Abstract
Three powder metallurgical Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb compacts were prepared using spherical pre-alloyed powders, mechanically milled powders, and a mixture of the spherical pre-alloyed powders and the mechanical milled powders in a weight ratio of 1:4. Different microstructures corresponding to coarse grains, ultrafine grains, and bimodal-size grains, respectively, were obtained. The compact with a bimodal grain structure exhibits a good combination of high-yield compressive strength (~ 1393 MPa) and improved compression ratio to fracture (~ 13.9%) at room temperature due to the effects of back-stress and ductile γ-TiAl single-phase layer generated near the ultrafine/coarse grain interface. At high temperatures, the compressive properties of the compact with the bimodal grain size distribution are sensitive to the temperature. A relatively high deformation resistance is achieved at 750 °C. At this temperature, the coarse grain region of the bimodal grain-sized microstructure undergoes more strain, and the dynamic recrystallization is promoted with increasing strain, improving the ductility. By contrast, the ultrafine grains in the bimodal grain size microstructure dominate the dynamic softening when the temperature is higher than 850 °C due to their accelerated dynamic recrystallization and easy grain boundary slip that are responsible for the good formability and the sharp decrease in deformation resistance of this alloy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Appel, H. Clemens, and F.D. Fischer, Modeling Concepts for Intermetallic Titanium Aluminides, Prog. Mater Sci., 2016, 81, p 55–124
Y.W. Kim and S.L. Kim, Advances in Gammalloy Materials–Processes–Application Technology: Successes, Dilemmas, and Future, JOM, 2018, 70(4), p 553–560
C.C. Shi, M.L. Han, K.F. Zhang, and Z. Lu, Effects of Sintering Temperature on Microstructure Evolution and Hot Deformation Behavior of TiAl-Based Alloys Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering, JOM, 2018, 70(11), p 2739–2745
H.F. Sun, X.W. Li, J. Feng, and W.B. Fang, Characterization of Powder Metallurgy High Nb-Containing TiAl-Based Alloy, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2012, 22, p S491–S495
L.M. Hsiung and T.G. Nieh, Microstructures and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAl Alloys, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2004, 364, p 1–10
Z. Dong, N. Liu, W.Q. Hu, Z.Q. Ma, C. Li, C.X. Liu, Q.Y. Guo, and Y.C. Liu, Controlled Synthesis of High-Quality W-Y2O3 Composite Powder Precursor by Ascertaining the Synthesis Mechanism Behind the Wet Chemical Method, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 36, p 118–127
W.Q. Hu, Z. Dong, L.M. Yu, Z.Q. Ma, and Y.C. Liu, Synthesis of W-Y2O3 Alloys by Freeze-Drying and Subsequent Low Temperature Sintering: Microstructure Refinement and Second Phase Particles Regulation, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 2020, 36, p 84–90
S.L. Xiao, L.J. Xu, Y.Y. Chen, and H.B. Yu, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiAl-Based Alloy Prepared by Double Mechanical Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China, 2012, 22, p 1086–1091
Y. Wang, C. Zhang, Y. Liu, S.X. Zhao, and J.B. Li, Microstructure Characterization and Mechanical Properties of TiAl-Based Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Milling and Spark Plasma Sintering, Mater. Charact., 2017, 128, p 75–84
