Abstract
Aims
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) support plant growth by alleviating plant stresses, among which those triggered by saline soils. We isolated Stenotrophomonas sp. SRS1 from salt-resistant Carex distans (distant sedge) roots to understand how this growth promotion was enabled and whether an active contribution of the bacteria and/or plant was required.
Methods
Various growth assays were used to analyze the effect of bacterial inoculation on Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum (cherry tomato MicroTom) growth. Furthermore, droplet microfluidics, bacterial genome mining, and bacterial and plant gene expression analysis combined with plant mutant analysis were used for in-depth analysis.
Results
SRS1 application enhanced plant growth in both saline and nonsaline environments. The fresh weight of SRS1-inoculated plants was higher than that of noninoculated plants, whereas the fresh weight ratio between SRS1-inoculated and noninoculated plants differed whether the plants were grown on agar plates, white sand or in soil. We demonstrated that the strain grew well in high salt-containing media and that, besides plant-growth-promotion-related genes, the bacterium contained various active stress genes. Interestingly, inoculation with the strain increased the induction of plant genes related to abscisic acid and auxin signaling pathways under saline conditions.
Conclusions
SRS1 inoculation promoted the growth of Arabidopsis and MicroTom tomato under saline and nonsaline conditions, also when the plants were grown in white sand and potting soil. Overall, genetic traits related to stress alleviation, derived from both the bacteria and the plants, play a crucial role in the impact of this novel PGPR strain on plant performance.
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Data availability
The raw sequence data, assembly, and annotation of SRS1 will be deposited to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database.
Abbreviations
- ½MS:
-
half-strength Murashige and Skoog
- ABA:
-
abscisic acid
- ACC:
-
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
- ANOVA:
-
analysis of variance
- AUX1 :
-
auxin transporter protein 1 gene
- CFU:
-
colony-forming units
- Col-0:
-
Columbia-0 accession
- DAT:
-
days after treatment
- DMRT:
-
Duncan Multiple Range Test
- EPS:
-
exopolysaccharides
- ggpS :
-
glucosylglycerol-phosphate synthase gene
- IAA:
-
indole-3-acetic acid
- IAA12 :
-
auxin-responsive protein 12 gene
- IAR4 :
-
IAA-alanine resistant 4 gene
- katG :
-
catalase peroxidase gene
- mdoB :
-
phosphoglycerol transferase I gene
- MES:
-
2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid
- ompA :
-
outer membrane protein A gene
- PBS:
-
phosphate-buffered saline
- Pga :
-
polysaccharide adhesin required for biofilm formation
- PGPR:
-
plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
- R2A:
-
Reasoner’s 2A
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
superoxide dismutase gene
- ycaD :
-
glucosylglycerol transporter gene
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Acknowledgments
The authors thank Leo Declercq of the nature reserve “Het Zwin” for the collection of plants, Silvie Van den Hoecke (Tech Watch Innovation, VIB) and Jean-Baptiste Abbe (MilliDrop) for the set-up and processing of the MilliDrop system, Annick De Keyser for technical support, and Martine De Cock for help preparing the manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by the Research Foundation-Flanders (grant G.0151.18 N to A.W. and S.G.). H.M.T. is indebted to the Vietnam International Education Development (VIED), Ministry of Education, Vietnam for a PhD scholarship.
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H.M.T., M.V. and S.G. designed all the experiments. H.M.T. performed all the experiments and analyzed the data statistically. S.G.M. and A.W. analyzed the whole-genome data. H.M.T. wrote the first draft of the manuscript. S.G.M., D.L., S.B., M.V. and S.G. revised it. All authors gave final approval for publication.
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Manh Tuong, H., Garcia Mendez, S., Vandecasteele, M. et al. Stenotrophomonas sp. SRS1 promotes growth of Arabidopsis and tomato plants under salt stress conditions. Plant Soil 473, 547–571 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05304-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-022-05304-9