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Ore-forming processes in the Khetri Copper Belt, western India: constraints from trace element chemistry of pyrite and C-O isotope composition of carbonates

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Abstract

The Khetri Copper Belt of the Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt in western India hosts Cu (± Au ± Ag ± Co ± Fe ± REE ± U) mineralization that is likely of iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG) type. The study on the Madan-Kudan deposit in this belt documents four vein types: Type-1 (pyrite ± chalcopyrite ± magnetite ± biotite ± scapolite ± amphibole ± chlorite), Type-2 (chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite-magnetite-amphibole-chlorite), Type-3 (chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-pyrite-dolomite-quartz), and Type-4 (chalcopyrite-pyrrhotite-biotite). Pyrite is grouped on texture and major and trace element chemistry into Pyrite-1A, Pyrite-1B, Pyrite-1C (Type-1 veins), Pyrite-2 (Type-2 veins), Pyrite-3A, and Pyrite-3B (Type-3 veins). This sequence documents changing fluid composition and suggests that sulfide mineralization was associated with Na-Ca-K alteration (Type-1 and Type-2 veins), carbonate alteration (Type-3 veins), and K-Fe-Mg alteration (Type-4 veins). The C and O isotope composition of dolomite from Type-3 veins suggests that the ore fluid contained mantle-derived carbon (possibly carbonatite-related) and mixed with an isotopically heavier fluid or exchanged isotopes with crustal rocks. A strong positive correlation between Au and Cu is interpreted to reflect their “coupling” in the pyrite structure. In contrast, Pb, Zn, Bi, and Ag are present in mineral inclusions. Intragrain Fe, Co, As, and Ni variability in pyrite suggests that replacement by coupled dissolution-precipitation and formation of overgrowths were important. Pyrite-1A has high Co (up to 3.3 wt%) and Co/Ni ratios (500 to 16,000) that have not been reported elsewhere. The Co/Ni ratios of KCB pyrite are similar to those from iron oxide-apatite and other IOCG deposits, although the latter do not have a characteristic Co/Ni ratio but consistently have high Co concentrations (up to 1 wt% or more).

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Acknowledgments

The analytical expenditure was supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST-GOI)-funded “Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (PURSE)”-phase-II programme of Jadavpur University (No. DST/SR/PURSE Phase II/6 dated 23.09.2015). ASB acknowledges the financial grant received from Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) through Shyama Prasad Mukherjee fellowship (Reference No. SPM-09/096(0184)/2013-EMR-I). DU acknowledges financial support from IIT Kharagpur for setting up the Radiogenic Isotope Facility of the Department of Geology and Geophysics. The Director and Executive Director (Mining) of Hindustan Copper Limited (HCL) are thanked for granting access to the mine. The geologists and staff members of HCL, especially B. Kanjilal are thanked for assistance in fieldwork. The reviews from one anonymous reviewer and David Huston are thankfully acknowledged. David Huston is especially thanked for his critical comments, many useful suggestions, and thorough editing that helped to improve the Ms significantly. Bernd Lehmann is thanked for editorial handling and corrections in the text that helped to improve the readability.

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  1. Atlanta Sen

    Present address: Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Texas, 77204-5007, USA

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  1. Department of Geological Sciences, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India

    Abu Saeed Baidya, Atlanta Sen & Dipak C. Pal

  2. Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, 721302, India

    Dewashish Upadhyay

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Baidya, A.S., Sen, A., Pal, D.C. et al. Ore-forming processes in the Khetri Copper Belt, western India: constraints from trace element chemistry of pyrite and C-O isotope composition of carbonates. Miner Deposita 56, 957–974 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01018-z

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