Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction to Plant-Parasitic Nematodes; Modes of Parasitism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions

Abstract

Plant-parasitic nematodes are pests of agricultural crops and cause considerable economic loss and, especially in developing countries, adverse social impact. They exhibit a variety of parasitic modes, with the endoparasitic cyst and root-knot nematodes attracting the most research interest. As a group, plant-parasitic nematodes display a variety of adaptations to the parasitic lifestyle and some species show remarkable abilities to survive and disperse in the absence of a host. The urgent need to find environmentally acceptable methods of control has provided the impetus for molecular studies to increase understanding of plant-nematode interactions. The burgeoning interest in comparative genomics will be a vital component in understanding the parasitic life style and identifying novel targets for control options. This introductory chapter provides background information about the life-cycle biology of plant-parasitic nematodes, their different feeding strategies and aspects of the host-parasitic interactions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abad P, Opperman CH (2009) The complete sequence of the genomes of Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne hapla. In: Perry RN, Moens M, Starr JL (eds) Root-knot nematodes. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Abad P, Gouzy J, Aury J-M et al (2008) Genome sequence of the metazoan plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Nat Biotechnol 8:909–915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin JG, Nadler SA, Adams BJ (2004) Evolution of plant parasitism among nematodes. Ann Rev Phytopathol 42:83–105

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett J (1991) Anhydrobiotic nematodes. Agric Zool Rev 4:161–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett J (2011) Biochemistry of survival. In: Perry RN, Wharton DA (eds) Molecular and physiological basis of nematode survival. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird AF, Bird J (1991) The structure of nematodes, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Burnell AM, Tunnacliffe A (2011) Gene induction and desiccation stress in nematodes. In: Perry RN, Wharton DA (eds) Molecular and physiological basis of nematode survival. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Castillo P, Vovlas N (2007) Pratylenchus (Nematoda; Pratylenchidae): diagnosis, biology, pathogenicity and management. In: Hunt DJ, Perry RN (eds) Nematology monographs and perspectives, vol 6. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitwood DJ, Perry RN (2009) Reproduction, physiology and biochemistry. In: Perry RN, Moens M, Starr JL (eds) Root-knot nematodes. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Chitwood DJ, McClure MA, Feldlaufer MF, Lusby WR, Oliver JE (1987) Sterol composition and ecdysteroid content of eggs of the root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita and M. arenaria. J Nematol 19:352–360

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke AJ, Perry RN, Hennessy J (1978) Osmotic stress and the hatching of Globodera rostochiensis. Nematology 24:384–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cobb NA (1914) Antarctic marine free-living nematodes of the Shackleton Expedition. Contrib Sci Nematol 1:1–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ, Bakker J, Schots A (2000) Nematode parasitism genes. Ann Rev Phytopath 38:365–396

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devine KJ, Jones PW (2002) Investigations into the chemoattraction of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida towards fractionated potato root leachate. Nematology 5:65–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Devine KJ, Byrne J, Maher N, Jones PW (1996) Resolution of natural hatching factors for the golden potato cyst nematode, Globodera rostochiensis. Ann Appl Biol 129:323–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ehlers R-U (2001) Mass production of entomopathogenic nematodes for plant protection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:623–633

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ellenby C (1969) Dormancy and survival in nematodes. Symp Soc Exp Biol 23:83–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elling AE, Mitreva M, Recknor J, Gai X, Martin J et al (2007) Divergent evolution of arrested development in the dauer stage of Caenorhabditis elegans and the infective stage of Heterodera glycines. Genome Biol 8:R211. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-10-r211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans AAF (1998) Reproductive mechanisms. In: Perry RN, Wright DJ (eds) The physiology and biochemistry of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. CAB Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Gal TZ, Glazer I, Koltai H (2004) An LEA group 3 family member is involved on survival of C. elegans during exposure to stress. FEBS Lett 577:21–26

