Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a versatile phenolic plant growth regulator (PGR) which is involved in regulation of several processes of plant growth and development. It confers tolerance against both biotic and abiotic stresses in plants by modulating different morphological and physio-biochemical aspects of plants. Therefore, the present experiment was intended to reveal the impact of SA by seed soaking in Solanum lycopersicum L. (varieties, S-22 and PKM-1). Seeds of both varieties were soaked in 0, 10−4, 10−5 or 10−6 M of SA for 3, 6 or 9 h, before sowing. The respective treated seeds were sown in nursery beds to create nursery and then seedlings were transplanted at 20 days after sowing (DAS) and at 40 days after transplantation (DAT), various growth, photosynthetic, microscopic, histochemical and biochemical attributes were assessed. It was observed that irrespective of the concentration and duration, treatment with SA through seed soaking had enhanced growth, photosynthesis, improved stomatal width, activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)), nitrate reductase (NR), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and greater accumulation of proline than the non-treated plants. Remarkably, SA supplementation reduced the accrual of reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2O2 and O2•− content) and also decreased the electrolyte leakage (EL). Soaking of seeds with SA improved growth and photosynthesis by regulating stomatal organisation, ROS levels and antioxidant enzymes. Among two dissimilar varieties of tomato and three different concentrations of SA, seed soaking of S-22 variety with 10−5 M for 6 h showed significant increase in growth and photosynthesis than PKM-1 variety.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are made available on request in supplementary file 2.
References
Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3
Aftab T, Masroor M, Khan A, Idrees M, Naeem M (2010) Salicylic acid acts as potent enhancer of growth, photosynthesis and artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. J Crop Sci Biotechnol 13:183–188. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-010-0040-3
Aftab T, Khan MM, da Silva JA, Idrees M, Naeem M (2011) Role of salicylic acid in promoting salt stress tolerance and enhanced artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L. J Plant Growth Regul 30:425–435. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-011-9205-0
Agami RA (2013) Alleviating the adverse effects of NaCl stress in maize seedlings by pretreating seeds with salicylic acid and 24-epibrassinolide. S Afr J Bot 88:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.019
Agarwal S, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC, Tyagi A, Meena RC (2005) Role of ABA, salicylic acid, calcium and hydrogen peroxide on antioxidant enzymes induction in wheat seedlings. Plant Sci 169:559–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.05.004
Ahmad F, Kamal A, Singh A, Ashfaque F, Alamri S, Siddiqui MH (2020) Salicylic acid modulates antioxidant system, defense metabolites, and expression of salt transporter genes in Pisum sativum under salinity stress. J Plant Growth Regul 24:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10271-5
Alam P, Balawi TA, Faizan M (2022) Salicylic acid’s impact on growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activity of Triticum aestivum when exposed to salt. Molecules 28:100
Anaya F, Fghire R, Wahbi S, Loutfi K (2017) Antioxidant enzymes and physiological traits of Vicia faba L. as affected by salicylic acid under salt stress. J Mater Environ Sci 8:2549–2563
Anosheh HP, Ranjbar G, Emam Y, Ashraf M (2014) Salicylic-acid-induced recovery ability in salt-stressed Hordeum vulgare plants. Turkish J Bot 38(112):121
Arfan M, Athar HR, Ashraf M (2007) Does exogenous application of salicylic acid through the rooting medium modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat cultivars under salt stress? J Plant Physiol 164:685–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2006.05.010
Ashraf M, Akram NA, Arteca RN, Foolad MR (2010) The physiological, biochemical and molecular roles of brassinosteroids and salicylic acid in plant processes and salt tolerance. Crit Rev Plant Sci 29:162–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2010.483580
Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID (1973) Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil 39:205–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Beauchamp C, Fridovich I (1971) Superoxide dismutase: improved assays and an assay applicable to acrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 44:276–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8
Boukari N, Jelali N, Renaud JB, Youssef RB, Abdelly C, Hannoufa A (2019) Salicylic acid seed priming improves tolerance to salinity, iron deficiency and their combined effect in two ecotypes of Alfalfa. Environ Exp Bot 167:103820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.103820
