Abstract
Bacterial biomolecules will be key ingredients of future sustainable crop production. Metabolites from an improved strain of Bacillus sp., collected from waste soil, were analyzed for bioactivity to produce biofilm and mobility and as antifungal factors. The analysis determined the presence of the biosurfactant surfactin in high amounts. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry indicated the presence of high amounts of methyl ester fatty acids in the extract. The lipopeptide extract of the Bacillus firmus HussainT:Lab.66 strain exhibited results with haemolytic activity (2.0 cm), BATH assay (94%), oil spread assay (2.1 cm) and EI 24% (95%). These activities are due to hydrophilic and hydrophobic residues that are partitioned at the liquid/liquid, liquid/gas, or liquid/solid interfaces, demonstrating their potential to produce surfactants. Under in vitro studies, the supernatant exhibited good antifungal activity against Phytophthora infestans, in which mycelial growth was inhibited by > 50% at 3% concentration. The new potent strain isolated in this study could be a new biological control agent and a way to combat plant diseases in a bio-rationale manner and minimize the need for synthetic chemicals.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aleti G, Lehner S, Bacher M, Compant S, Nikolic B, Plesko M (2016) Surfactin variants mediate species specific biofilm formation and root colonization in Bacillus. Environ Microbiol 18:264–2645
Arrebola E, Jacobs R, Korsten L (2010) Iturin A is the principal inhibitor in the biocontrol activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PPCB004 against postharvest fungal pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 108:386–395
Athukorala SNP, Fernando WGD, Rashid KY (2009) Identification of antifungal antibiotics of Bacillus species isolated from different microhabitats using polymerase chain reaction and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Can J Microbiol 55:1021–1032
Bagheri N, Ahmadzadeh M, Mariotte P et al (2022) Behavior and interactions of the plant growth-promoting bacteria Azospirillum oryzae NBT506 and Bacillus velezensis UTB96 in a co-culture system. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 38:101
Bais HP, Fall R, Vivanco JM (2004) Biocontrol of Bacillus subtilis against infection of Arabidopsis roots by Pseudomonas syringaeis facilitated by biofilm formation and surfactin production. Plant Physiol 134:307–319
Baker R (1968) Mechanism of biological control of soil borne pathogens. Annu Rev Phytopathol 6:263–294
Banat IM (1993) The isolation of a thermophilic biosurfactant producing Bacillus sp. Biotech Lett 15:591–594
Bayoumi RA, Haroun BM, Ghazal EA, Mahe YA (2010) Structural analysis and characterization of biosurfactants produced by some crude oil utilizing bacterial strains. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 4:3484–3498
Bernheimer AW, Avigad LS (1970) Nature and properties of a cytolytic agent produced by Bacillus subtilis. J Gen Microbiol 61:361–369
Bhattacharjee RB, Jourand P, Chaintreuil C, Dreyfus B, Singh A, Mukhopadhyay SN (2012) Indole acetic acid and ACC deaminase-producing Rhizobium leguminosarumbv. trifolii SN10 promote rice growth, and in the process undergo colonization and chemotaxis. Biol Fertil Soils 48:173–182
Bodour AA, Miller-Maier R (1998) Application of a modified dropcollapse technique for surfactant quantifica-tion and screening of biosurfactant-producing microorganisms. J Microbiol Meth 32:273–280
Booth C (1971) The genus Fusarium. Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew Surrey, England, p 237
Boulahouat S, Cherif-Silini H, Silini A, Bouket AC, Luptakova L, Alenezi FN, Belbahri L (2023) Biocontrol efficiency of rhizospheric Bacillus against the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum: a promising approach for sustainable agriculture. Microbiol Res 14(3):892–908. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres14030062
