Abstract
This article reviews all the contributions made on genetic aspects of various Indian metallic ore deposits between the period 2020 and 2023. We cover ores of chromite, platinum group elements, gold, uranium-copper ores of Iron Oxide Copper Gold (IOCG) affiliation, rare earth metals (+ niobium + tantalum + yttrium), and lithium-tungsten, the last two being fresh additions compared to the earlier reviews. Inferences are mainly derived by in-situ trace element analysis of important common ore minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, magnetite and apatite, along with the hydrothermally precipitated gangue phases such as biotite and tourmaline. Studies on conventional stable isotope (of oxygen, carbon and sulfur) analysis continues to be a widely used tool for constraining ore genetic models. In addition, in-situ isotopic measurement of boron and lithium, respectively in tourmaline and micas, along with U–Pb dating of hydrothermal monazite, provided a quantum jump in our understanding of ore-forming processes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anand, A., Singh, S., Gantait, A., et al.: Geological constraints on the genesis of Jagpura Au-Cu Deposit NW India: implications from magnetite-apatite mineral chemistry, fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope study. Minerals 12, 1345 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/min12111345
Aranha, M., Porwal, A., Sundaralingam, M., et al.: REEs associated with carbonatite-alkaline complexes in western Rajasthan, India: exploration targeting at regional-scale. Solid Earth 25, 1–37 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2021-108
Aranha, M., Porwal, A., González-Álvarez, I.: Targeting REE deposits associated with carbonatite and alkaline complexes in northeast India. Ore Geol. Rev. 148, 105026 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105026
Baidya, A.S., Pal, D.C.: Geochemical evolution and timing of uranium mineralization in the Khetri copper belt, western India. Ore Geol. Rev. 127, 103794 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103794
Baidya, A.S., Pal, D.C., Upadhyay, D.: Biotite chemistry and mineral association as an indicator of redox conditions in the iron oxide Cu-Au (IOCG) system: constraints from the Khetri copper belt, western India. Ore Geol. Rev. 139, 104544 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104544
Baidya, A.S., Sen, A., Pal, D.C., Upadhyay, D.: Ore-forming processes in the Khetri copper belt, western India: constraints from trace element chemistry of pyrite and C-O isotope composition of carbonates. Min. Depos. 56, 957–974 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01018-z
Baidya, A.S., Saha, R., Pal, D.C., Upadhyay, D.: Fingerprinting alteration and mineralization in the iron oxide Cu-Au (IOCG) system using biotite chemistry and monazite geochronology: constraints from the Khetri Copper Belt, western India. Min. Depos. 58, 1445–1476 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-023-01190-y
Banerjee, R., Mondal, S.K., Reisberg, L., Park, J.-W.: Fractionation of trace and platinum-group elements during metamorphism of komatiitic chromites from the early Archean Gorumahishani greenstone belt, Singhbhum Craton (eastern India). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 177, 75 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01943-4
Banerjee, R., Biswas, B.K., Mondal, S.K.: Origin of alteration patterns in accessory chromites from the Kudada metaperidotites, East Singhbhum District (Jharkhand, India). J. Geol. Soc. India 99, 345–356 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2317-x
Barla, A., Singh, S., Chakravarti, R.: Genesis of metasomatic gold mineralization in the Pahardiha-Rungikocha gold deposit, eastern India: constraints from trace element signatures in chromite-cored magnetite and bulk rock geochemistry. Ore Geol. Rev. 121, 103482 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103482
Baswani, S.R., Hazarika, P., Meshram, T., et al.: Genesis of greenockite (CdS) and associated sulphide-gold mineralization from Mahakoshal belt, Central Indian Tectonic Zone. Geol. J. 58, 1623–1643 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4681
Behera, S., Panigrahi, M.K.: Gold prospectivity mapping in the Sonakhan greenstone belt, Central India: a knowledge-driven guide for target delineation in a region of low exploration maturity. Nat. Resour. Res. 30, 4009–4045 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-021-09962-x
