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Fungal quinones: diversity, producers, and applications of quinones from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium

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Abstract

Quinones represent an important group of highly structurally diverse, mainly polyketide-derived secondary metabolites widely distributed among filamentous fungi. Many quinones have been reported to have important biological functions such as inhibition of bacteria or repression of the immune response in insects. Other quinones, such as ubiquinones are known to be essential molecules in cellular respiration, and many quinones are known to protect their producing organisms from exposure to sunlight. Most recently, quinones have also attracted a lot of industrial interest since their electron-donating and -accepting properties make them good candidates as electrolytes in redox flow batteries, like their often highly conjugated double bond systems make them attractive as pigments. On an industrial level, quinones are mainly synthesized from raw components in coal tar. However, the possibility of producing quinones by fungal cultivation has great prospects since fungi can often be grown in industrially scaled bioreactors, producing valuable metabolites on cheap substrates. In order to give a better overview of the secondary metabolite quinones produced by and shared between various fungi, mainly belonging to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium, this review categorizes quinones into families such as emodins, fumigatins, sorbicillinoids, yanuthones, and xanthomegnins, depending on structural similarities and information about the biosynthetic pathway from which they are derived, whenever applicable. The production of these quinone families is compared between the different genera, based on recently revised taxonomy.

Key points

• Quinones represent an important group of secondary metabolites widely distributed in important fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium.

• Quinones are of industrial interest and can be used in pharmacology, as colorants and pigments, and as electrolytes in redox flow batteries.

• Quinones are grouped into families and compared between genera according to the revised taxonomy.

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Data availability

All data analyzed during this study is included in this published article.

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Funding

This project was funded by Novo Nordic Foundation (grant no. NNF 18OC0034952).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    J. V. Christiansen, T. Isbrandt, T. O. Larsen & J. C. Frisvad

  2. Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg, Denmark

    C. Petersen & T. E. Sondergaard

  3. Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 6700, Esbjerg, Denmark

    M. R. Nielsen, T. B. Pedersen & J. L. Sørensen

Authors
  1. J. V. Christiansen
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  2. T. Isbrandt
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  3. C. Petersen
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  4. T. E. Sondergaard
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  5. M. R. Nielsen
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  6. T. B. Pedersen
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  7. J. L. Sørensen
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  8. T. O. Larsen
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  9. J. C. Frisvad
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Contributions

J.V.C. planned the review with J.C.F., T.O.L., and T.I.; wrote a major part of the text; and corrected and added to the tables and prepared some of the figures. J.C.F. made the tables and wrote parts of the text. T.I. wrote a major part of the text on the chemistry of the quinones and made a major part of the figures. T.O.L. added to the text throughout the manuscript. J.L.S., T.B.P., and M.R.N. wrote a major part of the Fusarium part and added it to the remaining text. T.E.S. and C.P. wrote the Arthrinium text and added it to the remaining text. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to J. C. Frisvad.

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Christiansen, J.V., Isbrandt, T., Petersen, C. et al. Fungal quinones: diversity, producers, and applications of quinones from Aspergillus, Penicillium, Talaromyces, Fusarium, and Arthrinium. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 105, 8157–8193 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11597-0

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