Calvio C, Celandroni F, Ghelardi E, Amati G, Salvetti S, Ceciliani F (2005) Swarming differentiation and swimming motility in Bacillus subtilis are controlled by swrA, a newly identified dicistronic operon. J Bacteriol 187:5356–5366
Calvo P, Ormeño-Orrillo E, Martínez-Romero E, Zúñiga D (2010) Characterization of bacillus isolates of potato rhizosphere from Andean soils of Peru and their potential PGPR characteristics. Braz J Microbiol 41(4):899–906
Carrillo PG, Mardaraz C, Pitta-Alvarez SJ, Giulietti AM (1996) Isolation and selection of biosurfactant-produc-ing bacteria. World J Microbiol Biotech 12:82–84
Danhorn T, Fuqua C (2007) Biofilm formation by plant-associated bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 61:401–422
Deng Q, Lin H, Hua M, Sun L, Pu Y, Liao J, Fang Z, Zhong S, Gooneratne R (2022) LC-MS and transcriptome analysis of lipopeptide biosynthesis by Bacillus velezensis CMT-6 responding to dissolved oxygen. Molecules 27(20):6822
Djordjevic D, Wiedmann M, McLandsborough LA (2002) Microtiter plate assay for assessment of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:2950–2958
Elhanany E, Barak R, Fisher M, Kobiler D, Altboum Z (2001) Detection of specific Bacillus anthracis spore bio-markers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:2110–2116
Erhard M, Von Dohren H, Jungblut P (1997) Rapid typing and elucidation of new secondary metabolites of intact cyanobacteria using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Nat Biotechnol 15:90–909. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0997-906. (PMID: 9306409)
Etesami H, Jeong BR, Glick BR (2023) Biocontrol of plant diseases by Bacillus spp. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 126:102048
Frank AJ, Leach SS (1980) Comparison of tuber borne and soil-borne inoculum in the Rhizoctonia disease of potato. Phytopathology 70:51–53
Gajbhiye A, Rai AR, Meshram SU, Dongre AB (2010) Isolation, evaluation and characterization of Bacillus subtilis from cotton rhizospheric soil with biocontrol activity against Fusarium oxysporum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26:1187–1194
Grover RK, Moore JD (1962) Toximetric studies of fungicides of brown rot organism Sclerotinia fruticola and S. laxa. Phytopathology 52:876–880
Harish BN, Nagesha SN, Ramesh BN et al (2023) Molecular characterization and antifungal activity of lipopeptides produced from Bacillus subtilis against plant fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata. BMC Microbiol 23:179
Hassan MN, Afghan S, Hafeez FY (2010) Suppression of red rot caused by Colletotrichum falcatum on sugar-cane plants using plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Biocontrol 55:531–542
Hiradate S, Yoshida S, Sugie H, Yada H, Fujii Y (2002) Mulberry anthracnose antagonists (iturins) produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens RC-2. Phytochemistry 61:693–698
Hussain T, Singh BP (2016) Molecular diagnosis of killer pathogen of potato: phytophthora infestans and its management. In: Kumar P, Gupta V, Tiwari A, Kamle M (eds) Current trends in plant disease diagnostics and management practices. Fungal biology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27312-9_1
Hussain T, Khan AA (2018) Bacillus firmus HussainT:Lab. 66: A new Biosurfactant producing bacteria for the Biocontrol of Late Blight of potato caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. National Seminar on New Paradigms of Plant Health Management : Sustainable Food Security under Climatic Scenario from 17th Nov. to 19th Nov. 2018 at Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour (Bhagalpur), Bihar, India under Indian Phytopathological Society, Eastern Zone region Annual meeting. OP. p 60
Hussain T, Khan AA (2020a) Bacillus subtilis HussainT-AMU and its antifungal activity against potato black scurf caused by Rhizoctonia solani. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 23:101433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101443