Behera, S., Panigrahi, M.K., India, S.: Mineral prospectivity modelling using singularity mapping and multifractal analysis of stream sediment geochemical data from the auriferous Hutti-Maski schist belt, S. India. Ore Geol. Rev. 131, 104029 (2021b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104029
Behera, S., Panigrahi, M.K.: Gold prospectivity mapping and exploration targeting in hutti-maski schist belt, India: synergistic application of weights-of-evidence (WOE), fuzzy logic (FL) and hybrid (WOE-FL) models. J. Geochem. Explor. 235, 106963 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2022.106963
Bharathvaj, S.A., Kusuma, K.N., Chaudhuri, N., Swethambigai, M.: Reflectance spectroscopy of hydrothermal alteration zones developed around auriferous reefs hosted in Hutti-Maski greenstone belt, India: a tool for exploring precious metals. J. Ind. Soc. Remote Sens. 51, 149–163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-022-01626-4
Bhuyan, N., Hazarika, P.: Ore genetic implications of pyrite and sphalerite compositions from Rajpura-Dariba and Zawarmala Pb-Zn deposits, Northwestern India. Geol. J. 57, 4634–4661 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4562
Bhuyan, N., Hazarika, P., Upadhyay, D.: Continental evaporites as brine sources for formation of SEDEX and MVT deposits: Implications from boron isotope compositions of tourmaline. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 361, 82–100 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.10.014
Chander, S., Raza, A., Bhattacharjee, S., Das, S.: Carbonate hosted intermetallic compounds in Paleoproterozoic Salumber Ghatol metallogenic belt, Aravalli Craton, Rajasthan, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 129, 137 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-020-01410-3
Chinnasamy, S.S., Hazarika, P., Pal, D., et al.: Pyrite textures and trace element compositions from the granodiorite-hosted gold deposit at jonnagiri, eastern dharwar craton, India: implications for gold mineralization processes. Econ. Geol. 116, 559–579 (2021). https://doi.org/10.5382/ECONGEO.4787
Chowdhury, S., Pal, D.C., Papineau, D., Lentz, D.R.: Major and trace element and multiple sulfur isotope composition of sulfides from the Paleoproterozoic Surda copper deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, India: Implications for the mineralization processes. Ore Geol. Rev. 120, 103396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103396
Das, A.K., Khaoash, S., Mishra, P., et al.: Chromite-bearing quartzite in the southern fringe of Singhbhum Craton around Ghutrigaon, Eastern India: Petrogenetic implication. Geol. J. 56, 3472–3496 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4107
Das, A., Kumar, P., Khalkho, N.: Archaean lode gold mineralisation in Bhitar Dari area of Gorumahisani–Badampahar greenstone belt, Singhbhum Craton, eastern India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-022-02011-y
Das, A., Kumar, R., Patel, S.S., et al.: Geochemical variations of major, trace, rare earth elements in some Gondwana and Eocene coals of India with a comparison of their germanium, lithium, and mercury content. Geochemistry. 83, 125960 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2023.125960
Datta, P., Mondal, S.K.: Compositional variations, thermometry, and probable parental magmas of Archean chromite from the Sargur greens©tone belt, Western Dharwar Craton (India). Lithos (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105867
Datta, P., Mukherjee, R., Mondal, S.K., Lingadevaru, M.: Origin of Ni-Cu-(PGE + au) sulfides in late-archean komatiitic suite of rocks in the Shankaraghatta belt, Western Dharwar Craton (India). Ore Geol. Rev. 138, 104375 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104375
Debata, R., Nayak, B.: Origin of zoned laurite–a platinum group mineral from the Mesoarchaean Bangur chromite deposit, Boula–Nuasahi ultramafic complex, Odisha, India. Curr. Sci. 124, 988–995 (2023). https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v124/i8/988-995
Dhote, P., Bhan, U., Verma, D.: Genetic model of carbonatite hosted rare earth elements mineralization from Ambadongar Carbonatite Complex, Deccan Volcanic Province, India. Ore Geol. Rev. 135, 104215 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104215
Dora, M.L., Upadhyay, D., Randive, K.R., et al.: Trace element geochemistry of magnetite and pyrite and sulfur isotope geochemistry of pyrite and barite from the Thanewasna Cu-(Au) deposit, western Bastar Craton, central India: Implication for ore genesis. Ore Geol. Rev. 117, 103262 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103262
