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Bio-organics Management: Novel Strategies to Manage Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Pest of Vegetable Crops

Biologisch-organische Bewirtschaftung: neue Strategien zur Bekämpfung des Wurzelgallennematoden Meloidogyne incognita als Schädling von Gemüsekulturen

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Abstract

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are sedentary endoparasites and soil-borne pathogens worldwide. M. incognita is one of the most devastating and dominant species among them causing economic yield losses in almost all vegetables and other agricultural crops in the world. Current management strategies against M. incognita are not sufficient. However, from the last decades, utilization of nematicides has been increasing to manage this pest due to which environmental and human health issues arises. Bio-organic approaches are the best alternatives to nematicides, including biological agents and organic matters. In bio agents both arbuscular mycorrhizal and nematophagous fungi have a potent ability to manage plant-parasitic nematodes by inducing systemic resistance and activation of pathogenesis related (PR) genes in inoculated plants against nematodes, whereas nematophagous fungi trap nematodes for their feeding and killing them. Soil application of organic matters viz., botanical extract, oil cakes and agricultural wastes both in vitro and in vivo is also useful. Botanical extracts, oil cakes, kill nematodes by releasing secondary metabolites and inhibiting the movement of juveniles in the soil. Researchers from all over the world engage in evolving eco-friendly approaches that enhance and sustain the vegetable and agricultural production against this pest and keep it below the threshold level without affecting beneficial soil microbiota. In the future, such environment benign approaches have become an active field of research that adds new knowledge for their success against pest management, and enhancement of agricultural production for the human population.

Zusammenfassung

Wurzelgallennematoden (Meloidogyne spp.) sind sesshafte Endoparasiten und bodenbürtige Krankheitserreger weltweit. M. incognita ist eine der verheerendsten und dominantesten Arten unter ihnen und verursacht wirtschaftliche Ertragseinbußen bei fast allen Gemüsearten und anderen landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen in der Welt. Die derzeitigen Strategien zur Bekämpfung von M. incognita sind nicht ausreichend. In den letzten Jahrzehnten wurden jedoch immer mehr Nematizide zur Bekämpfung dieses Schädlings eingesetzt, was zu Problemen für die Umwelt und die menschliche Gesundheit führte. Bio-organische Ansätze sind die beste Alternative zu Nematiziden, einschließlich biologischer Wirkstoffe und organischer Stoffe. Bei den biologischen Wirkstoffen haben sowohl arbuskuläre Mykorrhizapilze als auch nematophage Pilze die Fähigkeit, pflanzenparasitäre Nematoden zu bekämpfen, indem sie eine systemische Resistenz und die Aktivierung von PR-Genen (pathogenesis related) in den beimpften Pflanzen gegen Nematoden induzieren, während nematophage Pilze die Nematoden einfangen, um sie zu fressen und zu töten. Der Einsatz von organischen Stoffen im Boden, d. h. Pflanzenextrakten, Ölkuchen und landwirtschaftlichen Abfällen, ist sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo nützlich. Pflanzenextrakte und Ölkuchen töten Nematoden ab, indem sie sekundäre Metaboliten freisetzen und die Bewegung von Jungtieren im Boden hemmen. Forscher aus der ganzen Welt arbeiten an der Entwicklung umweltfreundlicher Ansätze, die die Gemüse- und Agrarproduktion gegen diesen Schädling verbessern und aufrechterhalten, ohne die nützliche Bodenmikrobiota zu beeinträchtigen. In der Zukunft werden solche umweltfreundlichen Ansätze ein aktives Forschungsgebiet sein, das neue Erkenntnisse über den Erfolg bei der Schädlingsbekämpfung und der Verbesserung der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion für die menschliche Bevölkerung liefert.

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Abbreviations

GalNac:

D-galactosamine N‑acetyl

GCs:

Giant cells

J2s:

Second stage juveniles

MAMPs:

Microbe-associated molecular pattern

MTI:

MAMPs triggered immunity

PPNs:

Plant parasitic nematodes

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Acknowledgements

The authors are highly obliged to the Head of Department (Botany), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India for giving valuable suggestion regarding to the work.

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  1. Plant Pathology and Nematology Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, UP, India

    Amir Khan & Abrar Ahmad Khan

  2. Section of Environmental Botany, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, 202002, Aligarh, India

    Gufran Ahmad & Mohammad Haris

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  1. Amir Khan
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AK suggested the idea of the manuscript. AK, GA and MH find out the literature and wrote the complete manuscript. AAK has done the final editing of the manuscript. AK and MH compile and formatted the manuscript according to journal guidelines. AK is responsible for the correspondence of manuscript. The manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors.

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A. Khan, G. Ahmad, M. Haris and A.A. Khan declare that they have no competing interests.

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Khan, A., Ahmad, G., Haris, M. et al. Bio-organics Management: Novel Strategies to Manage Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Pest of Vegetable Crops. Gesunde Pflanzen 75, 193–209 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00679-2

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