Hussain T, Khan AA (2020b) Determining the antifungal activity and characterization of Bacillus siamensis AMU03 against Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. Indian Phytopathol 73:507–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-020-00239-6
Hussain T, Khan AA (2022) Biocontrol prospective of Bacillus siamensis-AMU03 against soil-borne fungal pathogens of potato tubers. Indian Phytopathol 75:179–189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-021-00447-8
Hussain T, Singh BP, Anwar F, Tomar S (2015) A simple method fordiagnostic of Phytophthora infestansfrom potato agricultural fields of potato. Turk J Agric Food Sci Technol 3(12):904–907
Hussain T, Singh BP, Anwar F (2017) Development of specific marker for PCR diagnostic of late blight of potato caused by phytophthora infestans using RAPD based SCAR methodology. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci 16(4):299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2015.10.001
Hussain T, Haris M, Shakeel A et al (2020) Bio-nematicidal activities by culture filtrate of Bacillus subtilis HussainT-AMU: new promising biosurfactant bioagent for the management of Root Galling caused by Meloidogyne incognita. Vegetos 33:229–238 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-020-00099-5
Hussain T, Khan AA, Mohamed HI (2022) Potential efficacy of biofilm-forming biosurfactant Bacillus firmus HussainT-Lab. 66 against Rhizoctonia solani and mass spectrometry analysis of its metabolites. Int J Pept Res Ther 28:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-021-10318-5
Hussain T, Khan AA, Mohamed HI (2023) Metabolites composition of Bacillus subtilis HussainT-AMU determined by LC-MS and their effect on fusarium dry rot of potato seed tuber. Phyton-Int J Exp Bot 92(3):783–799
Ibrahim ML, Ijah UJJ, Manga SB, Bilbis LS, Umar S (2013) Production and partial characterization of biosurfactant produced by crude oil degrading bacteria. Int J Biodegrad 81:28–34
Khedher SB, Kilani-Feki O, Dammak M, Jabnoun-Khiareddine H, Daami-Remadi M, Tounsi S (2015) Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis V26 as a biological control agent against Rhizoctonia solani on potato. CR Biol 338(12):784–792
Kourmentza K, Gromada X, Michael N, Degraeve C, Vanier G, Ravallec R, Coutte F, Karatzas KA, Jauregi P (2021) Antimicrobial activity of lipopeptide biosurfactants against foodborne pathogen and food spoilage microorganisms and their cytotoxicity. Front Microbiol 11:561060
Kuiper I, Lagendijk EL, Pickford R, Derrick JP, Lamers GEM, Thomas-Oates JE, Lugtenberg BJJ, Bloemberg GV (2004) Characterization of two Pseudomonas putida lipopeptide biosurfactants, putisolvin I and II, which inhibit biofilm formation and break down existing biofilms. Mol Microbiol 51:97–113
Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for bigger datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870–1874
Lahlali R, Ezrari S, Radouane N et al (2022) Biological control of plant pathogens: a global perspective. Microorganisms 10(3):596
Lam VB, Meyer T, Arias AA, Ongena M, Oni FE, Höfte M (2021) Bacillus cyclic lipopeptides iturin and fengycin control rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae in potting and acid sulfate soils by direct antagonism and induced systemic resistance. Microorganisms 9(7):1441
Luo C, Zhou H, Zou J, Wang X, Zhang R, Xiang Y (2015) Bacillomycin L and surfactin contribute synergistically to the phenotypic features of Bacillus subtilis 916 and the biocontrol of rice sheath blight induced by Rhizoctonia solani. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:1897–1910
Mandal SD, Bhardwaj S, Singh S, Hussain K, Hussain T (2021) Plant Microbe Association for the mutual benefits for plant growth and soil health. In: Yadav AN et al (eds) Current trends in microbial biotechnology for sustainable agriculture, environmental and microbial biotechnology. Springer Nature, Singapore, pp 95–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6949-4_5