Dora, M.L., Meshram, T., Baswani, S.R., et al.: The Paleo-Mesoarchaean Gondpipri mafic-ultramafic intrusions, western Bastar Archaean Craton, Central India: Insights from bulk-rock geochemistry and Sm-Nd and S isotope studies on the formation of Ni-Cu-PGE mineralization. Econ. Geol. 117, 1845–1866 (2022). https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4947
Dwivedy, S., Sahoo, P.R.: Geology and trace element geochemistry of the albitite hosted iron ore mineralization around Khetri copper deposit, India: Implications for an IOA type deposit. Ore Geol. Rev. 138, 104343 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104343
Frimmel, H.E., Chakravarti, R., Basei, M.A.S.: Detrital zircon ages from archaean conglomerates in the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India: Implications on economic Au-U potential. Min. Depos. 57, 1499–1514 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-022-01121-3
Gantait, A., Debnath, S., Anand, A., Jakhar, S.: Fluid evolution, metal source, and ore genesis of sulfide mineralization, Nim Ka Thana Copper Belt, Rajasthan, India: Evidence from mineral chemistry, fluid inclusions and sulfur isotope geochemistry. Arab. J. Geosci. 16, 167 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11262-y
Ghosh, R.: An overview of ore genesis in the Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India. Earth Sci. Rev. 226, 103933 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103933
Ghosh, U., Upadhyay, D.: The retrograde evolution of F-rich skarns: clues from major and trace element chemistry of garnet, scheelite, and vesuvianite from the Belka Pahar wollastonite deposit, India. Lithos (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2022.106750
Ghosh, U., Upadhyay, D., Abhinay, K., Mishra, B.: Nature of the mineralizing fluids in the Balda and Motiya W-prospects, western India: constraints from chemical and B-isotope composition of tourmaline. Chem. Geol. 582, 120439 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120439
Ghosh, U., Upadhyay, D., Mishra, B., Abhinay, K.: In-situ trace element and Li-isotope study of zinnwaldite from the Degana tungsten deposit, India: Implications for hydrothermal tungsten mineralization. Chem. Geol. 632, 121550 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2023.121550
Govindarao, B., Pruseth, K.L., Mishra, B.: Experimentally produced Cu-Pb-Ag-Sb-S melts at 500°C: implications to partial melting of massive sulfide ores. Ore Geol. Rev. 121, 103560 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103560
Govindarao, B., Pruseth, K.L., Mishra, B.: Sulfide partial melting and galena–tetrahedrite intergrowth texture: an experimental study. Mineral. Mag. 84, 859–868 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2020.79
Guha, A., Chatterjee, S., Oommen, T., et al.: Synergistic use of ASTER, L-band ALOS PALSAR, and hyperspectral AVIRIS-NG data for exploration of lode type gold deposit–a study in Hutti Maski Schist Belt, India. Ore Geol. Rev. 128, 103818 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103818
Gupta, A.K., Shalivahan, S.: Delineation of sulfide mineralization over a part of western margin of greenstone belt of the Dhanjori Basin, Singhbhum Craton from Petrophysical, petrographic and geophysical studies. Precambrian Res. 368, 106464 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106464
Hazarika, P., Upadhyay, D., Mishra, B., et al.: Modelling B-release and isotopic fractionation during metamorphic dehydration of basalt and pelite: Implications for the source of mineralizing fluid in greenstone-hosted orogenic gold deposits. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 304, 83–100 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.04.019
Horo, D., Pal, S.K., Singh, S., Srivastava, S.: Combined self-potential, electrical resistivity tomography and induced polarisation for mapping of gold prospective zones over a part of Babaikundi-Birgaon Axis, North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, India. Explor. Geophys. 51, 507–522 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/08123985.2020.1722026
Horo, D., Sanjit K.P., Sahendra S., Arkoprovo B.: New Insights into the Gold Mineralization in the Babaikundi–Birgaon Axis, North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, Eastern Indian Shield Using Magnetic, Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM), and Self-Potential Data. Minerals 13(10): 1289 (2023). https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101289
Jain, R.: Presence of base metals in the southern extension of Zawarmala Dolomite, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Curr. Sci. 121, 962–966 (2021). https://doi.org/10.18520/CS/V121/I7/962-966