M. Schloffer, F. Iqbal, H. Gabrisch, E. Schwaighofer, F.P. Schimansky, S. Mayer, A. Stark, T. Lippmann, M. Göken, F. Pyczak, and H. Clemens, Microstructure Development and Hardness of a Powder Metallurgical Multi Phase γ-TiAl Based Alloy, Intermetallics, 2012, 22, p 231–240
V.N. Nadakuduru, D.L. Zhang, B. Gabbitas, and Y.L. Chiu, Tensile Properties and Fracture Behaviour of An Ultrafine Grained Ti-47Al-2Cr (at.%) Alloy at Room and Elevated Temperatures, J. Mater. Sci., 2012, 47(3), p 1223–1233
H.W. Liu and K.P. Plucknett, Titanium Aluminide (Ti-48Al) Powder Synthesis, Size Refinement and Sintering, Adv. Powder Technol., 2017, 28(1), p 314–323
X. Zhou, T.F. Ma, L.C. Zhang, Y.S. Zhang, and P.X. Zhang, Mechanical Property and Microstructure Evolution of Nitrogen-Modified Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy with Core-Shell Structure by Hot Compression, Mater. Charact., 2018, 142, p 270–275
H.T. Hu, L.J. Huang, L. Geng, J.F. Sun, and H. Tian, High Temperature Mechanical Properties of As-Extruded TiBw/Ti60 Composites with Ellipsoid Network Architecture, J. Alloys Compd., 2016, 688, p 958–966
R.N. Shahid and S. Scudino, Strengthening of Al-Fe3Al Composites by the Generation of Harmonic Structures, Sci. Rep., 2018, 8(1), p 64–84
Y. Wang, M. Chen, F. Zhou, and E. Ma, High Tensile Ductility in a Nanostructured Metal, Nature, 2002, 419(6910), p 912–915
S.K. Vajpai, C. Sawangrat, O. Yamaguchi, O.P. Ciuca, and K. Ameyama, Effect of Bimodal Harmonic Structure Design on the Deformation Behaviour and Mechanical Properties of Co-Cr-Mo Alloy, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2016, 58, p 1008–1015
S. Kikuchi, Y. Hayami, T. Ishiguri, B. Guennec, A. Ueno, M. Ota, and K. Ameyama, Effect of Bimodal Grain Size Distribution on Fatigue Properties of Ti-6Al-4 V Alloy with Harmonic Structure Under Four-Point Bending, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2017, 687, p 269–275
F. Mompiou, D. Tingaud, Y. Chang, B. Gault, and G. Dirras, Conventional vs Harmonic-Structured β-Ti-25Nb-25Zr Alloys: A Comparative Study of Deformation Mechanisms, Acta Mater., 2018, 161, p 420–430
R.X. Zheng, Z. Zhang, M. Nakatani, M. Ota, X. Chen, C.L. Ma, and K. Ameyama, Enhanced Ductility in Harmonic Structure Designed SUS316L Produced by High Energy Ball Milling and Hot Isostatic Sintering, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2016, 674, p 212–220
K. Edalati, S. Toh, H. Iwaoka, M. Watanabe, Z. Horita, D. Kashioka, K. Kishida, and H. Inui, Ultrahigh Strength and High Plasticity in TiAl Intermetallics with Bimodal Grain Structure and Nanotwins, Scripta Mater., 2012, 67(10), p 814–817
L. Cheng, Y. Chen, J.S. Li, and E. Bouzy, Superplastic Deformation Mechanism of a γ-TiAl Alloy with Coarse and Bimodal Grain Structure, Mater. Lett., 2017, 194, p 58–61
S.K. Vajpai and K. Ameyama, A Novel Powder Metallurgy Processing Approach to Prepare Fine-Grained Ti-rich TiAl-Based Alloys from Pre-alloyed Powders, Intermetallics, 2013, 42, p 146–155
M. Nishida, T. Tateyama, R. Tomoshige, K. Morita, and A. Chiba, Electron Microscopy Studies of Ti-47 at.% Al Powder Produced by Plasma Rotating Electrode Process, Scripta Metal. Mater., 1992, 27(3), p 335–340
Y. Liu, X.P. Liang, B. Liu, W.W. He, J.B. Li, Z.Y. Gan, and Y.H. He, Investigations on Processing Powder Metallurgical High-Nb TiAl Alloy Sheets, Intermetallics, 2014, 55, p 80–89