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Briache FZ, Ennami M, Mbasani-Mansi J, Lozzi A, Abousalim A, El Rodeny W, Mentag R (2020) Effects of salicylic acid and indole acetic acid exogenous applications on induction of faba bean resistance against Orobanche crenata. Plant Pathol J 36:476
Campbell WH (1999) Nitrate reductase structure, function and regulation: bridging the gap between biochemistry and physiology. Ann Rev Plant Biol 50:277–303. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.50.1.277
Chen Z, Zheng Z, Huang J, Lai Z, Fan B (2009) Biosynthesis of salicylic acid in plants. Plant Signal Behav 4:493–496. https://doi.org/10.4161/psb.4.6.8392
Chen YE, Cui JM, Li GX, Yuan M, Zhang ZW, Yuan S, Zhang HY (2016) Effect of salicylic acid on the antioxidant system and photosystem II in wheat seedlings. Biol Plant 60:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-015-0564-4
Dong Y, Chen W, Liu F, Wan Y (2016) Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and nitric oxide on peanut seedlings growth under iron deficiency. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 47:2490–2505. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2016.1254790
Dutra WF, Soares de Melo A, Suassuna JF, Dutra AF, Chagas da Silva D, Maia JM (2017) Antioxidative responses of cowpea cultivars to water deficit and salicylic acid treatment. Agron J 109:895–905. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2015.0519
Dwivedi RS, Randhawa NS (1974) Evaluation of a rapid test for the hidden hunger of zinc in plants. Plant Soil 40:445–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00011531
Efimova MV, Savchuk AL, Hasan JA, Litvinovskaya RP, Khripach VA, Kholodova VP, Kuznetsov VV (2014) Physiological mechanisms of enhancing salt tolerance of oilseed rape plants with brassinosteroids. Russ J Plant Physiol 61:733–743. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443714060053
El-Esawi MA, Elansary HO, El-Shanhorey NA, Abdel-Hamid AM, Ali HM, Elshikh MS (2017) Salicylic acid-regulated antioxidant mechanisms and gene expression enhance rosemary performance under saline conditions. Front Physiol 8:716. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00716
El-Mergawi RA, Abd El-Wahed MS (2020) Effect of exogenous salicylic acid or indole acetic acid on their endogenous levels, germination, and growth in maize. Bull Natl Res Cent 44:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00416-7
El-Tayeb MA (2005) Response of barley grains to the interactive e. ect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regul 45:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-005-4928-1
Faghih S, Ghobadi C, Zarei A (2017) Response of strawberry plant cv. ‘Camarosa’ to salicylic acid and methyl jasmonate application under salt stress condition. J Plant Growth Regul 36:651–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-017-9666-x
Fariduddin Q, Hayat S, Ahmad A (2003) Salicylic acid influences net photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency, nitrate reductase activity, and seed yield in Brassica juncea. Photosynthetica 41:281–284. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:PHOT.0000011962.05991.6c
Fariduddin Q, Khan TA, Yusuf M, Aafaqee ST, Khalil RR (2018) Ameliorative role of salicylic acid and spermidine in the presence of excess salt in Lycopersicon esculentum. Photosynthetica 56:750–762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-017-0727-y
Farooq M, Usman M, Nadeem F, ur Rehman H, Wahid A, Basra SM, Siddique KH (2019) Seed priming in field crops: potential benefits, adoption and challenges. Crop Pasture Sci 70:731–771. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP18604
Food Summit FAO (2009) Declaration of the world summit on food security. World Food Summit 16–18
Gul F, Arfan M, Shahbaz M, Basra S (2020) Salicylic acid seed priming modulates morphology, nutrient relations and photosynthetic attributes of wheat grown under cadmium stress. Int J Agric Biol 23:197–204. https://doi.org/10.17957/IJAB/15.1277
Gunes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M, Cicek N, Guneri E, Eraslan F, Guzelordu T (2005) Effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid on the induction of multiple stress tolerance and mineral nutrition in maize (Zea mays L.) (Einfluss einer Salicylsäure-Applikation auf die Induktion von Stresstoleranz sowie Nährstoffaufnahme von Mais [Zea mays L.]). Arch Agron Soil Sci 51:687–695
Gutiérrez-Coronado MA, Trejo-López C, Larqué-Saavedra A (1998) Effects of salicylic acid on the growth of roots and shoots in soybean. Plant Physiol Biochem 36:563–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0981-9428(98)80003-X
Hayat S, Fariduddin Q, Ali B, Ahmad A (2005) Effect of salicylic acid on growth and enzyme activities of wheat seedlings. Acta Agron Hung 53:433–437. https://doi.org/10.1556/AAgr.53.2005.4.9
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Irfan M, Ahmad A (2010) Effect of exogenous salicylic acid under changing environment: a review. Environ Exp Bot 68:14–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2009.08.005