Karmakar, A., Meshram, T., Asif, M., Pandey, Y.: Petrogenesis of the Neoarchean zincian chromite within ultramafic xenoliths, Bastar Craton, India. Acta Geochim. 42, 471–487 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11631-023-00596-9
Krishnamurthi, R., Sahoo, A.K., Sharma, R., Sangurmath, P.: Abundance of Carbonic Fluid inclusions in Hira-Buddini Gold Deposit, Hutti-Maski Greenstone Belt, India: inferences from petrography and volume ratio estimation of fluid components. J. Earth Sci. 31, 492–499 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-019-1272-3
Kullerud, G.: The FeS-ZnS system, a geological thermometer. Nor. Geol. Tidsskr. 32, 61–147 (1953)
Kumar, S., Chander, S.: Tungsten mineralized Neoproterozoic Degana Peraluminous Granite around Rewat Hill, Rajasthan, NW India: implications from sub-surface data and geochemistry. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 130, 131 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01605-2
Kumar, C., Chatterjee, S., Oommen, T.: Mapping hydrothermal alteration minerals using high-resolution AVIRIS-NG hyperspectral data in the Hutti-Maski gold deposit area, India. Int. J. Remote Sens. 41, 794–812 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2019.1648906
Kumar, S., Arasada, R.C., Rao, G.S., Singh, S.: 3D inversion of gravity and aeromagnetic data over the Western North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, Eastern Indian shield, for delineating prospective sulfide (au) mineralization zones. Nat. Resour. Res. 32, 1917–1940 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-023-10241-0
Kumari, S., Roy, T., Chakladar, S., et al.: Distribution, mode of occurrence, and significance of rare-earth elements in coal from Samaleswari open cast coal Blocks, Odisha, India with their provenance and paleodepositional environment. Springer, Berlin (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-023-10777-7
Mahanta, P., Maiti, S.: Remote geochemical alteration proxy for mineral exploration: a case study from Lawa gold mines, India. J. Asian Earth Sci. X 7, 100093 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaesx.2022.100093
Mahapatro, S.N., Meshram, T., Korakappa, M.: Mineralogy of Pakkanadu carbonatites and associated rocks, South India: constraints on evolution and evidences for REE enrichment. Mineral. Petrol. 117, 595–617 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-023-00843-0
Majumdar, S., Singh, S., Sahoo, P.R.: Characterization of organic matter and its implications for pyrite hosted refractory gold mineralization along the South Purulia Shear Zone, eastern India. Ore Geol. Rev. 124, 103584 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103584
Manikyamba, C., Ghose, N.C., Ganguly, S., et al.: Gold, uranium, thorium, and rare earth mineralization in the Kadiri Volcanic Province of Eastern Dharwar Craton, India: an evaluation of mineralogical, textural, and geochemical attributes. Geol. J. 56, 359–381 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3959
Manu Prasanth, M.P., Shellnutt, J.G., Hari, K.R., et al.: Platinum-group element and au geochemistry of an ultramafic intrusion from the Sonakhan greenstone belt, Bastar Craton, Central India: Tectono-magmatic implications. Geol. J. 56, 5550–5563 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4257
Mayachar, G.K., Ghosh, S.: Fluid inclusion characteristics of Tungsten Mineralization in the Agargaon Area of Sakoli Fold Belt, Central India. J. Earth Sci. 31, 559–570 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-019-1271-4
Meshram, T.: Mineralogical variation in platinum group element within altered chromitite of the Kondapalli layered igneous complex (Southern India): Implication on magmatic evolution and its petrogenetic significance. Ore Geol. Rev. 120, 103398 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103398
Meshram, T., Nannaware, S., Mahapatro, S.N., Dora, M.L., Baswani, S., Randive, K.: Chromite composition and Platinum-group element distribution in the Proterozoic Chimalpahad Anorthosite Complex, South India: implications for magmatic processes and discrimination of tectonic setting. Lithosphere (2022). https://doi.org/10.2113/2022/4452898
Mishra, B.P., Pati, P., Dora, M.L., et al.: Trace-element systematics and isotopic characteristics of sphalerite-pyrite from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits of Betul belt, central Indian Tectonic zone: insight of ore genesis to exploration. Ore Geol. Rev. 134, 104149 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104149
