Abstract
Plants have evolved a variety of defences to reduce losses to herbivores and pathogens. The benefits of these may, however, be modified by resistance evolution in antagonists, changes in antagonist fauna, context-dependent “costs of defence”, and by interactions between antagonists. In Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae), the so-called “G-type” produces triterpenoid saponins that deter important specialist insect herbivores, whereas the “P-type” produces other saponins and are not insect-resistant. In contrast, P-type plants are predominantly resistant to the biotroph pathogen Albugo sp., causing white blister rust, whilst most G-type plants are susceptible. In a field experiment with F3 hybrids between G and P-plants, we tested whether the two resistances are functionally coupled, leads to less disease and herbivory and to better plant performance, and whether insect herbivores and the pathogen interact in their effects on plant performance. The Albugo and insect resistances varied continuously between the F3 plants and mapped to different linkage groups, indicating independent mechanisms and evolution. Plants with high Albugo resistance produced more biomass and survived better than more susceptible plants. Albugo DNA was detected in surface-sterilized green siliques, indicating systemic and sometimes non-symptomatic infection. Plants with high insect resistance were slightly less damaged by herbivores, but did not grow or survive better than more susceptible plants. Interactions between Albugo and insect herbivores did not affect plant performance. In contrast to the Albugo resistance, which clearly benefited the plants, our results show that the saponin-based insect resistance did convey any benefit under the given conditions despite its deterrent effects in controlled experiments.
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Professor Sven Bode Andersen, who unfortunately passed away before publishing, for guiding the genetic analyses. Also, thanks to Morten Læssøe Stephensen, who took care of the plants in the greenhouse, Mai-Britt Sauer and Mads Nielsen, who transplanted into the field, Vinnie Deichmann, who extracted DNA, and Karen R Munk, who weighed the plants. This work was carried out as part of Stina Christensen’s PhD projects, funded by the Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, and by a grant from the Danish Council for Independent Research, Technology and Production Sciences to Thure Hauser (No. 09-065899).
Funding
This work was carried out as part of Stina Christensen’s PhD projects, funded by the Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, and by a grant from The Danish Council for Independent Research, Technology and Production Sciences to Thure Hauser (No. 09-065899).
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Hauser, T.P., Christensen, S., Kuzina, V. et al. Effects of a saponin-based insect resistance and a systemic pathogen resistance on field performance of the wild crucifer Barbarea vulgaris. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 15, 683–698 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09858-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11829-021-09858-w