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Nanodiamond: a promising metal-free nanoscale material in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis

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Abstract

Benefiting from its surface-rich functional groups, eco-friendliness, impressive electrochemical properties, excellent light absorption, structural tunability at the atomic/morphological level, and ultra-high stability under harsh conditions, nanodiamond has emerged as a promising carbon-based non-metallic material in the field of energy conversion such as electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. Furthermore, nanodiamond, as a new generation of green catalysts, can overcome the poisoning of catalysts by complex pollutants in advanced oxidation processes, thus effectively removing organic matter from water, which is unparalleled in reducing the cost of water purification and avoiding secondary cross-contamination of water by traditional heavy metal-based catalysts. Here, we review the research and development of nanodiamonds as major electrocatalysts and photocatalysts for energy conversion and for air/water treatment for environmental remediation. The relevant properties, trimming strategy, mechanistic understanding, and design principles of nanodiamond as a catalyst are described, as well as the challenges and prospects of this emerging field.

摘要

受益于表面丰富的官能团、生态友好性、独特的电化学性能、优异的光吸收性、原子/形貌层面的结构可调性以及在恶劣反应条件下的超高稳定性, 纳米金刚石在电催化和光催化等能源转换领域逐渐成为一种有前景的碳基非金属材料。此外, 纳米金刚石作为新一代绿色催化剂, 还可以克服高级氧化过程中复杂污染物对催化剂的毒害, 从而有效去除水中的有机物, 在降低水净化成本和避免传统重金属基催化剂对水的二次交叉污染方面具有无可比拟的优势。在此, 我们回顾了纳米金刚石作为主要的电催化剂和光催化剂在能源转换和空气/水处理等环境修复方面的研究和发展。综述了纳米金刚石基催化剂的相关性能、改性策略、机理阐释和设计原则, 以及总结了这一新兴领域的挑战和前景。

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Fig.1
Fig. 2

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2008, AIP Publishing. b Cyclic voltammograms for (I) UNCD10, (II) BDD, (III) GC, and (IV) UNCD0 materials for 1 × 10−3 M [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− in 0.1 mol·L−1 KCl solution with a scan rate of 50 mV·s−1 at different carbon electrodes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier. c UV-VIS-NIR absorption spectra of ND powders with different sp3 contents, and (inset) photographic images of respective powders. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [61]. Copyright 2001, Springer. d Core–shell structure of nanodiamond, hybridized forms of carbon, and various chemical functional groups on surface. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2006, American Chemical Society

Fig. 3

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [102], Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. b Synthesis of diamond aerogel from amorphous carbon aerogel precursor under HTHP: (i) schematic diagram showing a 1070-nm heating laser or polarized 532-nm Raman and photoluminescence (PL) laser focused into pressurized diamond anvil cell (DAC), which is loaded with a carbon aerogel precursor, ruby for pressure measurements, and solid argon pressure media, contained by a rhenium gasket. CCD, charge-coupled device (NF, notch filter; HLB, holographic beamsplitter cube); (ii) schematic diagram of nanodiamond synthesis inside sample chamber using adamantane as a molecular “seed,” tetracosane as alkane carbon source, and GeI4 as an initiator. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier. c (i) Detonation process in which a mixture of 60% C6H2(NO2)3CH3 and 40% C3H6N6O6 is detonated in a metal chamber filled with gas or water yielding 4–5-nm sized nanodiamonds; (ii) schematic diagram describing synthesis of nanodiamonds upon propagation of shock wave; (I) detonation method which leads to splitting of carbon precursor, (II) graphite or explosive molecules; (III) pressure region which is necessary to form the diamond phase; (IV) expandation of products of detonation; (V) condensation and crystallization; (VI) nanoclusters; (VII) agglomeration due to that the nanodiamonds finally grow and crystallize. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [104]. Copyright 2012, Nature. d Experimental setup for PLA in liquid water, where UV laser output is focused through a quartz lens (focal length of f = 40 cm) and irradiates pyrolytic graphite target. Ablated particles are suspended in water. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [105]. Copyright 2016, Nature

Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [130]. Copyright 2019, Elsevier

Fig. 6

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [173]. Copyright 2019, Wiley

Fig. 7

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [210]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 8

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [249]. Copyright 2014, Wiley. b Electrochemical performance of different electrodes by mean of an LSV scan with a scan rate of 0.02 V·s−1 in 0.5 mol·L−1 KCl aqueous electrolyte before and after CO2 saturation; c Faradaic efficiency of CO2 RR on different electrodes; d HCOOH on electrodes with different boron doping/sp2 contents and corresponding potential, under a constant current density of − 2 mA·cm−2 for an 1 h reduction. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [200]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier

Fig. 9

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [184]. Copyright 2015, American Chemical Society. d Free energy diagram of a possible pathway and energetically favorable structures for elementary steps for electrochemical CO2 RR on (111) facet of BNDD, where gray, pink, blue, red, and white balls represent C, B, N, O, H atoms, respectively; e Faradaic efficiencies for CH3CH2OH during 16 consecutive runs for CO2 reduction on BND3 at −1.0 V; f Faradaic efficiencies for CO2 RR on NDD, BDD, BND1, BND2, and BND3 at −1.0 V. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [245]. Copyright 2017, Wiley

Fig. 10

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [250]. Copyright 2020, Nature

Fig. 11

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [252]. Copyright 2018, Springer

Fig. 12

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [164]. Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. d SECCM topography and current images of H-BDD single particles with (100) orientated upward, respectively, with scan sizes of 18 μm × 9 μm and 15 μm × 7.5 μm, respectively, where applied voltage during electrochemical measurement was + 0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl, both were filled with 4 mmol·L−1 K4[Fe(CN)6] in 0.1 mol·L−1 KCl. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [266]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. e Plot of corresponding current density at 0.0 V vs. Ag QRE against scan rate for O-BDD (red circle open) and H-BDD (black square open) in 0.5 mol·L−1 H2SO4. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [164]. f Cyclic voltammograms for UNCDx films grown in (Ar–xN2)/CH4 (2.0%) plasma, with x = 3.4%, 5.0%, 10%, 20%, and 25% for 0.1 mol·L−1 HClO4 in H2O solution with a scan rate of 50 mV·A·s−1 at different carbon electrodes, showing oxygen/hydrogen evolution process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2013, Elsevier

Fig. 13

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [277]. Copyright 2016, Wiley

Fig. 14

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [278]. Copyright 2018, Wiley

Fig. 15

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [177]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society

Fig. 16

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [295]. Copyright 2013, Royal Society of Chemical

Fig. 17

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [297]. Copyright 2022, IOP Publishing

Fig. 18

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [304]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b Mechanism of a radical pathway of persulfate activation process occurred at annealed nanodiamond; c scheme diagram of radical and non-radical pathways revealed at G-ND. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [308]. Copyright 2017, Elsevier

Fig. 19

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [322]. Copyright 2017, Royal Society of Chemical. c Schematic representation of persulfate reaction pathway on BDD/BCNW electrode (inset); d SEM images of BDD/BCNW grown on Nb; e cyclic voltammograms of planar BDD and BDDNW electrodes in a 0.5 mol·L−1 H2SO4; f TOC, phenol removal (inset) curves for phenol oxidation on different electrodes; g residual COD values, as a function of j (2.5 and 15.0 mA·cm−2), after 40-min electrolysis at different anodic electrode materials in EO tests at 25 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [319]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

Fig. 20

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [331]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. b Time-resolved phenol removal at surface-modified NDs and (inset) HRTEM image of G-ND samples; c G-ND annealed at different temperatures in presence of PDS; d, e phenol removal by carbon-materials removal of PDS. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [324]. Copyright 2016, American Chemical Society

Fig. 21

Reproduced with permission from Ref. [328]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52102162 and 11975205), Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Nos. 2022A1515011794 and 2020B1515120048) and the Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong (No. 2021KQNCX273). The author also acknowledge the support from Jiangsu Science and Technology Programme - YoungScholar (BK20200251).

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  1. Xiao-Wu Gao and Zi-Wei Zhao have contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China

    Xiao-Wu Gao, Zi-Wei Zhao, Yang He, Ke-Ran Jiao, Si-Yu Lou, Xin-Yue Han & Yong-Jie Wang

  2. National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China

    Xiao-Wu Gao, Zi-Wei Zhao, Sai-Fei Fan, Yong-Jie Wang & Jia-Qi Zhu

  3. School of Advanced Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215000, China

    Ke-Ran Jiao & Peng-Fei Song

  4. Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77251, USA

    Rong Cai

  5. Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, 710049, China

    Zhun Hu

  6. Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Research Institute & Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, College of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China

    Zhong-Jie Jiang

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  1. Xiao-Wu Gao
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Correspondence to Zhun Hu, Zhong-Jie Jiang, Yong-Jie Wang or Jia-Qi Zhu.

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Gao, XW., Zhao, ZW., He, Y. et al. Nanodiamond: a promising metal-free nanoscale material in photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. Rare Met. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12598-023-02513-8

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