Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used around the world in folk medicine for generations since ancient times, and today people enjoy using these natural medicines for their healing properties, with some of their pharmacologically active phytoconstituents recently serving as a lead for new drug development. Numerous aromatic plants producing aromatic secondary metabolites (SMs), which are commonly used as culinary herbs and spices, may also exhibit medicinal properties. The final biological effects of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are determined by the amount and composition of SMs, whose biosynthesis depends on genetic, ontogenetic, morphogenetic and environmental factors. Mild abiotic stresses have been found to stimulate production of SMs in MAPs without adversely affecting plant growth and development and in certain cases may even improve MAP performance. Since MAPs are sessile organisms exposed to various environmental stresses, they have developed effective defense mechanisms allowing protection against the harmful consequences of strong abiotic stresses, especially against the adverse effect of oxidative stress, in which SMs play an important role. This chapter presents a comprehensive overview of the recent findings on the impact of abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, waterlogging, heat, cold, harmful radiation, high soil acidity, elevated levels of ozone and CO2, heavy metals and agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) on MAPs. The effects of abiotic stresses on the production of SMs in MAPs, including yield and composition of essential oils are highlighted. Responses of MAPs to abiotic stresses of various intensity and corresponding defense mechanisms of MAPs against oxidative stress are discussed. Utilization of in vitro cultures and hairy roots for large-scale production of pharmacologically significant SMs of MAPs using elicitors such as metal nanoparticle is presented and advantages of MAPs cultivation in a greenhouse under controlled conditions to achieve high levels of desirable SMs is mentioned as well.
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This work was supported by projects APVV-22-0133 and VEGA 1/0116/22.
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Jampílek, J., Kráľová, K. (2023). Impact of Abiotic Stresses on Production of Secondary Metabolites in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. In: Aftab, T. (eds) New Frontiers in Plant-Environment Interactions. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43729-8_8
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