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaugler R (2002) Entomopathogenic nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gaugler R, Han R (2002) Production technology. In: Gaugler R (ed) Entomopathogenic nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gaur HS, Beane J, Perry RN (2000) The influence of root diffusate, host age and water regimes on hatching of the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne triticoryzae. Nematology 2:191–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gheysen L, Jones JT (2006) Molecular aspects of plant-nematode interactions. In: Perry RN, Moens M (eds) Plant nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Goyal K, Walton LJ, Tunnacliffe A (2005) LEA proteins prevent protein aggregation due to water stress. Biochem J 388:151–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higa LM, Womersley CZ (1993) New insights into the anhydrobiotic phenomenon: the effects of trehalose content and differential rates of evaporative water loss on the survival of Aphelenchus avenae. J Exp Zool 267:120–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones JT, Furlanetto C, Kikuchi T (2005) Horizontal gene transfer from bacteria and fungi as a driving force in the evolution of plant parasitism in nematodes. Nematology 7:641–646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones JT, Robertson L, Perry RN, Robertson WM (1997) Changes in gene expression during stimulation and hatching of the potato cyst nematode Globodera rostochiensis. Parasitology 114:309–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones PW, Tylka GL, Perry RN (1998) Hatching. In: Perry RN, Wright DJ (eds) The physiology and biochemistry of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon C (1997) Environmental factors and gene activities that influence life span. In: Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, Priess JR (eds) C. elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi T, Jones JT, Aikawa T, Kosaka H, Ogura N (2004) A family of glycosyl hydrolase family 45 cellulases from the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. FEBS Lett 572:201–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi T, Aikawa T, Kosaka H, Pritchard L, Ogura N, Jones JT (2007) Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of the pine wood nematodes Bursaphenelchus xylophilus and B. mucronatus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 155:9–17

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee DL (2001) The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Maggenti AR (1971) Nemic relationships and the origins of plant parasitic nematodes. In: Zuckerman BF, Mai WM, Rohde RA (eds) Plant parasitic nematodes, vol 1. Academic Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Manzanilla-López R (2010) Speciation within Nacobbus: consilience or controversy? Nematology 12:321–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manzanilla-López R, Costilla MA, Doucet M, Franco J, Inserra RN, Lehman PS, Cid del Prado-Vera I, Souza RM, Evans K (2002) The genus Nacobbus Thorne and Allen, 1944 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae): systematics, distribution, biology and management. Nematropica 32:149–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews B (1998) An introduction to parasitology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Moens M, Perry RN (2009) Migratory plant endoparasitic nematodes: a group rich in contrasts and diversity. Ann Rev Phytopathol 47:313–332

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moens M, Perry RN, Starr JL (2009) Meloidogyne species—a diverse group of novel and important plant parasites. In: Perry RN, Moens M, Starr JL (eds) Root-knot nematodes. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Mota M, Vieira PR (eds) (2008) Pine wilt disease: a worldwide threat to forest ecosystems. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Opperman CH, Bird D McK, Williamson VM et al (2008) Sequence and genetic map of Meloidogyne hapla: a compact nematode genome for plant parasitism. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105:14802–14807

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (1977) Desiccation survival of larval and adult stages of the plant parasitic nematodes, Ditylenchus dipsaci and D. myceliophagus. Parasitology 74:139–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (1989) Dormancy and hatching of nematode eggs. Parasitol Today 5:377–383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (1997) Plant signals in nematode hatching and attraction. In: Grundler F, Ohl S, Fenoll C (eds) Cellular and molecular aspects of plant-nematode interactions. Kluwer Academic Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (1999) Desiccation survival of parasitic nematodes. Parasitology 119:S19–S30 (published Jan, 2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (2001) Analysis of the sensory responses of parasitic nematodes using electrophysiology. Int J Parasitol 31:908–917

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (2002) Hatching. In: Lee DL (ed) The biology of nematodes. Taylor and Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN (2005) An evaluation of types of attractants enabling plant-parasitic nematodes to locate plant roots. Russ J Nematol 13:83–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN, Beane J (1982) The effect of brief exposures to potato root diffusate on the hatching of Globodera rostochiensis. Rev Nématol 5:221–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN, Maule AG (2004) Physiological and biochemical basis of nematode behaviour. In: Gaugler R, Bilgrami A (eds) Nematode behaviour. CAB International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN, Wesemael WML (2008) Host plant effects on hatching of root-knot nematodes. Russ J Nematol 16:1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN, Moens M (2011) Survival of parasitic nematodes outside the host. In: Perry RN, Wharton DA (eds) Molecular and physiological basis of nematode survival. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Perry RN, Knox DP, Beane J (1992) Enzymes released during hatching of Globodera rostochiensis and Meloidogyne incognita. Fundam Appl Nematol 15:283–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Poinar GO (1983) The natural history of nematodes. Prentice Hall, New Jersey