Misra, P.S., Kisku, S.R.: Gold mineralisation in Pahardia–Rungikocha Area, West Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India. J. Geol. Soc. India 98, 467–470 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2003-4
Misra, P.S., Pandit, D., Murmu, A.K., et al.: Bismuth–telluride-gold mineralisation from Parsoi Area in Eastern Mahakoshal Belt, Sonbhadra District, UP, India. J. Geol. Soc. India 98, 198–202 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1959-4
Mondal, S., Upadhyay, D., Banerjee, A.: REE mineralization in Siwana peralkaline granite, western India-role of fractional crystallization, hydrothermal remobilization, and feldspar-fluid interaction. Lithosphere 396–397, 106240 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106240
Mukherjee, R., Venkatesh, A.S., Fareeduddin: Geochemical characterization of mineralized albitite from Paleoproterozoic Bhukia IOCG-IOA deposit of Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt, Rajasthan, western India: Genetic linkage to the gold (± cu ± U) mineralization. Geol. J. 55, 4203–4225 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3669
Nayak, A., Ashrit, S., Jena, M.S., Venugopal, R.: Mineralogical characterization for selection of possible beneficiation route for low-grade lead–zinc Ore of Rampura Agucha, India. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 73, 775–784 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12666-020-01887-y
Nayak, B., Sindern, S., Wagner, T.: Formation of late-stage hydrothermal mineralization in the Mesoarchean Boula-Nuasahi ultramafic complex, Odisha, India: constraints from arsenopyrite geothermometry and trace element data. Ore Geol. Rev. 139, 104482 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104482
Nayak, R., Pal, D., Chinnasamy, S.S.: High-Cr chromitites of the Nidar Ophiolite Complex, northern India: petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Ore Geol. Rev. 129, 103942 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103942
Nayak, R., Pal, D., Chinnasamy, S.S., Satyanarayanan, M.: PGE geochemistry and platinum-group minerals in chromitites from Indus Suture Zone ophiolite, northwest Himalaya, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 132, 122 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02135-9
Nevin, C.G., Pandalai, H.S.: Rare earth element geochemistry and fluid characteristics of scheelite in the Hutti gold deposit, Hutti-Maski schist belt, Raichur district, Karnataka, India. J. Asian Earth Sci. 189, 104161 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104161
Pal, D.C., Basak, S., McFarlane, C., Sarangi, A.K.: EPMA geochemistry and LA-ICPMS dating of allanite, epidote, monazite, florencite and titanite from the Jaduguda uranium deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, eastern India: Implications for REE mineralization vis-à-vis tectonothermal events in the Proterozoic Mo. Precambrian Res. 359, 106208 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106208
Pal, D.C., Banerjee, A., Dutta, A., Sarangi, A.K.: Hydrothermal alterations and U-REE mineralisation in the Narwapahar uranium deposit, Singhbhum shear zone, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 131, 31 (2022a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-021-01782-0
Pal, D.C., Sarkar, B.C., Ghosh, S., et al.: Geochemistry of detrital zinc-rich chromite in conglomerates from eastern India. Mineral. Mag. 86, 214–221 (2022b). https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2022.12
Pal, D.C., Das, E., Sasmal, A., et al.: Role of evaporites in sodium metasomatism and formation of albite-rich rocks in IOCG provinces. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 361, 210–227 (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2023.09.021
Pal, D.C., Selby, D., Sarangi, A.K.: Timing of shear deformation in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, India: Implications for shear zone-hosted polymetallic mineralization. Geol. Mag. 160, 180–186 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756822001091
Patel, S., Upadhyay, D., Mishra, B., et al.: Multiple episodes of hydrothermal alteration and uranium mineralization in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, eastern India: Constraints from chemical and boron isotope composition of tourmaline. Lithosphere 388–389, 106084 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106084
Patel, A.K., Mishra, B., Upadhyay, D., Pruseth, K.L.: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence of dissolution-reprecipitation controlled hydrothermal rare earth element mineralization in the Amba Dongar Carbonatite Complex, Gujarat, Western India. Econ. Geol. 117, 683–702 (2022). https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4890