Hayat Q, Hayat S, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad A (2012) Salicylic acid mediated changes in growth, photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant defense system in Cicer arietinum L. Plant Soil Environ 58:417–423. https://doi.org/10.17221/232/2012-PSE
Hong Z, Lakkineni K, Zhang Z, Verma DP (2000) Removal of feedback inhibition of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase results in increased proline accumulation and protection of plants from osmotic stress. Plant Physiol 122:1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.122.4.1129
Hussain S, Khan F, Hussain HA, Nie L (2016) Physiological and biochemical mechanisms of seed priming-induced chilling tolerance in rice cultivars. Front Plant Sci 7:116. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.00116
Idrees M, Naeem M, Khan MN, Aftab T, Khan MM (2012) Alleviation of salt stress in lemongrass by salicylic acid. Protoplasma 249:709–720. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-011-0314-1
Janda T, Gondor OK, Yordanova R, Szalai G, Pál M (2014) Salicylic acid and photosynthesis: signalling and effects. Acta Physiol Plant 36:2537–2546. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-014-1620-y
Jaworski EG (1971) Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43:1274–1279. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80010-4
Jelali N, Youssef RB, Boukari N, Zorrig W, Dhifi W, Abdelly C (2021) Salicylic acid and H2O2 seed priming alleviates Fe deficiency through the modulation of growth, root acidification capacity and photosynthetic performance in Sulla carnosa. Plant Physiol Biochem 159:392–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.039
Kaur N, Sharma I, Kirat K, Pati PK (2016) Detection of reactive oxygen species in Oryza sativa L. (Rice). Bio Protoc 6:2061. https://doi.org/10.21769/Bio-Protoc.2061
Kaydan D, Yagmur M, Okut N (2007) Effects of salicylic acid on the growth and some physiological characters in salt stressed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Tarim Bilimleri Dergisi 13:114–119
Kazemi N, Khavari-Nejad RA, Fahimi H, Saadatmand S, Nejad-Sattari T (2010) Effects of exogenous salicylic acid and nitric oxide on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in leaves of Brassica napus L. under nickel stress. Sci Hort 126:402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.07.037
Khalil R, Haroun S, Bassyoini F, Nagah A, Yusuf M (2021) Salicylic acid in combination with kinetin or calcium ameliorates heavy metal stress in Phaseolus vulgaris plant. J Agri Food Res 5:100182
Khan TA, Fariduddin Q, Nazir F, Saleem M (2020) Melatonin in business with abiotic stresses in plants. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 14:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00878-z
Khan TA, Saleem M, Fariduddin Q (2022) Melatonin influences stomatal behavior, root morphology, cell viability, photosynthetic responses, fruit yield, and fruit quality of tomato plants exposed to salt stress. J Plant Growth Regul 25:1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-022-10713-2
Khodary SEA (2004) Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in salt stressed maize plants. Int J Agric Biol 6:5–8. http://www.ijab.org
Kohli SK, Handa N, Sharma A, Gautam V, Arora S, Bhardwaj R, Wijaya L, Alyemeni MN, Ahmad P (2018) Interaction of 24-epibrassinolide and salicylic acid regulates pigment contents, antioxidative defense responses, and gene expression in Brassica juncea L. seedlings under Pb stress. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:15159–15173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1742-7
Kong J, Dong Y, Xu L, Liu S, Bai X (2014) Effects of foliar application of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in alleviating iron deficiency induced chlorosis of Arachis hypogaea L. Bot Stud 55:1–2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1999-3110-55-9
Krantev A, Yordanova R, Janda T, Szalai G, Popova L (2008) Treatment with salicylic acid decreases the effect of cadmium on photosynthesis in maize plants. J Plant Physiol 165:920–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2006.11.014
Kumar P, Tewari RK, Sharma PN (2010) Sodium nitroprusside-mediated alleviation of iron deficiency and modulation of antioxidant responses in maize plants. AoB Plants 2010:plq002. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plq002
Li T, Hu Y, Du X, Tang H, Shen C, Wu J (2014) Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreya grandis cv. Merrillii seedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLoS One 9:e109492. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109492
Luo MH, Yuan S, Chen YE, Liu WJ, Du JB, Lei T, Wang MB, Lin HH (2009) Effects of salicylic acid on the photosystem 2 of barley seedlings under osmotic stress. Biol Plant 53:663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-009-0120-1