Minaxi, Saxena J (2010) Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa RM-3 as a potential biocontrol agent. Mycopathologia 170(3):181–193
Mohsin T, Sumera Y, Fauzia HY (2010) Biological control of potato black scurf by rhizosphere associated bacteria. Braz J Microbiol 41:439–451
Morikawa M, Diado H, Takao T, Murata S, Shimonishi Y, Imanaka T (1993) A new lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by Arthrobacter sp. strain MIS38. J Bacteriol 175:6459–6466
Morikawa M, Hirata Y, Imanaka TA (2000) A study on the structure-function relationship of lipopeptide biosur-factants. Biochem Biophys Acta 1488:211–218
Mukherjee S, Pandey V, Parvez A, Qi X, Hussain T (2022) Bacillus as a versatile tool for crop improvement and agro-industry. In: Islam MT, Rahman M, Pandey P (eds) Bacilli in agrobiotechnology. Bacilli in climate resilient agriculture and bioprospecting. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85465-2_19
Mulligan CN (2005) Environmental application for biosurfactants. Environ Pollut 133:183–198
Nelson PE, Toussoun TA, Marasas WFO (1983) Fusarium species: an illustrated manual for identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park and London
Ongena M, Jacques P (2008) Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol. Trends Microbiol 16:115–212
Ongena M, Jacques P, Toure Y, Destain J, Jabrane A, Thonart P (2005) Involvement of fengycin-type lipopep-tides in the multifaceted biocontrol potential of Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 69:29–38
Parthasarathy KAS, Harish S (2022) Evaluating an isotonic aqueous formulation of Chaetomium globosum Kunze for the management of potato black scurf disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn in India. J Plant Pathol 104:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-021-00971-6
Peng F, Wang Y, Sun F, Liu Z, Lai Q, Shao Z (2008) A novel lipopeptide produced by a Pacific ocean deep-sea bacterium Rhodococcus sp. TW53. J Appl Microbiol 105:698–705
Rosenberg M, Gutnick D, Rosenberg E (1980) Adherence to bacteria to hydrocarbons: a simple method formeasuring cell-surface hydrophobicity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 9:29–33
Sadfi N, Cherif M, Fliss I, Boudabbous A, Antoun H (2001) Evaluation of Bacillus isolates from salty soils and Bacillus thuringiensis strains for the biocontrol of Fusarium dry rot of potato tubers. J Plant Pathol 83:101–118
Saiyam D, Dubey A, Malla MA et al (2024) Lipopeptides from Bacillus: unveiling biotechnological prospects—sources, properties, and diverse applications. Braz J Microbiol 55(1):281–295
Salazar B, Ortiz A, Keswani C et al (2022) Bacillus spp. as Bio-factories for antifungal secondary metabolites: innovation beyond whole organism formulations. Microb Ecol 86:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-022-02044-2
Sarwar A, Hassan MN, Imran M, Iqbal M, Majeed S, Brader G (2018a) Biocontrol activity of surfactin A purified from Bacillus NH-100 and NH-217 against rice bakanae disease. Microbiol Res 209:1–13
Sarwar A, Brader G, Corretto E, Aleti G, Abaidullah M, Sessitsch A (2018b) Qualitative analysis of biosurfactants from Bacillus species exhibiting antifungal activity. PLoS ONE 13(6):e0198107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198107
Satpute SK, Bhawsar BD, Dhakephalkar PK, Chopade BA (2008) Assessment of different screening methods for selecting biosurfactant producing marine bacteria. Indian J Mar Sci 37:243–250
Shen Y, Yang H, Lin Z, Chu L, Pan X, Wang Y, Liu W, Jin P, Miao W (2023) Screening of compound-formulated Bacillus and its effect on plant growth promotion. Front Plant Sci 14:1174583. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1174583
Sivan A, Elad Y, Chet I (1984) Biological control effects of a new isolate of Trichoderma harzianum on Pythium aphanidermatum. Phytopathology 74:498–501