Patel, A.K., Upadhyay, D., Mishra, B., Pruseth, K.L.: Reconstruction of hydrothermal fluid composition of the Kamthai carbonatite complex, India using lattice strain model: implications for LREE/HREE fractionation. Lithosphere (2023a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107097
Patel, A.K., Upadhyay, D., Mishra, B., Pruseth, K.L.: Magmatic rare earth element mineralization and secondary fluid-assisted redistribution in the Kamthai carbonatite complex, NW India. Lithos. 456–457, 107294 (2023b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2023.107294
Patel, S., Upadhyay, D., Ranjan, S., Mishra, B.: Magnetite-fluorapatite geochemistry and monazite U–Pb geochronology of the Mohuldih uranium deposit, Singhbhum Shear Zone, eastern India. Geol. J. 58, 2002–2027 (2023c). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4705
Pradhan, B., Jena, R., Talukdar, D., et al.: A new method to evaluate gold mineralisation-potential mapping using deep learning and an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) Model. Remote Sens. 14, 1–21 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14184486
Praveen, M.N., Nambiar, C.G., Huston, D.L.: Geochemistry and petrogenesis of Paleoproterozoic rhyolite-hosted zinc-rich metamorphosed volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in the eastern Betul Belt, central India. Ore Geol. Rev. 131, 103918 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103918
Rajani, P.R., Manoj, R.V., Joshi, R.K., et al.: Base metals- and lithium- rich ferromanganese oxide deposits from the South Andaman Sea, Northeastern Indian Ocean: mode of occurrence and genesis. J. Asian Earth Sci. 234, 105272 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105272
Randive, K.R., Jawadand, S.A.: Mineral economics: an indian perspective. Nova Publishers, New York (2020)
Rasheed, K., Sarma, D.S.: Occurrence of gold in the Mesoarchean Mayurbhanj Gabbros of Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India. J. Geol. Soc. India. 98, 53–56 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-1927-z
Raza, M.A., Shareef, M., Apla Naidu Badireddi, V.S.S., et al.: Multiple sulfur sources for the volcanic hosted massive sulfides in Betul Belt, Central India: Evidence from the sulfide ore chemistry and sulfur isotope geochemistry. Geochemistry. 80, 125632 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2020.125632
Raza, M.Q., Absar, N., Pandalai, H.S., Patel, S.C.: Chlorite thermometry and fluid inclusion studies on vein-type Tintini copper deposit, Eastern Dharwar Craton, India: Ore genetic implications. Ore Geol. Rev. 131, 104058 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104058
Reshma, K., Paradhar, T.T., Nibin, G.T.: Rare earth mineralization in regolith zones of the Neoarchean Phoscorite from the carbonatite-syenite complex, Dombarahalli Area, Eastern Dharwar Craton, Koppal District, Karnataka. J. Geol. Soc. Ind. 98, 1114–1120 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2131-x
Roy, J.K., Bhattacharya, S.: Records of fluid-rock interactions in the Degana tungsten deposit, India: inferences from mineral paragenesis, whole-rock and mineral chemistry, and fluid inclusions. Ore Geol. Rev. 143, 104804 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.104804
Sadiq, M., Umrao, R.K.: Nb-Ta-rare earth element mineralization in titaniferous laterite cappings over Sung Valley ultramafic rocks in Meghalaya, India. Ore Geol. Rev. 120, 103439 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016 /j. oregeorev.2020.103439
Sahoo, J., Sahoo, P.R., Khan, I., Venkatesh, A.S.: Insights into the metallogenesis of the Felsic Volcanic Hosted Mundiyawas-Khera Cu Deposit, Alwar Basin, Western India. Minerals. 12, 370 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/min12030370
Sahoo, A.K., Krishnamurthi, R., Dinkar, G.K., et al.: Gold-sulfide mineralization in Banded Iron formation at Girar, Bundelkhand Craton, India: inferences from field observations and petrography. J. Geol. Soc. India 99, 13–22 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2262-8
Samal, A.K., Srivastava, R.K., Ernst, R.E.: An appraisal of mineral systems associated with precambrian large igneous provinces of the Indian Shield. Ore Geol. Rev. 131, 104009 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104009
Santosh, M., He, X.F., Waterton, P., et al.: Chromitites from an Archean layered intrusion in the Western Dharwar Craton, southern India. Lithosphere 376–377, 105772 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2020.105772
