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Effects of radius and electronegativity of donors on the microstructure and mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of ZnO varistors

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Abstract

In this paper, influence of radius and electronegativities of seven kinds of donors on the composition, microstructure, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of ZnO varistors were investigated via XRD, SEM, XPS, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties tests. Results showed that when sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h, the obtained varistors exhibited a dense microstructure, where radius of donors played an important role on the grain size and size distribution of varistors; Mechanical properties and coefficient of thermal expansion of varistors were mainly affected by the radius of donors, with specimen 6# possessing the highest values of 123.46 MPa (σf), 80.47 GPa (Ef), and 6.58 × 10−6 °C−1 (λc), respectively; Values of E1mA and α initially increased and then decreased with the increase of donors’ radius, whereas those of JL and K exhibited opposite trends. E1mA and α had maximum values of 569.94 V mm–1 and 26.70, whereas JL and K possessed the lowest values of 2.31 μA⋅cm−2 and 1.35, respectively, when Co2+ worked as the donor (specimen 6#). The DC aging process of ZnO varistors obeyed the ion migration mechanism, the radius of donors can affect the number of it entering the ZnO lattice, which can limit the migration of zinc gaps via the formation of substitution and filling defects in the ZnO lattice. The electronegativity of donors can reduce the ion migration speed via the stronger electrostatic force, and specimen 6# possessed the lowest DC aging properties (KT = 1.68).

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Program of State Grid Corporation of China (5216A8220009).

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The Science and Technology Program of State Grid Corporation of China, 5216A8220009, Bo-wen Wang.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha, 410114, China

    Bo-wen Wang & Jia-zheng Lu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention & Reduction for Power Grid, State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company Disaster Prevention and Reduction Center, Changsha, 410129, China

    Bo-wen Wang, Zhi-yao Fu & Zheng-long Jiang

  3. College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China

    Peng-zhao Gao

  4. Hunan Changyuan Lico Co Ltd, Changsha, 410205, China

    Wei-wei Gong

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Wang, Bw., Lu, Jz., Gao, Pz. et al. Effects of radius and electronegativity of donors on the microstructure and mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of ZnO varistors. J Electroceram (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10832-024-00349-x

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