H.Z. Niu, T.X. Gao, Q.Q. Sun, H.R. Zhang, D.L. Zhang, and G.L. Liu, Prior Particle Boundaries and Microstructural Homogenization of a β-Solidifying γ-TiAl Alloy Fabricated from Prealloyed Powder, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2018, 737, p 151–157
T.F. Broderick, A.G. Jackson, H. Jones, and F.H. Froes, The Effect of Cooling Conditions on the Microstructure of Rapidly Solidified Ti6A14V, Metall. Trans. A, 1985, 16, p 1951–1959
W.W. He, Y. Liu, H.P. Tang, Y.P. Li, B. Liu, X.P. Liang, and Z.P. Xi, Microstructural Characteristics and Densification Behavior of High-Nb TiAl Powder Produced by Plasma Rotating Electrode Process, Mater. Des., 2017, 132, p 275–282
P. Bhattacharya, P. Bellon, R.S. Averback, and S.J. Hales, Nanocrystalline TiAl Powder Synthesized by High-Energy Ballmilling: Effects of Milling Parameters on Yield and Contamination, J. Alloys Compd., 2004, 368, p 187–196
M. Lamirand, J.-L. Bonnentien, G. Ferrière, S. Guérin, and J.-P. Chevalier, Effects of Interstitial Oxygen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb with Fully Lamellar and Duplex Microstructures, Metall. Trans. A, 2006, 37, p 2369–2378
G. Wang, Z. Zheng, L.T. Chang, L. Xu, Y.Y. Cui, and R. Yan, Characterization of TiAl Pre-alloyed Powder and Its Densification Microstructure, Acta Metall. Sinica, 2011, 47(10), p 1263–1269
Y. Pan, X. Lu, C.C. Liu, T.L. Hui, C. Zhang, and X.H. Qu, Sintering Densification, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sn-Doped High Nb-Containing TiAl Alloys Fabricated by Pressureless Sintering, Intermetallics, 2020, 125, p 106891
J.P. Sun, Z.Q. Yang, J. Han, H. Liu, D. Song, J.H. Jiang, and A.B. Ma, High Strength and Ductility AZ91 Magnesium Alloy with Multi-heterogenous Microstructures Prepared by High-Temperature ECAP and Short-Time Aging, Mater. Sci. Eng., A, 2018, 734(12), p 485–490
N. Cui, Q.Q. Wu, J. Wang, B.J. Lv, and F.T. Kong, The Directional Solidification, Microstructural Characterization and Deformation Behavior of β-Solidifying TiAl Alloy, Materials, 2019, 12(8), p 1203
N. Cui, F.T. Kong, X.P. Wang, Y.Y. Chen, and H.T. Zhou, Microstructural Evolution, Hot Workability, and Mechanical Properties of Ti-43Al-2Cr-2Mn-0.2Y Alloy, Mater. Des., 2016, 89, p 1020–1027
Z.P. Wan, Y. Sun, L.X. Hu, and H. Yu, Dynamic Softening Behavior and Microstructural Characterization of TiAl-Based Alloy During Hot Deformation, Mater. Charact., 2017, 130, p 25–32
X.B. Gong, Z.X. Duan, W. Pei, and H. Chen, Superplastic Deformation Mechanisms of Superfine/Nanocrystalline Duplex PM-TiAl-Based Alloy, Materials, 2017, 10(9), p 1103
Y.D. Chu, J.S. Li, L. Zhu, Y. Liu, B. Tang, and H.C. Kou, Microstructural Evolution Resulting from Different Deformation Mechanisms of a High-Nb-Containing TiAl Alloy with Harmonic Structure During Elevated-Temperature Deformation, Mater. Lett., 2019, 242, p 35–38
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51974032 and 51604034) and the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province (No. 20190302003GX).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ren, Y., Han, Y., Yan, S. et al. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Powder Metallurgical TiAl-Based Alloy Made by Micron Bimodal-Sized Powders. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 30, 269–280 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05342-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05342-3