    Google Scholar 

  • Poinar GO (2011) The evolutionary history of nematodes. In: Hunt DJ, Perry RN (eds). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives, vol 9. Brill, Leiden

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston CM, Bird AF (1987) Physiological and morphological changes associated with recovery from anabiosis in the dauer larva of the nematode Anguina agrostis. Parasitology 95:125–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pudasaini MP, Viaene N, Moens M (2007) The influence of host and temperature on the vertical migration of Pratylenchus penetrans. Nematology 9:437–447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rahm G (1937) Grenzen des Lebens. Studien in Heissen Quellen. Forsch Fortschr 13:318–383

    Google Scholar 

  • Riddle DL, Albert PS (1997) Genetic and environmental regulation of dauer larva development. In: Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, Priess JR (eds) C. elegans II. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson AF, Perry RN (2006) Behaviour and Sensory Perception. In: Perry RN, Moens, M (eds) Plant nematology. CABI International, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MP, Atkinson HJ, Perry RN (1987) The influence of soil moisture and storage time on the motility, infectivity and lipid utilization of second stage juveniles of the potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida. Rev Nématol 10:343–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolfe RN, Barrett J, Perry RN (2000) Analysis of chemosensory responses of second stage juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis using electrophysiological techniques. Nematology 2:523–533

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosso MN, Jones JT, Abad P (2009) RNAi and functional genomics in plant parasitic nematodes: tools and discoveries in the post-genomic era. Ann Rev Phytopathol 47:207–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharon E, Spiegel Y (1993) Glycoprotein characterization of the gelatinous matrix in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. J Nematol 25:585–589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi MR (1983) Evolution of plant parasitism in nematodes. In: Stone AR, Platt HM, Khalil LF (eds) Concepts in nematode systematic. Academic Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriano IR, Riley IT, Potter MJ, Bowers WS (2004) Ohytoecdysteroids: a novel defense against plant-parasitic nematodes. J Chem Ecol 30:1885–1899

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spence KO, Lewis EE, Perry RN (2009) Host-finding and invasion by entomopathogenic and plant-parasitic nematodes: evaluating the ability of laboratory bioassays to predict field results. J Nematol 40:93–98

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart GR, Perry RN, Wright DJ (1993) Studies on the amphid specific glycoprotein gp32 in different life cycle stages of Meloidogyne species. Parasitology 107:573–578

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szewczyk NJ, Lamb W (2005) Surviving atmospheric spacecraft breakup. Wilderness Environ Med 16:27–32

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Triantaphyllou AC (1966) Polyploidy and reproductive patterns in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla. J Morphol 118:403–413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner SJ, Rowe JA (2006) Cyst nematodes. In: Perry RN, Moens M (eds) Plant nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Twomey U, Rolfe RN, Warrior P, Perry RN (2002) Effects of the biological nematicide, DiTera®, on movement and sensory responses of second stage juveniles of Globodera rostochiensis, and stylet activity of G. rostochiensis and fourth stage juveniles of Ditylenchus dipsaci. Nematology 4:909–915

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wharton DA, Preston CM, Barrett J, Perry RN (1988) Changes in cuticular permeability associated with recovery from anhydrobiosis in the plant parasitic nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci. Parasitology 97:317–330

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson M, Khakouli-Duarte T (eds) (2009) Nematodes as environmental indicators. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

  • Womersley CZ, Wharton DA, Higa, LM (1998) Survival biology. In: Perry RN, Wright DJ (eds) The physiology and biochemistry of free-living and plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI Publishing, Wallingford

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, Hertfordshire, UK

    Roland N. Perry

  2. Biology Department, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Roland N. Perry

  3. Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium

    Maurice Moens

Authors
  1. Roland N. Perry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Maurice Moens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Roland N. Perry .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Plant Pathology, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, United Kingdom

    John Jones

  2. , Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent, 9000, Belgium

    Godelieve Gheysen

  3. , Environmental Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III. s/n, Toledo, E-45071, Spain

    Carmen Fenoll

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Perry, R.N., Moens, M. (2011). Introduction to Plant-Parasitic Nematodes; Modes of Parasitism. In: Jones, J., Gheysen, G., Fenoll, C. (eds) Genomics and Molecular Genetics of Plant-Nematode Interactions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0434-3_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation