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Agricultural waste rice husk/poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite: a wearable triboelectric energy harvester for real-time smart IoT applications

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Abstract

The ever-expanding demand for smart, wearable, and self-powered devices raises concerns regarding desirable power supplies. Again, this growing use of smart electronics continuously increases the burden on electronic waste (e-waste). Thus, a suitable power supply composed of environmentally friendly materials and assisted by adequate power density is quite enviable in today’s world. Herein, the designing and fabrication of an agricultural waste rice husk ash (RHA)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based flexible triboelectric energy harvesting device are demonstrated. The silica (SiO2)-enriched RHA effectively engineered the microstructure of the bio-compatible PVDF and effectively enhanced the electroactive phase fraction. The proof-of-concept of designing the flexible triboelectric energy harvester (TEH) using RHA/PVDF as a functional layer is studied. The fabricated lightweight, wearable TEH can generate a maximum voltage, current, and power density of ~ 463 V, 30 µAmp, and 1.94 mW.cm−2, respectively, under repetitive finger imparting. This significantly enhanced output performance of the optimized TEH is attributed to the coupling of the piezoelectric effect with the triboelectric phenomenon inside the device under each cycle of operation. Owing to the good dynamic pressure sensitivity, the device is quite capable of sensing and scavenging energy from the fine motions of fingers as well as other body joints. Finally, the device was used to assemble self-powered smart sensors in order to conduct smart home and smart library operations. The smart switches can operate the smart home electronic appliances wirelessly from the interior/exterior of the room of the respective building. In smart library applications, the signal generated from the smart sensors can convey useful information to the librarian or the users regarding occupied and empty positions of a particular book on a bookshelf. With the bio-degradable nature of the filler, easy processing of the device, excellent biomechanical energy harvesting capability, and efficacy towards IoT applications, this sustainable bio-organic device paves the way towards effective, flexible, self-powered electromechanical systems for next-generation smart artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications.

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Data availability

 The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article and its Supplementary material. Raw data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request..

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Director, CSIR-CGCRI, for permitting them to carry out their work.

Funding

Epsita Kar thanks the CSIR-RA program, Government of India, for financial support Acknowledgment No. 364019/2K19/1(File No. 31/0015(11865)/2021-EMR-I). Sourav Maity thanks the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India for financial support through the INSPIRE fellowship (Grant No.: DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2018/IF180801).

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  1. Functional Materials and Devices Division, CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India

    Epsita Kar, Sourav Maity, Animesh Kar & Shrabanee Sen

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Contributions

Epsita Kar: device fabrication, methodology, data analysis, and writing the original draft. Sourav Maity: data analysis, reviewing, and editing of the manuscript. Animesh Kar: designing and executing the wireless control of home appliance circuits. Shrabanee Sen: supervision, data analysis, and finalizing the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Epsita Kar or Shrabanee Sen.

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Kar, E., Maity, S., Kar, A. et al. Agricultural waste rice husk/poly(vinylidene fluoride) composite: a wearable triboelectric energy harvester for real-time smart IoT applications. Adv Compos Hybrid Mater 7, 87 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42114-024-00896-5

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