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A Review of Durable Flame-Retardant Fabrics by Finishing: Fabrication Strategies and Challenges

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Abstract

Fabrics with durable flame retardancy are of great importance for preventing potential fire threats in daily life. This review presents a comprehensive discussion of advances in durable flame-retardant fabrics by finishing over the decade. The environmentally sustainable and toxicologically acceptable strategies for improving the durable flame retardancy of fabrics are classified into six types:. (i) the formation of covalent bonds, (ii) the formation of crosslinking networks, (iii) the formation of water-insoluble products, (iv) the use of adhesive layers, (v) the construction of hydrophobic layers, and (vi) the intercalation of flame-retardants into fibres. The design principles, methodologies, and existing problems of different fabrication strategies for imparting durable flame retardancy are summarized and reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each strategy are critically discussed. The current challenges and future opportunities are also proposed based on the current market requirements and state-of-the-art technologies. Many recent methodologies have great potential for replacing the conventional durable flame-retardant processes of cellulosic textiles.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.; crosslinking networks. c Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature; water-insoluble products. d Reproduced with permission from ref. [41]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society.; adhesive layers. e Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier.; hydrophobic layers (f). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier and intercalation of flame retardants into fibres. g Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [78]. Copyright 2020, Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [48]. Copyright 2021, Springer Nature. The mechanism for the formation of P–O–C bonds (c)

Fig. 4

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. Reduction of ion-exchange reactions of metal ions (b). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [85]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. Restorable fire resistance (c). Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [149]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier

Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. (a) TASb precipitate; Reproduced with permission from ref. [207] Copyright 2021, Elsevier (b); insoluble O-IP6 oligomeric [208] (c); polyelectrolyte complex precipitate [209] (d)

Fig. 11

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [216]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 12

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Data availability statement

Data available on request from the authors.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22075010 and 22175017).

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  1. State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People’s Republic of China

    Peng Qi, Feng Chen, Yuchun Li, Hongfei Li, Xiaoyu Gu, Jun Sun & Sheng Zhang

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  1. Peng Qi
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  2. Feng Chen
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  3. Yuchun Li
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  6. Jun Sun
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Correspondence to Jun Sun or Sheng Zhang.

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Qi, P., Chen, F., Li, Y. et al. A Review of Durable Flame-Retardant Fabrics by Finishing: Fabrication Strategies and Challenges. Adv. Fiber Mater. 5, 731–763 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42765-023-00255-x

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