Manaa A, Gharbi E, Mimouni H, Wasti S, Aschi-Smiti S, Lutts S, Ahmed HB (2014) Simultaneous application of salicylic acid and calcium improves salt tolerance in two contrasting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars. South African J Bot 95:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.015
Mir AR, Siddiqui H, Alam P, Hayat S (2020a) Foliar spray of Auxin/IAA modulates photosynthesis, elemental composition, ROS localization and antioxidant machinery to promote growth of Brassica juncea. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 26:2503–2520. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-020-00914-y
Mir AR, Siddiqui H, Alam P, Hayat S (2020b) Melatonin modulates photosynthesis, redox status, and elemental composition to promote growth of Brassica juncea—a dose-dependent effect. Protoplasma 257:1685–1700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-020-01537-6
Mohammed LS (2020) Effect of seed stimulation and spraying of salicylic acid in germination, growth and yield of oats (Avena sativa l.) in gypsum soils. Plant Arch 20:777–781
Mutlu SA, Atici Ö, Nalbantoglu B (2009) Effects of salicylic acid and salinity on apoplastic antioxidant enzymes in two wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Biol Plant 53:334–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-009-0061-8
Mutlu S, Atıcı Ö, Nalbantoğlu B, Mete E (2016) Exogenous salicylic acid alleviates cold damage by regulating antioxidative system in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. Front Life Sci 9:99–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/21553769.2015.1115430
Naliwajski MR, Skłodowska M (2014) The oxidative stress and antioxidant systems in cucumber cells during acclimation to salinity. Biol Plant 58:47–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10535-013-0378-1
Pacheco AC, da Silva CC, da Silva Fermino ES, Aleman CC (2013) Salicylic acid-induced changes to growth, flowering and flavonoids production in marigold plants. J Med Plants Res 7:3158–3163. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR2013.5208
Parashar A, Yusuf M, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A (2014) Salicylic acid enhances antioxidant system in Brassica juncea grown under different levels of manganese. Int J Biol Macromol 70:551–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.014
Patterson BD, MacRae EA, Ferguson IB (1984) Estimation of hydrogen peroxide in plant extracts using titanium (IV). Anal Biochem 139:487–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(84)90039-3
Pradhan M, Tripathy P, Mandal P, Sahoo BB, Pradhan R, Mishra SP, Mishra HN (2016) Effect of salicylic acid on growth and bulb yield of onion (Allium cepa L.). Int J Bio-Resource Environ Agric Sci 7:960–963
Rady MM, Mohamed GF (2015) Modulation of salt stress effects on the growth, physio-chemical attributes and yields of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants by the combined application of salicylic acid and Moringa oleifera leaf extract. Sci Hort 193:105–113
Sadeghipour O, Aghaei P (2012) Response of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) under water stress conditions. Advan Environ Biol 6:1160–1168
Saleem M, Fariduddin Q (2022) Novel mechanistic insights of selenium induced microscopic, histochemical and physio-biochemical changes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plant. An account of beneficiality or toxicity. J Hazard Mat 434:128830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128830
Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Castroverde CD (2021a) Salicylic acid: a key regulator of redox signalling and plant immunity. Plant Physiol Biochem 168:381–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.011
Saleem M, Fariduddin Q, Janda T (2021b) Multifaceted role of salicylic acid in combating cold stress in plants: a review. J Plant Growth Regul 40:464–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10152-x
Sanchez M, Revilla G, Zawrra I (1995) Changes in peroxidase activity associated with cell walls during pine hypocotyle growth. Ann Bot 75:415–419. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42761733
Saruhan N, Saglam A, Kadioglu A (2012) Salicylic acid pretreatment induces drought tolerance and delays leaf rolling by inducing antioxidant systems in maize genotypes. Acta Physiol Plant 34:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-011-0808-7
Semida WM, Rady MM (2014) Pre-soaking in 24-epibrassinolide or salicylic acid improves seed germination, seedling growth, and anti-oxidant capacity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. grown under NaCl stress. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 89(3):338–344
Shakirova FM, Sakhabutdinova AR, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Fatkhutdinova DR (2003) Changes in the hormonal status of wheat seedlings induced by salicylic acid and salinity. Plant Sci 164:317–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00415-6