Sharma, J.P., Ranjan Sahoo, P., Mahanta, H., et al.: Constraints on the genesis of the proterozoic bornite dominated copper deposit from Nim ka Thana, western India: an IOCG perspective. Ore Geol. Rev. 118, 103338 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103338
Sharma, N.K., Chinnasamy, S.S., Biswal, T.K.: Genesis of the late-stage base metal sulfide mineralisation and its relationship with the regional deformation in Ambaji–Deri, South Delhi Terrane, North-West India. Geol. J. 57, 2983–3007 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.4464
Shukla, A.K., Danira, S.D., Praveen, M.N.: Granite-hosted Cu-Au mineralization in the Machanur Deposit, Eastern Dharwar Craton. J. Geol. Soc. India. 99, 291–291 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2300-6
Sindhuja, C.S., Manikyamba, C., Pahari, A., Satyanarayanan, M.: Geochemistry of banded sulphidic cherts of Sandur Greenstone belt, Dharwar Craton, India: constraints on hydrothermal processes and gold mineralization. Ore Geol. Rev. 122, 103529 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103529
Sindhuja, C.S., Manikyamba, C., Pahari, A., et al.: Metallogenesis and depositional environment of the Archean-Proterozoic carbonaceous phyllites from the Dharwar Craton, India. Ore Geol. Rev. 131, 103966 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103966
Singh, Y.: Rare earth element resources: Indian context, 1st edn. Springer, Berlin (2020a)
Singh, Y.: Strategic and critical element potential of Indian carbonatites. J. Geosci. Res. 5, 161–170 (2020b)
Singh, Y.: Lithium potential of the Indian Granitic pegmatites. J. Geol. Soc. India. 98, 917–925 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2095-x
Singh, P., Srivastava, P.K.: Chromite chemistry as petrogenetic indicator of altered ultramafic rocks from higher Himalayan Crystalline, Kishtwar, India. J. Earth Syst. Sci. 132, 142 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-023-02160-8
Singh, S., Chakravarti, R., Barla, A., et al.: A holistic approach on the gold metallogeny of the Singhbhum crustal province: Implications from tectono-metamorphic events during the Archean-Proterozoic regime. Precambrian Res. 365, 106376 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106376
Singh, T., Upadhyay, D., Patel, A.K., Mishra, B.: High MREE-HREE solubility in a carbonatite-derived hydrothermal fluid: Evidence from fluorite-hosted fluid inclusions in the Amba Dongar carbonatite complex, India. Chem. Geol. 613, 121162 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121162
Toulmin, P., Barton, P.B.: A thermodynamic study of pyrite and pyrrhotite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 28, 641–671 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90083-3
Upadhyay, A., Singh, A., Panda, K.P., Sharma, S.P.: Delineation of gold mineralization near Lawa Village, North Singhbhum Mobile Belt, India, using electrical resistivity imaging, self-potential and very low frequency methods. J. Appl. Geophys. 172, 103902 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103902
Upadhyay, D., Mondal, S., Patel, A.K., et al.: Rare earth element precipitation induced by non-redox transformation of magnetite to hematite: microtextural and geochemical evidence from the Kamthai carbonatite complex, western India. Lithosphere 400–401, 106381 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106381
Varghese, S., Ramesh, R.P., Pillai, R., et al.: Accumulation and enrichment of platinum group elements in hydrogenous Fe-Mn crust and nodules from the Andaman Sea, India. Curr. Sci. 120, 1740–1748 (2021). https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v120/i11/1740-1748
Vijaya Kumar, J., Randive, K.: Platinum group elements in lamprophyre, picrobasalt, gabbro and basalts of the Phenai Mata and nearby areas: implications for Fe–Ni–Cu–PGE mineralization in the Deccan Large Igneous Province, In: Krmíček L and Chalapathi Rao, NV (eds) Lamprophyres, lamproites and related Rocks: tracers to supercontinent cycles and metallogenesis, Geological Society of London, Special Publications, 513, (2021). https://doi.org/10.1144/SP513-2020-265
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they do not have conflict of interest that are relevant to the contents of this article.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Mishra, B., Upadhyay, D. Indian ore deposits: current genetic understandings. Proc.Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43538-024-00279-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43538-024-00279-w