the q–derivative is defined by
for \(\mathfrak{s} \in \mathbb{T} \setminus \{0\}\), where \(\mathbb{T}= \mathbb{T}_{\mathrm{s}_{0}} = \{0 \} \cup \{ \mathrm{s} : \mathrm{s} = \mathrm{s}_{0} q^{\aleph } \}\) for \(\aleph \in \mathbb{N}\) and \(\mathrm{s}_{0} \in \mathbb{R}\), and [25]
Also, the higher-order q-derivatives of the function u are defined by
for \(n \geq 1\), where [25]. In fact,
for \(\mathfrak{s} \in \mathbb{T}\setminus \{0\}\) [2]. The operator , the fractional q-derivative in the sense of Caputo [2, 26], of the function w is defined by
where \(n={}[ \nu ] \). The fractional q-integral of the Riemann–Liouville type [2, 26] is given by
where \(\Gamma _{q} ( \nu ) = \frac{ ( 1- q )^{ ( \nu -1 )}}{ ( 1-q )^{\nu -1}}\), \(\nu \in \mathbb{R} \backslash \{ 0,-1,-2,\dots \} \), is called the q-gamma function and satisfies
We need the following lemmas [2, 26].
Lemma 2.1
Let \(\nu ,\sigma \geq 0\), and let φ be a function defined in \(\bar{\mathrm{J}}:=[0,1]\). Then we have the following formulas:
Lemma 2.2
Let \(\nu >0\). Then
Lemma 2.3
For \(\sigma \in \mathbb{R}_{+}\) and \(\epsilon >-1\), we have
Let us now define the space
equipped with the norm
It is clear that \((\mathcal{W}, \Vert w \Vert _{\mathcal{W}})\) is a Banach space.
3 Uniqueness results
We prove the following auxiliary lemma, which is pivotal to define the solution for Problem (1).
Lemma 3.1
Let \(\lambda _{1} T^{\nu -\sigma } \neq \lambda _{2} \eta ^{\nu -\sigma}\). For \(\uppsi \in C ( \Omega , \mathbb{R} )\), the unique solution of the problem
where \(r>0\), \(1< \nu \leq 2\), \(0 < \sigma \leq 1\) and \(\eta \in \Omega \), is given by
Proof
We have
Now we write the linear sequential FDE (6) as
By taking the fractional q-integral of order σ for (7) we get
where \(a_{0}\) and \(b_{0}\) are arbitrary constants. By the boundary condition \(w ( 0 ) =0\) we conclude that \(b_{0}=0\). Using the boundary condition \(\lambda _{1} w ( T ) -\lambda _{2} w ( \eta ) = \Lambda \), we obtain that
Substituting the values of \(a_{0}\) and \(b_{0}\) into (8), we obtain solution (5). This completes the proof. □
In view of Lemma 3.1, we can define the operator: \(\mathfrak{G}: \mathcal{W} \rightarrow \mathcal{W}\) by
For convenience, we denote
Our first result is based on Banach’s fixed point theorem.
Theorem 3.2
Let \(\varphi :\Omega \times \mathbb{R}^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be continuous function satisfying the condition
-
(C1)
there exist nonnegative constants μ̆ such that for all \(\mathfrak{s}\in \Omega \) and \(w_{i}, \acute{w}_{i}\in \mathbb{R} \) (\(i=1,2,3 \)),
$$ \bigl\vert \varphi ( \mathfrak{s},w_{1},w_{2},w_{3} ) - \varphi ( \mathfrak{s},\acute{w}_{1},\acute{w}_{2}, \acute{w}_{3} ) \bigr\vert \leq \breve{\mu} \sum _{i=1}^{3} \vert w_{i}- \acute{w}_{i} \vert . $$
If
where \(\nabla _{i}\), \(\Pi _{i}\), \(i=1,2\), are given by (10), then problem (1) has a unique solution on Ω.
Proof
Let us fix \(\Delta =\sup_{\mathfrak{s}\in \bar{\mathrm{J}} }\varphi ( \mathfrak{s},0,0,0 )\), choose
where \(B_{\ell} = \{ w \in \mathcal{W} : \Vert w \Vert _{\mathcal{W}} \leq \ell \}\) and
Let . Then we show that \(\mathfrak{G} B_{\ell} \subset B_{\ell}\). For \(w\in B_{\ell}\), we have
Using this estimate, we get
which implies that
We also have
Thus we obtain
From the definition of \(\Vert \cdot \Vert _{\mathcal{W}}\) we have
which implies that \(\mathfrak{G}B_{\ell}\subset B_{\ell}\). For \(w,\acute{w}\in B_{\ell}\) and for all \(\mathfrak{s}\in \Omega \), we have
Using (C1), we get
We also have
By (C1) we can write
Consequently, we obtain
By (11) we see that \(\mathfrak{G}\) is a contractive operator. Consequently, by the Banach fixed point theorem, \(\mathfrak{G}\) has a fixed point, which is a solution of problem (1). This completes the proof. □
4 Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability results
We discuss the Ulam-type stability of the q-fractional problem (1). For \(\mathfrak{s}\in \Omega \), we have the following q-fractional inequalities:
and
where \(\mathring{\upeta}\in \mathbb{R}^{+}\), and \(\upphi : \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}_{+}\) is a continuous function. We further define the UHS, GUHS, UHRS, and GUHS.
We say that problem (1) is
-
S1)
UHS if there is \(\omega _{\varphi}\in \mathbb{R}_{+}\) such that for each \(\mathring{\upeta}>0\) and each solution \(\acute{w} \in \mathcal{W}\) of inequality (12), there exists a solution \(w\in \mathcal{W}\) of problem (1) such that \(\Vert \acute{w} - w \Vert _{\mathcal{W}}\leq \omega _{ \varphi }\mathring{\upeta}\);
-
S2)
GUHS if there is \(\chi _{\varphi } \in C(\mathbb{R}_{+}, \mathbb{R}_{+})\), \(\chi _{ \varphi} (0 ) =0\), such that for each solution \(\acute{w}\in \mathcal{W}\) of inequality (12), there exists a solution \(w\in \mathcal{W}\) of problem (1) such that \(\Vert \acute{w} - w \Vert _{\mathcal{W}}\leq \chi _{ \varphi }( \mathring{\upeta})\);
-
S3)
UHRS with respect to \(\upphi \in C ( \Omega ,\mathbb{R}_{+} ) \) if there is \(\omega _{\varphi ,\upphi }>0\) such that for each \(\mathring{\upeta} >0\) and for each solution \(\acute{w}\in \mathcal{W}\) of inequality (13), there exists a solution \(w\in \mathcal{W}\) of problem (1) such that
$$ \Vert \acute{w}-w \Vert _{\mathcal{W}}\leq \omega _{ \varphi ,\upphi } \mathring{\upeta} \upphi ( \mathfrak{s} ),\quad \mathfrak{s}\in \Omega ; $$ -
S4)
GUHRS with respect to \(\upphi \in C (\Omega ,\mathbb{R}_{+} )\) if there is \(\omega _{\varphi ,\upphi }>0\) such that for each solution \(\acute{w}\in \mathcal{W}\) of inequality (12), there exists a solution \(w\in \mathcal{W}\) of problem (1) such that
$$ \Vert \acute{w}-w \Vert _{\mathcal{W}} \leq \omega _{ \varphi ,\upphi } \upphi ( \mathfrak{s} ),\quad \mathfrak{s}\in \Omega . $$
Remark 4.1
A function \(\acute{w}\in W\) is a solution of inequality (12) iff there is \(\hslash : \Omega \rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) (which depends on ẃ) such that \(\vert \hslash ( \mathfrak{s} ) \vert \leq \lambda \) for all \(\mathfrak{s}\in \Omega \) and
Theorem 4.1
Let \(\varphi :\Omega \times \mathbb{R}^{3}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function satisfying condition (C1). If
then problem (1) is UHS.
Proof
Let \(\acute{w}\in \mathcal{W}\) be a solution of inequality (12). Let us denote by \(w\in \mathcal{W}\) the unique solution of the problem
According to Lemma 3.1, we have
where \(\uppsi _{w} ( \mathfrak{s} ) =\varphi _{w}^{\ast } ( \mathfrak{s} )\) for \(\mathfrak{s}\in \Omega \). By integration of (12) we obtain
Then, for any \(\mathfrak{s}\in \bar{\mathrm{J}}\), we have
By (C1) and (15) we can write
This implies that
from which it follows that
Then
Thus problem (1) is UHS. □
If we put \(\chi _{\varphi }= \omega _{\varphi }\mathring{\upeta}\), \(\chi _{\varphi } ( 0 ) =0\), then problem (1) is GUHS.
Theorem 4.2
Let \(\varphi :\Omega \times \mathbb{R}^{3}\to \mathbb{R}\) be a continuous function satisfying condition (C1), and let (14) hold. Suppose that there is \(\rho _{\upphi} >0\) such that
where \(\upphi \in C(\Omega ,\mathbb{R}_{+})\) is nondecreasing. Then problem (1) is UHRS.
Proof
Let \(\acute{w}\in \mathcal{W}\) is a solution of inequality (13). By Remark 4.1 we have
Let \(w\in \mathcal{W}\) be the unique solution of the problem
So by Lemma 3.1 we have
Then we get
From (C1) and (16) we can write
Indeed,
Then
Hence problem (1) is stable in the UHR sense. □
5 An illustrative example
Example 5.1
Based on problem (1), we consider the following FqDE:
and the q-fractional inequalities
for \(q\in \bar{\mathrm{J}}= [0,1]\). It is clear that \(\nu = \frac{7}{4} \in (1, 2]\), \(r=\frac{1}{50} \in \mathbb{R}^{+}\), \(\sigma =\frac{4}{5}\in (0, 1]\), \(\uptheta = \frac{5}{6} \in \bar{\mathrm{J}} \), \(T=1\), and
For any \(w_{i}, \acute{w}_{i}\in \mathbb{R}^{3}\), \(i=1,2,3\), and \(\mathfrak{s}\in \overline{\Omega}\), we can write
Hence condition (C1) holds with \(\breve{\mu} = \frac{1}{15^{2} \pi}\). Now we discuss problem (17) for
By using equations (10), assuming that
in (17), and applying the MATLAB program (Algorithm 1), we have
Tables 1, 2, and 3 show these results. Also, we can see a graphical representation of \(\nabla _{i}\), \(\Pi _{i}\) (\(i=1,2\)) and Σ in Figs. 1, 2, and 3. Using the given data, we find that
Hence by Theorem 3.2 problem (17) has a unique solution. Also, from (14) we have
Table 4 and Fig. 4 show these results and graphical representation of Σ̆ respectively. So by Theorem 4.1 problem (17) is UHS such that
Let \(\upphi ( \mathfrak{s} ) = \mathfrak{s}^{2}\). Then
Thus condition (16) is satisfied with \(\upphi ( \mathfrak{s} ) =\mathfrak{s}^{2}\) and
for \(q \in \{\frac{1}{7}, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{8}{9} \} \), respectively. Table 5 shows these results. Also, we can see a graphical representation of
for \(\mathfrak{s} \in \Omega \) with step 0.1 in Fig. 5. From Theorem 4.2 it follows that problem (17) is UHRS such that
6 Conclusion
In this research work, we have discussed the uniqueness and Ulam-type stability of solutions of sequential FPqDEs. We have established the uniqueness by applying Banach’s contraction mapping principle. Furthermore, studied the stability in the sense of UHS and UHRS. We have also provided an example to illustrate our results.
Availability of data and materials
Data sharing not applicable to this paper as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
References
Agarwal, R.P.: Certain fractional q-integrals and q-derivatives. Proc. Camb. Philos. Soc. 66, 365–370 (1965). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305004100045060
Annaby, M.H., Mansour, Z.S.: q-Fractional Calculus and Equations. Springer, Cambridge (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30898-7
Adjabi, Y., Samei, M.E., Matar, M.M., Alzabut, J.: Langevin differential equation in frame of ordinary and Hadamard fractional derivatives under three point boundary conditions. AIMS Math. 6(3), 2796–2843 (2021)
Abdeljawad, T., Samei, M.E.: Applying quantum calculus for the existence of solution of q-integro-differential equations with three criteria. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst., Ser. S 14(10), 3351–3386 (2021)
Abdeljawad, T., Baleanu, D.: Caputo q-fractional initial value problems and a q-analogue Mittag-Leffler function. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 16(12), 4682–4688 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2011.01.026
Rezapour, S., Samei, M.E.: On the existence of solutions for a multi-singular pointwise defined fractional q-integro-differential equation. Bound. Value Probl. 2020, 38 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-020-01342-3
Samei, M.E., Rezapour, S.: On a system of fractional q-differential inclusions via sum of two multi-term functions on a time scale. Bound. Value Probl. 2020, 135 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-020-01433-1
Rajković, P.M., Marinković, S.D., Stanković, M.S.: Fractional integrals and derivatives in q-calculus. Appl. Anal. Discrete Math. 1, 311–323 (2007)
Abbas, S., Benchohra, M., Laledj, N., Zhou, Y.: Existence and Ulam stability for implicit fractional q-difference equations. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 48 (2019)
Kaabar, M.K.A., Kalvandi, V., Eghbali, N., Samei, M.E., Siri, Z., Martínez, F.: A generalized ML–Hyers–Ulam stability of quadratic fractional integral equation. Nonlinear Eng. 10, 414–427 (2021)
Etemad, S., Rezapour, S., Samei, M.E.: α-ψ-contractions and solutions of a q-fractional differential inclusion with three-point boundary value conditions via computational results. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2020, 218 (2020)
Ntouyas, S.K., Samei, M.E.: Existence and uniqueness of solutions for multi-term fractional q-integro-differential equations via quantum calculus. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2019, 475 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-019-2414-8
Ahmad, B., Ntouyas, S.K., Alsaedi, A.: Sequential fractional differential equations and inclusions with semi-periodic and nonlocal integro-multipoint boundary conditions. J. King Saud Univ., Sci. 31, 184–193 (2019)
Aqlan, M.H., Alsaedi, A., Ahmad, B., Nieto, J.J.: Existence theory for sequential fractional differential equations with anti-periodic type boundary conditions. Open Math. 14, 723–735 (2016)
Etemad, S., Rezapour, S., Samei, M.E.: On a fractional Caputo–Hadamard inclusion problem with sum boundary value conditions by using approximate endpoint property. Math. Methods Appl. Sci. 43(17), 9719–9734 (2020)
Alzabut, J., Selvam, A.G.M., El-Nabulsi, R.A., Dhakshinamoorthy, V., Samei, M.E.: Asymptotic stability of nonlinear discrete fractional pantograph equations with non-local initial conditions. Symmetry 13(3), 473 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/10.3390/sym13030473
Derfel, G.A., Iserles, A.: The pantograph equation in the complex plane. J. Math. Anal. Appl. 213, 117–132 (1997)
Mishra, S.K., Samei, M.E., Chakraborty, S.K., Ram, B.: On q-variant of Dai–Yuan conjugate gradient algorithm for unconstrained optimization problems. Nonlinear Dyn. 104, 2471–2496 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11071-021-06378-3
Balachandran, K., Kiruthika, S., Trujillo, J.J.: Existence of solutions of nonlinear fractional pantograph equations. Acta Math. Sci. 33, 1–9 (2013)
Devaraj, V., Kanagarajan, K., Sivasundaram, S.: Dynamics and stability of q-fractional order pantograph equations with nonlocal condition. J. Math. Stat. 14(1), 64–71 (2018)
Guida, K., Ibnelazyz, L., Hilal, K., Melliani, S.: Existence and uniqueness results for sequential ψ-Hilfer fractional pantograph differential equations with mixed nonlocal boundary conditions. AIMS Math. 6(8), 8239–8255 (2021)
Kac, V., Cheung, P.: Quantum Calculus. Universitext. Springer, New York (2002). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0071-7-1
Samei, M.E., Zanganeh, H., Aydogan, S.M.: Investigation of a class of the singular fractional integro-differential quantum equations with multi-step methods. J. Math. Ext. 17(1), 1–545 (2021)
Hajiseyedazizi, S.N., Samei, M.E., Alzabut, J., Chu, Y.: On multi-step methods for singular fractional q-integro-differential equations. Open Math. 19, 1378–1405 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1515/math-2021-0093
Adams, C.R.: The general theory of a class of linear partial q-difference equations. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 26, 283–312 (1924)
Rajković, P.M., Marinković, S.D., Stanković, M.S.: On q-analogues of Caputo derivative and Mittag-Leffler function. Fract. Calc. Appl. Anal. 10, 359–373 (2007)
Acknowledgements
The third author was supported by Bu-Ali Sina University.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
MH: Actualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, investigation, and initial draft. FM: Actualization, validation, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, and initial draft. MES: Actualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, investigation, software, simulation, initial draft; he was the major contributor in writing the manuscript. MKAK: Actualization, methodology, formal analysis, validation, investigation, initial draft, supervision of the original draft, and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Appendix
Appendix
Algorithm 1
(MATLAB lines for calculation \(\nabla _{i}\), \(\Pi _{i}\), and Σ, Σ̆ in Example 5.1)
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Houas, M., Martínez, F., Samei, M.E. et al. Uniqueness and Ulam–Hyers–Rassias stability results for sequential fractional pantograph q-differential equations. J Inequal Appl 2022, 93 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02828-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13660-022-02828-7