Shao RX, Xin LF, Guo JM, Zheng HF, Mao J, Han XP, Jia L, Jia SJ, Du CG, Song R, Yang QH (2018) Salicylic acid-induced photosynthetic adaptability of Zea mays L. to polyethylene glycol-simulated water deficit is associated with nitric oxide signaling. Photosynthetica 56:1370–1377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11099-018-0850-4
Sharma M, Gupta SK, Majumder B, Maurya VK, Deeba F, Alam A, Pandey V (2017) Salicylic acid mediated growth, physiological and proteomic responses in two wheat varieties under drought stress. J Proteom 163:28–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2017.05.011
Sharma M, Gupta SK, Majumder B, Maurya VK, Deeba F, Alam A, Pandey V (2018) Proteomics unravel the regulating role of salicylic acid in soybean under yield limiting drought stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 130:529–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.001
Singh B, Usha K (2003) Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedlings under water stress. Plant Growth Regul 39:137–141. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022556103536
Singh P, Yadav VK, Yadav PC, Pandey GC (2021) Effect of salicylic acid on growth, bio-chemical changes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different date of sowing condition. Pharma Innov J 10:126–131
Song H, Xu X, Wang H, Tao Y (2011) Protein carbonylation in barley seedling roots caused by aluminum and proton toxicity is suppressed by salicylic acid. Russ J Plant Physiol 58:653–659. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1021443711040169
Sullivan CY, Ross WM (1979) Selection for drought and heat tolerance in grain sorghum. In: Mussell H, Staples RC (eds) Stress physiology in crop plants. Wiley, New York
Tayyab N, Naz R, Yasmin H, Nosheen A, Keyani R, Sajjad M, Hassan MN, Roberts TH (2020) Combined seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid mitigate drought-induced stress in maize. PLoS One 15:e0232269. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232269
Uzunova AN, Popova LP (2000) Effect of salicylic acid on leaf anatomy and chloroplast ultrastructure of barley plants. Photosynthetica 38:243–250. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007226116925
Wang LJ, Fan L, Loescher W, Duan W, Liu GJ, Cheng JS, Luo HB, Li SH (2010) Salicylic acid alleviates decreases in photosynthesis under heat stress and accelerates recovery in grapevine leaves. BMC Plant Boil 10:10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-34
Wani AB, Chadar H, Wani AH, Singh S, Upadhyay N (2017) Salicylic acid to decrease plant stress. Environ Chem Lett 15:101–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-016-0584-0
Wu GL, Cui J, Tao L, Yang H (2010) Fluroxypyr triggers oxidative damage by producing superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in rice (Oryza sativa). Ecotoxicol 19:124–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-009-0396-0
Yadu S, Dewangan TL, Chandrakar V, Keshavkant S (2017) Imperative roles of salicylic acid and nitric oxide in improving salinity tolerance in Pisum sativum L. Physiol Mol Biol Plant 23:43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-016-0394-7
Yusuf M, Hasan SA, Ali B, Hayat S, Fariduddin Q, Ahmad A (2008) Effect of salicylic acid on salinity-induced changes in Brassica juncea. J Int Plant Biol 50:1096–1102. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00697.x
Yusuf M, Fariduddin Q, Varshney P, Ahmad A (2012) Salicylic acid minimizes nickel and/or salinity-induced toxicity in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) through an improved antioxidant system. Environ Sci Pollut Res 19:8–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-011-0531-3
Zanganeh R, Jamei R, Rahmani F (2019) Role of salicylic acid and hydrogen sulfide in promoting lead stress tolerance and regulating free amino acid composition in Zea mays L. Acta Physiol Plant 41:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-019-2892-z
Zhu JK (2001) Cell signaling under salt, water and cold stresses. Curr Opin Plant Boil 4:401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-5266(00)00192-8
Acknowledgements
M. Saleem and co gratefully acknowledges the financial support in the form of Senior Research Fellowship rendered by CSIR UGC, New Delhi Ref. NO. 677/ (CSIR-UGC NET JUNE 2018) at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. We are also grateful to University Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility (USIF) A.M.U., Aligarh for carrying out SEM analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Communicated by A. Gniazdowska-Piekarska.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Saleem, M., Fariduddin, Q. Exogenous application of salicylic acid via seed soaking improved growth and photosynthetic efficiency by maintaining stomatal organisation, redox homeostasis, and antioxidant defense system in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Acta Physiol Plant 46, 41 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-023-03639-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-023-03639-z