Théatre A, Cano-Prieto C, Bartolini M, Laurin Y, Deleu M, Niehren J, Fida T, Gerbinet S, Alanjary M, Medema MH, Léonard A, Lins L, Arabolaza A, Gramajo H, Gross H, Jacques P (2021) The surfactin-like lipopeptides from Bacillus spp.: natural biodiversity and synthetic biology for a broader application range. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 9:623701. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.623701
Tomar S, Singh BP, Lal M, Khan MA, Hussain T, Sharma S, Kaushik SK, Kumar S (2014) Screening of noval microorganism for biosurfactant and biocontrol activity against Phytophthora infestans. J Environ Biol 35:893–899
Van Hamme JD, Singh A, Ward OP (2006) Physiological aspects: part 1 in a series of papers devoted to surfactants in microbiology and biotechnology. Biotechnol Adv 24:604–620
Vaux D, Cottingham M (2001) Method and apparatus for measuring surface configuration, patent number GB0001568.5
Vijayakumar S, Saravanan V (2015) Biosurfactants-types, sources and applications. Res J Microbiol 10:181–192
Walter V, Syldatk C, Hausmann R (2010) Screening concepts for the isolation of biosurfactant producing microorganisms. In: Sen R (ed) Biosurfactants: advances in experimental medicine and biology, vol 672. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 1–13
Wang J, Liu J, Chen H, Yao J (2007) Characterization of Fusarium graminearum inhibitory lipopeptide from Bacillus subtilis IB. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76:889–894
Wang Z, Liu C, Shi Y et al (2023) Classification, application, multifarious activities and production improvement of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2023.2185588
Wiman E, Zattarin E, Aili D, Bengtsson T, Selegård R, Khalaf H (2023) Development of novel broad-spectrum antimicrobial lipopeptides derived from plantaricin NC8 β. Sci Rep 13(1):4104
Yonebayashi H, Yoshida S, Ono K, Enomoto H (2001) Screening of microorganisms for microbial enhanced oil recovery process. Sekiyu Gakkaishi 43:59–69
Youssef NH, Duncan KE, Nagle DP, Savage KN, Knapp RM (2004) Comparison of methods to detect bio-surfactant production by diverse microorganisms. J Microbiol Methods 56:339–347
Yu GY, Sinclair JB, Hartman GL, Bertagnolli BL (2002) Production of iturin A by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens suppressing Rhizoctonia solani. Soil Biol Biochem 34:955–963
Yu F, Shen Y, Qin Y, Pang Y, Fan H, Peng J, Pei X, Liu X (2022) Isolation and purification of antibacterial lipopeptides from Bacillus velezensis YA215 isolated from sea mangroves. Front Nutr 9:1064764
Zeriouh H, de Vicente A, Perez-Garcıa A, Romero D (2014) Surfactin triggers biofilm formation of Bacillus subtilis in melon phylloplane and contributes to the biocontrol activity. Environ Microbiol 16:2196–2211
Zhou H, Cong B, Tian Y, He Yu, Yang H (2019) Characterization of novel cyclic lipopeptides produced by Bacillus sp. SY27F. Process Biochem 83:206–213
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to SERB-Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi, for providing financial assistance under File No. SERB/DST-NPDF/2016/001409 and Dept. of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P, for providing the laboratory infrastructure support. The authors thank the Dept. of Chemistry, Instrumentation laboratory, AMU, Aligarh for providing access to the FT-IR facility and Advanced Instrumentation Research Facility, at Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, for GC-MS facility, Sophisticated Analytical Instrumental Facility Centre for LC-MS, at CSIR-CDRI, Lucknow.
Funding
Science and Engineering Research Board (IN), PDF/2016/001409, Touseef Hussain.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
T.H. Designed, received, performed, data analysis, wrote the manuscript, prepared figures, and edited.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Hussain, T. Quantitative analysis and assessment of anti-oomycetes action against Phytophthora infestans through biomolecules from Bacillus firmus HussainT:Lab.66 through mass spectrometry. Vegetos (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-024-00849-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42535-024-00849-9